UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
This study aimed to isolate and purify compounds from Phyllanthus amarus and their
potential as anticancer agents. About 2.01 kg of P. amarus from Euphorbiaceae family
was collected from Melor, Kelantan. The sample was dried at room temperature,
grinded and extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol. Compounds were purified
using various chromatographic techniques. The structures of the compound were determined by
spectroscopic techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet, infrared, mass
spectrometry and comparison with previous study. In addition, compounds were tested by their
anticancer effect against HeLa cells and NIH/3T3 cells by MTT assay. The results showed
that isolation of hexane and ethanol extract have produced seven compounds which were tanacetene,
triglyceride fatty acids, mixtures of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol, hypophyllanthin,
niranthin, lintetralin, and nirtetralin. The MTT assay results showed
that hypophyllanthin has a strong anticancer effect on HeLa cells compared to niranthin and
lintetralin. In conclusion, P. amarus consisted of sesquiterpene, glyceride, sterols and lignans.
Meanwhile, hypophyllanthin showed a potential as anticancer agent. In implication, the compounds
can be used as future reference for secondary metabolites of Malaysian plants and their
potential as anticancer agents to be applied in
pharmaceutical field.
|
References |
Abhyankar, G., Rao, K. V., & Reddy, V. D. (2013). Genomic and metabolomic fingerprinting of Phyllanthus amarus ( Schumm & Thonn ) hairy root clones. Annals of Phytomedicine, 2(1), 74–88.
Adeneye, A. A. (2012). The leaf and seed aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus improves insulin resistance diabetes in experimental animal studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 144(3), 705–711.
Adeneye, A. A. & Benebo, A. S. (2008). Protective effect of the aqueous leaf and seed extract of Phyllanthus amarus on gentamicin and acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 118, 318–323.
Ajala, T. O., Igwilo, C. I., Oreagba, I. A. & Odeku, O. A. (2011). The antiplasmodial effect of the extracts and formulated capsules of Phyllanthus amarus on Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 283–287.
A. K. Jamal, W. A. Yaacob, & Laili B. Din. (2008). A chemical study on Phyllanthus reticulatus. Journal of Physical Science, 19(2), 45–50.
Aminul Islam, Selvan, T., Mazumder, U. K., Gupta, M. & Ghosal, S. (2008). Antitumour effect of phyllanthin from Phyllanthus amarus against ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. Pharmacologyonline, 2, 796-807.
Anulika, N. P., Ignatius, E. O., Raymond, E. S., Osasere, O., & Abiola, A. H. (2016). The chemistry of natural product : Plant secondary metabolites. International Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research, 4(8), 1–8.
Arshya Hashim, M. Salman Khan, & Saheem Ahmad. (2014). Alleviation of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia by Phyllanthus virgatus forst extract and its partially purified fraction in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. EXCLI Journal, 13(August), 809–824.
Bahuguna, A., Khan, I., Bajpai, V. K., & Kang, S. C. (2017). MTT assay to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of a drug. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 12(2), 115–118.
Braekman, J. C., Daloze, D., & Pasteels, J. M. (1998). Alkaloids in animals. In M. W. Margaret F. Roberts (Ed.), Alkaloids: Biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications (pp. 349–372). New York: Plenum Press.
Catapan, E., Otuki, M. F., & Viana, A. M. (2000). In vitro culture of Phyllanthus caroliniensis (Euphorbiaceae). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 62(3), 195–202.
Chakraborty, R., Biplab, D., Devanna, N., & Sen, S. (2012). Antiinflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of Phyllanthus acidus L. extracts. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2.
Chang, C. C., Lien, Y. C., Liu, K. C. S. C., & Lee, S. S. (2003). Lignans from Phyllanthus urinaria. Phytochemistry, 63(7), 825–833.
Chaturvedula, V. S. P., & Prakash, I. (2012). Isolation of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol from the dichloromethane extract of Rubus suavissimus. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, 1(9), 239–242.
Chomel, M., Guittonny-Larchevêque, M., Fernandez, C., Gallet, C., DesRochers, A., Paré, D., et al. (2016). Plant secondary metabolites: A key driver of litter decomposition and soil nutrient cycling. Journal of Ecology, (October), 1–15.
Croteau, R., Kutchan, T. M., & Lewis, N. G. (2000). Natural products (Secondary metabolites). In R. Buchanan, B., Gruissem, W.,& Jones (Eds.), Biochemistry Molecular Biology of Plants (pp. 1250–1318). United States, US: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
de Oliveira, T. L., Munhoz, A. C. M., Lemes, B. M., Minozzo, B. R., Nepel, A., Barison, A., et al. (2013). Antitumoural effect of Synadenium grantii hook f. (Euphorbiaceae) latex. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 150(1), 263–9.
Devi, S. S. & Paul, S. B. (2011). An overview on Cicca acida (Phyllanthus acidus). Biological and Environmental Sciences, 7(I), 156–160.
Dharmaraj, S., A. Suhaimi Jamaludin, H. Mohammad Razak, Valliappan, R., Nor Atinah Ahmad, Harn, G. L., et al. (2006). The classification of Phyllanthus niruri Linn. according to location by infrared spectroscopy. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 41(1), 68–72.
Dhongade, H.J., & Chandewar, A. V. (2013). Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies of Phyllanthus amarus leaves. International Journal of Biomedical And Advance Research, 4(6), 79–80.
Eldeen, I. M.S., Seow, E. M., R. Abdullah, & S. F. Sulaiman. (2011). In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, total phenolic contents and anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities of extracts of seven Phyllanthus sp. South African Journal of Botany, 77(1), 75–79.
Evidente, A., Kornienko, A., Lefranc, F., Cimmino, A., Dasari, R., Evidente, M., et al. (2015). Sesterterpenoids with anticancer activity. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 22(30), 3502–3522.
Fernand, V. E. (2003). Initial characterization of crude extracts from Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. and Quassia amara L. using normal phase thin layer chromatography (Master's Thesis, University of Suriname).
Firn, R. (2010a). Nature’s Chemicals : The Natural Products that shaped our world. New York: Oxford University Press.
Firn, R. (2010b). Nature’s Chemicals : The Natural Products that shaped our world. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gaire, B. P., & Subedi, L. (2014). Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal properties of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, (January).
Ghosh, S. (2016). Biosynthesis of structurally diverse triterpenes in plants: The role of oxidosqualene cyclases. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, 82(4).
Harb, J., Alseekh, S., Tohge, T., & Fernie, A. R. (2015). Profiling of primary metabolites and flavonols in leaves of two table grape varieties collected from Semiarid and temperate regions. Phytochemistry, 117(October 2016), 444–455.
Hostettmann, K., Marston, A., Hostettmann, M. (1998). Preparative chromatography technique : Applications in natural product isolation. (pp. 15-17). Springer- Verlag Berlin Heideiberg.
Ionescu, M., & Petrovi?, Z. S. (2011). Phenolation of vegetable oils. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 76(4), 591–606.
Jarchow-Choy, S. K., Koppisch, A. T., & Fox, D. T. (2014). Synthetic routes to methylerythritol phosphate pathway intermediates and downstream isoprenoids. Current Organic Chemistry, 18(8), 1050–1072.
Kabera, J. N., Semana, E., Mussa, A. R. & He, X. (2014). Plant secondary metabolites: Biosynthesis, classification, function and pharmacological properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2, 377–392.
Kassuya, C. A. L., Silvestre, A. A., Rehder, V. L. G. & Calixto, J. B. (2003). Anti- allodynic and anti-oedematogenic properties of the extract and lignans from Phyllanthus amarus in models of persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain. European Journal of Pharmacology, 478, 145–153.
Kaufman, P. B. (1999). Bioseparation of compounds. In Natural Products from Plants (pp. 235–236). CRC Press.
Kavit, M., Patel, B. N., & Jain, B. K. (2013). Phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Phyllanthus fraternus. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2, 12–15.
Khatoon, S., Rai, V., Rawat, A. K. S., & Mehrotra, S. (2006). Comparative pharmacognostic studies of three Phyllanthus species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 104, 79–86.
Kintzios, S. E. (2006). Terrestrial plant-derived anticancer agents and plant species used in anticancer research. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 25(2), 79–113.
Krithika, R., Verma, R. J., Shivastav, P. S., & Suguna, L. (2011). Phyllanthin of standardized Phyllanthus amarus extract attenuates liver oxidative stress in mice and exerts cytoprotective activity on human hepatoma cell line. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 1(2), 57–67.
Liu, S., Wei, W., Shi, K., Cao, X., Zhou, M. & Liu, Z. (2014). In vitro and in vivo anti-hepatitis B virus activities of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus niruri L. Journal of Ehnopharmacology, 155(2), 1061–1067.
Maciel, M. A. M., Cunha, A. F., & Dantas, T. N. C. (2007). NMR characterization of bioactive lignans from Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thorn. Annals of Magnetic Resonance, 6(3), 76–82.
Mahbuba Khatun, Mirajum Billah, & Md. Abdul Quader. (2012). Sterols and sterol glucoside from Phyllanthus species. Dhaka University Journal of Science, 60(1), 5–10.
Mahbubur Rahman, A. H. M. & Akter, M. (2013). Taxonomy and medicinal uses of Euphorbiaceae ( Spurge ) family of Rajshahi , Bangladesh. Research in Plant Sciences, 1(3), 74–80.
Marcotullio, M. C., Pelosi, A., & Curini, M. (2014). Hinokinin, an emerging bioactive lignan. Journal of Molecules, 19(9), 14862–14878.
Md. Torequl Islam, da Mata, A. M. O. F., de Aguiar, R. P. S., Paz, M. F. C. J., de Alencar, M. V. O. B., Ferreira, P. M. P., et al. (2016a). Therapeutic potential of essential oils focusing on diterpenes. Phytotherapy Research, (October).
Md. Torequl Islam, da Silva, C. B., de Alencar, M. V. O. B., Paz, M. F. C. J., de Castro Almeida, F. R., & de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante, A. A. (2016b). Diterpenes: Advances in neurobiological drug research. Phytotherapy Research, 30(6), 915–928.
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. (1998a). Biological Diversity. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. (1998b). Malaysia’s National Policy On Biological Diversity. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Mohd Raznan Ramli, Milow, P., & Chooi, O. H. (2015). Traditional knowledge of a practitioner in medicinal plants of Masjid Ijok village, Perak, Malaysia. Ethno Med, 9(1), 59–66.
Murugaiyah, V., & Chan, K. L. (2007). Determination of four lignans in Phyllanthus niruri L. by a simple high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1154(1-2), 198–204.
Ododo, M. M., Choudhury, M. K., & Dekebo, A. H. (2016). Structure elucidation of β-sitosterol with antibacterial activity from the root bark of Malva parviflora. SpringerPlus.
Ojo, S. K. S., Esumeh, F. I., Osanyinlusi, S. A., & Jeje, T. O. (2017). Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Diodia scandens and Phyllanthus amarus on Staphylococci isolated from patients in tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development, 1(1), 1–6.
Parvathaneni, M., Battu, G. R., Gray, A. I., & Gummalla, P. (2014). Investigation of anticancer potential of hypophyllanthin and phyllanthin against breast cancer by in vitro and in vivo methods. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 4(1), 71–76.
Patel, J. R., Tripathi, P., Sharma, V., Chauhan, N. S., & Dixit, V. K. (2011). Phyllanthus amarus: Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: A Review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 138(2), 286–313.
Pierre, L. L., & Moses, M. N. (2015). Isolation and characterisation of stigmasterol and Β-sitosterol from Odontonema Strictum ( Acanthaceae ). Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Sciences, 2(1), 88–95.
Rajeshkumar, N. V., Joy, K. L., Kuttan, G., Ramsewak, R. S., Nair, M. G., & Kuttan, R. (2002). Antitumour and anticarcinogenic activity of Phyllanthus amarus extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81(1), 17–22.
Ramasamy, S., Norhanom Abdul Wahab, Nurhayati Zainal Abidin, & Manickam, S. (2011). Cytotoxicity evaluation of five selected Malaysian Phyllanthaceae species on various human cancer cell lines. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(11), 2267–2273.
Rana, S., Bhatt, C., Kanaki, N., & Zaveri, M. (2012). Evaluation of cytotoxicity of some selected medicinal plants. International Journal for Pharmaceutical and Allied Research, 2(3), 290–295.
Rumzhum, N. N., Md. Hossain Sohrab, Muhammad Abdullah Al-Mansur, Mohammad S. Rahman, Choudhury M. Hasan & Mohammad A. Rashid. (2012). Secondary metabolites from Jatropha Podagrica Hook, 23(1), 29–37.
Sarin, B., Verma, N., Martin, J. P. & Mohanty, A. (2014). An overview of important ethnomedicinal herbs of Phyllanthus species: Present status and future prospects. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1–12.
Satya, P. M, Suman, J. DSD., Narendra, K., Srinivas, K., Srilakshmi, B. J., Lakshmi Chandana M, Krishna, S. A. (2016). Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of Euphorbiaceae family plant leaves- Acalypha Indica L., Croton Bonplandianum Baill. Mintage Journal of Pharmaceutical & Medical Sciences, 4(3), 17–22.
Shakil, N. A, Pankaj, Kumar, J., Pandey, R. K., & Saxena, D. B. (2008). Nematicidal prenylated flavanones from Phyllanthus niruri. Phytochemistry, 69(3), 759–64.
Shilali, K., Ramachandra, Y. L., Rajesh, K. P., & Kumara Swamy, B. E. (2014). Assessing the antioxidant potential of Phyllanthus acidus bark extracts. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(6), 522–531.
Siti Fatimah Sabran, Maryati Mohamed & Mohd Fadzelly Abu Bakar. (2016). Ethnomedical knowledge of plants used for the treatment of tuberculosis in Johor, Malaysia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016(January), 1–12.
Srirama, R., Deepak, H. B., Senthilkumar, U., Ravikanth, G., Gurumurthy, B. R., Shivanna, M. B., et al. (2012). Hepatoprotective activity of Indian Phyllanthus. Pharmaceutical Biology, 50(8), 948–953.
Srivastava, V., Singh, M., Malasoni, R., Shanker, K., Verma, R. K., Gupta, M. M., et al. (2008). Separation and quantification of lignans in Phyllanthus species by a simple chiral densitometric method. Journal of Separation Science, 31, 47–55.
Stavroula, M., & Rahul, J. (2016). Mediterranean climate affects the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in common medicinal plants. International Journal of Botany and Research, 6(4), 17–28.
Strzemski, M., Wójciak-Kosior, M., Sowa, I., Rutkowska, E., Szwerc, W., Kocjan, R., et al. (2016). Carlina species as a new source of bioactive pentacyclic triterpenes. Industrial Crops and Products, 94(October), 498–504.
Syed Ahmad Tajudin Tuan Johari, Nashriyah Mat, Siti-Aishah Abu Bakar, M. Yusran A. Aziz, Afnani Alwi & Abdul Manaf Ali. (2012). Cytotoxicity, antiproliferative effects, and apoptosis induction of methanolic extract of cynometra cauliflora linn. Whole fruit on human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Evidence- Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 1–6.
The Plant List (2010). Phyllanthus. Retrieved from http://www.theplantlist.org/
Umar Mahmood, Kaul, V. K., & Singh, B. (2002). Sesquiterpene and long chain ester from Tanacetum longifolium. Phytochemistry, 61(8), 913–917.
Vlahov, G. (1999). Application of NMR to the study of olive oils. Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 35(79), 341–357.
Vlahov, G., Shaw, A. D., & Kell, D. B. (1999). Use of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer pulse sequence and multivariate analysis to discriminate olive oil cultivars. Journal of American Oil Chemistry Society, 76(10), 1223–1231.
Wang, Y. J., Zhou, S. M., Xu, G., & Gao, Y. Q. (2015). Interference of phenylethanoid glycosides from Cistanche tubulosa with the MTT assay. Journal of Molecules, 20(5), 8060–8071.
Wei, W. X., Gong, X. G., Omar Ishrud, & Pan, Y. J. (2002). New lignan isolated from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. structure elucidation by NMR spectroscopy. Bull. Korean Chemistry Society, 23(6), 896–898.
Yoon, S. J., Sukweenadhi, J., Khorolragchaa, A., Mathiyalagan, R., Subramaniyam, S., Kim, Y.J., et al. (2016). Overexpression of Panax ginseng sesquiterpene synthase gene confers tolerance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, (October).
Zhang, Y. J., Abe, T., Tanaka, T., Yang, C. R., & Kouno, I. (2001). Phyllanemblinins A-F, new ellagitannins from Phyllanthus emblica. Journal of Natural Products, 64(12), 1527–1532.
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |