UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About
Menu Icon

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :QC Physics
Main Author :Dogo, Alhaji Ngare
Title :Effects of climate changes to wetland water resources and community adaption in Lake Chad basin Nigeria
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains Kemanusiaan
Year of Publication :2020
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
The purpose of the research was to determine the effects of climate change on wetland water resources. The survey has captured the research questions, objectives, types of data  collected, procedure and analysis. Data from meteorology station that covers the period of thirty  years from 1980-2010 was used. The objective of this study was to assess the evidences of climate  change in the Lake Chad basin Borno state, measure the climate change effects on the seasonal  variations, investigate and assess the local adaptation measures undertaken by communities to the  effects of climate change on wetlands and identify the significant differences between adaptation  approaches and respondent?s  gender,  age  and  academic  qualifications.  Random  sampling   technique was conducted to select 252 respondents as 20% of the sample from a population of 1277.   Descriptive  statistics  of  percentages,  bar  charts  were  used  to  investigate  and assessed  the local  adaptation measures undertaken by communities to the effects of climate change on  wetland water resources. Trend analysis of time series technique was use to assess the evidences of  climate change in the study area. For the analysis of  trend  by  season  minimum  and  maximum   temperatures,  rainfall,  solar  radiation, evaporation  and  relative  humidity,  the   Mann-Kendall  test,  a  nonparametric  method was used and has shown gradual increase and decrease  in most of the seasonal values recorded.  A  chi-square  test  of  association  statistics  was   performed  to  examine  the relationship  between  climate  change  and  seasonal  variation.  The   relation  between climate  change  and  seasonal  variation  was  significant  χ²  (12,  N=252)   =63.761, p=0.000. Climate change does have effect on seasonal variation. The survey results also  indicated that dredging of water bodies around the community for the storage of water  was  one  of   the  major  approaches  and  was  largely practiced  by 38.9%  of  the respondents  in  the  study   area  to  cope  with  the  challenges,  while,  findings  further reveal that 29.0% of the  respondents practice digging of dams for the storage of water as another form of mitigation  measures. Further advance statistics of Kruskal-Wallis test,  Kendall?s  tau-b  test  and  ANOVA   tests  were  all  use  to  identify  significant difference   between   respondents?   gender,    age   and   qualifications   to   adaptation approaches in the study area. The Kruskal-Wallis test  statistic showed that there was statistically significant difference in the adaptation approaches  between the male and female  gender  at  different  stages,  χ²(1,  252)  =114.959,  p=0.00,  with   a  mean  rank adaptation score of 104.94 and 228.41 for general adaptive measures undertaken by the   communities,  104.80  and  229.09  for  local  mitigation  measures  against  climate change,  105.50 and 225.75 for local coping measures against the effects of drying up of wetlands.    Kendall?s tau-b correlation coefficients statistic ?b is 0.574 and that is statistically    significant   (p=0.000).   Similarly,   there   was   statistically   significant difference   between  groups  in  relation  to  gender,  age  and  qualification  on  general adaptive measures  undertaken by the communities and local coping measures against the  effects  of  drying  up  of   wetlands  by  one-way  ANOVA  statistic  (F  (4,  247), =468.928, p=0.000). In conclusion, the main finding is that the existence of climate change and its  significant effects on seasonal variation is observed. The implication of the findings revealed  that dredging of water bodies around and digging of dams for the storage of water are necessary as  well as sex, age and qualification of respondents as part of adaptation to curtail the situation if  not the impacts will be unbearable in the near future.  

References

Adam, A. M (2000) Dikwa History of an African City printed by Fine Print Ltd.

Ikeja Lagos.

 

A. C. Clark AWARE-Our World, Our Water; Copyright Project Aware Foundation

2009.

 

Adebayo  1998;  Chindu  and  Nyelong  2005;  Odjugo  and  Ikhuoria  2003).  Mshelia (2005)

andJagtap  (2007)  in  International  Journal  of  Advanced  Research  (2015), Volume  3,  Issue  

6,  800-808  ISSN  2320-5407  in  J.  W.  Kwari  and  S.  W. Angyu-Petinrin   The  Combined   

Effect   of   Human   Influence   and   Climate Variability  on  Water  Bodies.  A  case  study  of 

 receding  Lake  Chad  in  Sub- Saharan Africa.

 

Adger, N. 2000. Institutional adaptation to Environmental Risk under the Transition in 

Vietnam.Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 90(4): 738

758.

 

Adger,  W.  N.,  Brown,  K.,  Conway,  D.,  Hulme,  M.,  and  Huq,  S.:  Adaptation  to

climate Change  in  the  developing  world,  Progress  in  Development  Studies,  3,  179– 195, 2003. 

(Management District; Florida).

 

Adger, W. N., Agrawala, S., Mirza, M. M. Q., Conde, C., O?Brien, K., Pulhin, J., Pulwarty, R., 

Smit, B., and Takahashi, K.: Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constrains and  capacity, 

 Climate Change 2007:  Impacts,  Adaptation and   Vulnerability.   Contribution   of   Working   

Group   II   to   the   Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 

edited by: Parry, M. L., Canziani, O. F., Palutikof, J. P., van der Linden,  P. J., and Hanson, C. 

E., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007.

 

African Research Review: Effect of Rainfall Variability on Water Supply in Ikeduru

L.G.A. of Imo State, Nigeria (Pp. 223-241) in International Multidisciplinary Journal,  Ethiopia  

Vol.  5  (5),  Serial  No.  22,  October,  2011  ISSN  1994-9057 (Print)                 ISSN       

          2070-0083                 (Online)                 DOI: 

http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v5i5.18

 

Agricultural Surface Water Management Systems 2015: (St. Johns River Water

 

Alcamo J, Doll P, Henrichs T, Kaspar F, Lehner B, Rösch T, (2003). Development

and

testing  of  the  Water  GAP  2  global  model  of  water  use  and  availability. Hydrological 

Science 48(2003) 317–338. In The Combined Effect of Human Influence and Climate Variability on 

Water Bodies. A Case Study of Receding Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa.

 

Alkali Alhaji Umar: Effects of Street Trading in Maiduguri Metropolitan M. Sc (Environmental 

Management) Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Geography Faculty of Social Sciences 

University of Maiduguri March, 2015

 

Anderson S.P (2007), Biochemistry of Glacial Landscape Systems: Annual Dataset of Atmospheric 

Aerosol Optical Depth and Surface Reflectance.

 

Arieh   Ben-Naim   2011/14   in   Statistical   Thermodynamics   for   Chemists   and Biochemists

(1992).

 

 

Arnell, N. W. 1998, „Climate Change and Water Resources in Britain?, Climate.

Change 39, 83–110.

 

Associated Press (2006) Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Lake Chad Basin. 

 

Association of State Wetland Managers 20015, Suit 2A/ Windham, ME 04062.

 

Batello C, Marzot M, Toure A.H (2004): Traditional Knowledge, Biodiversity and Genetic Resources 

for food and Agriculture in Lake Chad Basin Ecosystems. FAO, 307p in. J. W. Kwari and S. W. 

Angyu-Petinrin The Combined Effect of Human  Influence and Climate Variability on Water Bodies. A 

case study of receding Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa 2015.

 

Batisani, N and Yarnal, B. (2015), Urban expansion in centre county, Pennsylvania: Spatial  

dynamics  and  Landscape  transformation.  In  Global  Universities  and Urban Development: Case 

studies and Analysis, Wim Wiewal and David C. Perry    (ed).    U.S.A,    Lincoln    Institute    

of    Land    Policy,    Cambridge, Massachusetts,         Rutledge.www.elsevier.com/locate/apgeog. 

        Accessed 3/1/2017.

 

Behr, F. J. & Lutz, S. (1989): Ein schneller Algorithmus zur bilinearen Interpolation in

Ankerpunktnetzen.   Zeitschrift   für   Photogrammetrie   und   Fernerkundung,

Bildmessung und Luftbildwesen, Heft 6, 57/1989, 222-229. In Statistical

methods  for the  analysis  of  simulated  and  observed  climate  data  Applied  in

projects and institutions dealing with climate change impact and adaptation by

Climate Service Centre Report 13 of  2013.

 

Bello  O.  B,  Ganiyu  O.  T.,  Wahab  M.  K.  A.,  Afolabi  M.  S.,  Oluleye  F.,  Ig  S.  A.,

Mahmud

J,  Azeez  M.  A,  Abdulmaliq  S.  Y,  (2012):  Evidence  of  Climate  Change Impacts  on  

Agriculture,  Food  Security  in  Nigeria.  International  Journal  of Agriculture and Forestry.

 

Boko, M., Niang  L., Nyong, A., Vogel, C., Githeko, A., Medany, M., Osman-Elasha, B.,Tabo,  R.  and 

 Yanda,  P.  2007.  Africa.  Climate  Change  2007:  Impacts, Adaptability and Vulnerability. In: 

Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J. and Hanson, C.E. (eds.) 

Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on 

Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, UK.

 

Brown, G. H. 1947. A comparison of sampling methods. Journal of Marketing, 6, 331 337.

 

 

Bukar .Y (1990) The Relationship between Cultivation and Pastoralist in Nguro Soye District   of   

Bama   L.G.A   Borno   State   Unpublished   Final   Year   Project Submitted to the Department of 

Geography University of Maiduguri.

 

Buma, W., Lee, S.-I., and Seo, J.: Hydrological Evaluation of Lake Chad Basin using Space   Borne   

and   Hydrological   Model   Observations,   Water,   8,   205, doi:10.3390 /w8050205,  2016.

 

Bunu Zaji (1999): Ground Water Management Perspective for Borno and Yobe States Nigeria. Journal of 

environmental hydrology Volume 7 paper 19, 1999. In The Combined  Effect  of  Human  Influence  and 

 Climate  Variability  on  Water Bodies. A Case Study of Receding Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa.

 

Burkett, V. J.O. Codignotto, D.L. Forbes, N. Mimura, R.J. Beamish, and V. Ittekkot 2001. Coastal 

Zones and Marine Ecosystems in IPCC. 2001. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and 

Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the 

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  McCarthy,  J.J.,  O.F.  Canziani,  N.A.  Leary,  D.J.  

Dokken,  and  K.S. White (eds.), accessed August 31/ 2009.

 

Cap-Net (2008) Integrated Water Resources Management. http://www.archive.cap-

net.org/iwrm_tutorial/mainmenu.htm (viewed February 2012) in the status of Wetlands,  threats  and  

the  predicted  effect  of  global  climate  change:  the situation in Sub-Saharan Africa Received: 

6 September 2011 / Accepted: 24 March 2012 / Published online: 6 April 2012_ Springer Basel AG 

2012.

 

CCW (2008) Climate Change and Water, Climate Change and Adaptive Water Management: Innovative 

Solutions.

 

 

Christensen, J. H., Hewitson, B., Busuioc, A. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Alley,  R.  B.,  

Berntsen,  T.,  Bindoff,  N.  L.,  Chen,  Z.,  Chidthaisong,  A., Gregory,  J.  M.,  Hegerl,  G.  

C.,  Heimann,  M.,  Hewitson,  B.,  Hoskins,  B.  J., Joos,  F.,  Jouzel,  J.,  Kattsov,  V.,  

Lohmann,  U.,  Matsuno,  T.,  Molina,  M., Nicholls, N., Overpeck, J., Raga, G., Ramaswamy, V., 

Ren, J., Rusticucci, M., Somerville,  R.,  Stocker,  T.  F.,  Whetton,  P.,  Wood,  R.  A.,  and  

Wratt,  D.: Regional  Climate  Projections,  in:  Climate  Change.  The  Physical  Science Basis, 

Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on 

Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D.,  Manning,  M.,  Chen,  Z.,  Marquis,  M.,  Averyt, 

 K.  B.,  Tignor,  M.,  and Miller, H.L., Cambridge University Press, 2007.

 

Climate Change, Water and Food Security: FAO WATER REPORTS 2008

 

 

Climate Change and Water (IPCC, 2008) WMO UNEP a Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental   Panel   

on   Climate   Change   prepared   in   response   to   a decision of the Panel Edited by Shaohong 

Wu Chinese Academy of Sciences China, Bryson Bates CSIRO Australia and   Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz 

Polish Academy  of  Sciences,  Poland  and  Potsdam  Institute  for  Climate  Impact Research,   

Germany   Jean   Palutik   of   Met   Office   Hadley   Centre   United Kingdom June 2008.

 

Coe M.T and Foley J.A (2001): Human and natural impacts on the water resource of Lake    Chad.    

Journal    of    Geophysical    Resources,    106(D4)    3349-3356 International Journal of 

Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 6, 800- 808 ISSN 2320-5407 in J. W. Kwari and S. W. 

Angyu-Petinrin The Combined Effect of Human Influence and Climate Variability on Water Bodies. A 

case study of receding Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa.

 

Coe  and  Foley  (2011)  in  Deforestation  Upsets  Water  Balance  Changes  Due  to Climate

Variability in the Xingu River in Eastern Amazonai: Journal of Hydrology 523 (2015) 822-829

 

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 2009) Climate Change, Biodiversity and Human Health

 

Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971), 1998, website:http://www. ramsar.org

Cosgrove  W  and  Rijsberman  F,  (2002),  world  water  vision:  making  water every bodies 

business. Earth scans London In The Combined Effect of Human Influence and Climate Variability on 

Water Bodies. A Case Study of Receding Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa.

 

Cook, J., Nuccitelli, D., Green, S.A., Richardson, M., Winkler, B., Painting, R. Skuce,

A.  (2013a).  Quantifying  the  consensus  on  anthropogenic  global  warming  in the   scientific  

 literature.   Environmental   Research   Letters,   8(2),   024024. 

doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024.  DFID  (2004):  Key sheet  7  adaptation  to climate change: the 

right information can help the poor to cope;  Global  and local  environment  team,  Policy 

Division.  in  J. W.  Kwari  and  S.  W.  Angyu- Petinrin The Combined Effect of Human Influence 

and Climate Variability on Water  Bodies.  A  case  study  of  receding  Lake  Chad  in  

Sub-Saharan  Africa 2015.

 

De Sherbinin et al (2011) Preparing for Internal Climate Migration Department of Meteorological 

Services (DMS, 1992)

 

Department  of  Meteorological  Services,  Nigeria  (DMS,  2016)  Maiduguri  Zonal

Office

 

Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE 2009) University of Malbourne:

Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.

 

Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE 2009) Climate Change Impacts on Wetlands in 

Victoria and Implications for Research and Policy, Changhao Jin, Belinda Cant and Charles Todd.

 

Dogo, A. N an Assessment of Local Adaptation Strategies to Environmental Degradation  In Bama L.G.A 

Borno State North East Nigeria, Unpublished M. Sc Dissertation Submitted to the Department of 

Geography Faculty of Social Sciences University of Maiduguri November 2012.

 

Davis R. & Hirji R. 2014 Climate Variability and Water Resources Degradation in Kenya:  Improving  

Water  Resources  Development  and  Management,  34854 World Bank Working Paper No-69.

 

Eboh E. C 2009 Climate Change and Lake Water Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa:

Case  Study of Lake Chad and Lake Victoria Education and Reference 2012

 

Environmental Management Project (EMP, 1998): The Assessment of Vegetation and

Land Use Changes in Nigeria by Geomatics International

 

 

Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, Publisher: Oxford: Elsevier, Editors: Elias SA 2007

 

 

Eric, O. Odada, L Oyebande & J. Oguntola 2000, Experience and Lessons Learned Brief for Lake Chad.

 

Eric, O. Odada Department of Geology University of Nairobi, Nairobi Kenya,

pass@uonbi.ac.ke  ,  Lekan  Oyebande,  Department  of  Hydrology  and  Water Resources, University 

of Lagos Akoka-Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria and Johnson, A. Oguntola, Water Resources Unit,  Lake Chad  

Basin Commission N?Djamena Chad in Lake Chad Experience and Lessons Learnt 2014.

 

Evan G.R.D, Slobodan P.S, (2011), Global Water Resources Modelling with an Integrated Model of the 

social–economic–environmental system. Advances in Water  Resources  34  (2011)  684-700.  In  The  

Combined  Effect  of  Human Influence and Climate Variability on Water Bodies. A Case Study of 

Receding Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa.

 

Fariborz Nasr Azadani (Modeling the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources Case   Study:   

Arkansas   River   Basin   in   Colorado)   Unpublished   M.   Sc

Dissertation

Submitted   to   the   Department   of   Civil   and   Environmental   Engineering Colorado State 

University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2012.

 

Fisheries Agency, Fisheries Research Center, 2012: Press release for the publication of

FY2012  Assessment  of  Fishery  Resources  in  Japan?s  Surrounding  Waters 

(http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/press/sigen/121107.html),   FY2012   Fish   Stock Assessment          

by          Species          (53          species,          84          stocks) 

(http://abchan.job.affrc.go.jp/digests24/index.html)

 

Ferrati R, Canziani GA,  Moreno  DR (2005)  Estero del  Ibera: hydro meteorological and

Hydrological  characterization,  Ecol  Model  in  Wetlands  and  global  climate change:  the  role 

 of  wetland  restoration  in  a  changing  world  by  (Kevin  L. Erwin 2009).

 

FAO. (2009). FAOSTAT: Online Database. PopSTAT Module. Food and Agriculture

Organization   of   the   United   Nations.   http://faostat.fao.org/site/550/default. aspx#ancor 

(Last accessed on March 20, 2010). In African Water Atlas 2010

 

Garcia D, (2008). The climate security divide: bridging human and national security in

Africa, African security review 17(3) (2008).

 

 

Gao, H., Bohn, T. J., Podest, E., McDonald, K. C., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: On the causes of  the 

shrinking of Lake Chad, Environ. Res. Lett.,6, 034021, 2011.

 

(GCRP) US Global Climate Research Programme 1800 G Street, NW Suit 9100 Washington,  DC 20006 USA.

 

GEONETCast Unit, Department of Geography, University of Maiduguri, 2016 

 

GIWA 2004 Global International Waters Assessment: Lake Chad Basin 

GIWA Regional Assessment 43 Published by the University of Kalmar on Behalf of the United Nations 

Environment Programme (UNEP).

 

Gleick, P. H.: 1987a, „The Development and Testing of a Water Balance Model for Climate  Impact  

Assessment:  The  Sacramento  Basin?,  Water  Resource.  Res. 23, 6, 1049–1061.

 

Gleick,   P.   H.:   1987b,   „Regional   Hydrologic   Consequences   of   Increases   in 

Atmospheric

CO2 and Other Trace Gases?, Climate. Change 10, 137–161.

 

Glen Barry (8?? /July/ 2016), Land Conservation in Changing Climate Yale School of Forestry: 

Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation.

 

 

GWP (2007). Climate Change Adaptation and Integrated Water Resources Management   –   An   

Overview.       Global   Water   Partnership,   Technical Committee Policy Brief 5.

 

Grace  Communication  Foundation  2016:  215  Lexington  Avenue,  New  York  NY 10016

United States.

 

Green Climate Fund 2016 Projected Weather Increase

 

Hassan  Tsenbeya  Ishaku,  Ajayi  Peters  Abayomi,  Abdulrahman  Ahmed  Sahabo,

Fabian

 

Mazawuje Dama (2013); Complementing Water Supply through Rain Water Harvesting in Some Selected 

Villages of Sahel Savannah Ecological Zone in Borno  state  North  eastern  Nigeria  journal  of  

water  resource  and  protection, 2013, 5, 200-207

 

Hayward and Oguntoyinbo (1987) Climatology for West Africa published in London; Longman Publishers.

 

 

Hide. Imura 2013: Environmental Systems Studies (A Macro scope for Understanding and Operating 

Spaceship Earth) Published by Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London.

 

Hirji R, Davis R (2009) Environmental flows in water resources policies, plans and projects:  Case  

Studies.  Paper  number  117,  Natural  Resource  Management Series, The World Bank Environment 

Department, Washington, DC, USA.

 

Hoekstra A.Y, (2006), the Global Dimension of Water Governance: Nine Reasons for

Global Arrangements in Order to Cope with Local Problems. Value of Water Research  Report Series  

No. 20 UNESCO-IHE  Institute for Water Education International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), 

Volume 3, Issue 6, 800- 808     ISSN  2320-5407  in  J.  W.  Kwari  and  S.  W.  Angyu-Petinrin  

The Combined  Effect  of  Human  Influence  and  Climate  Variability  on  Water Bodies. A case 

study of receding Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa.

 

Hulme, P. E (2005) Adapting to climate change: is there scope for ecological management in the face 

of a global threat? J Appl Ecol in Wetlands and global climate change: the role of wetland 

restoration in a changing world by (Kevin

L.    Erwin    2009)    http/www.thefreedictionary.com/sunshine    accessed    on Wednesday 2?? 

/April/2017

 

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS, 2018) RG Journal Impact Rankings

 

 

I. A. Shiklomanov Fresh Surface Water- Vol. I -Regional Distribution of Rivers and Streams  in 

Africa © Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

 

 

Ikusemoran et al. Adamawa State University Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2251-   0702  (P)  

Volume  6  Number  1,  April,  2018;  Article  no.  ADSUJSR

0601026 http://www.adsujsr.com

 

Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC 2015)

 

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2001: Impacts,

Adaptation  and  Vulnerability,  Summary  for  Policymakers  and  Technical Summary of the Working 

Group II Report, IPCC Geneva.

 

IPCC (2001b), Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

 

 

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) „?Climate Change 2007?? Fourth Assessment 

Report

 

 

IPCC, 2007: Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change               

             Synthesis                            report                            for 

policymakers.ttp://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessmentreport/ar4/syr/ar4-syr-spm.pdf. Accessed 10th August, 

2009.

 

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate (IPCC) 2007. Climate change 2007. The fourth

Assessment    report    (AR4).    Synthesis    report    for    policymakers    http:

//www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf.   (Access   10th August, 2009).

 

IPCC, 2007a Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

Contribution  of  Working  Group  II  to  the  Fourth  Assessment  Report  of  the 

Intergovernmental  Panel  on  Climate  Change  [Parry,  Martin  L.,  Canziani, Osvaldo F., 

Palutikof, Jean P., van der Linden, Paul J., and Hanson, Clair E. (eds.)].  Cambridge  University 

Press,  Cambridge,  United  Kingdom,  1000  pp, accessed August 31, 2009.15. IPCC. In General 

Overview of Climate Change Impacts in Nigeria © Kamla-Raj 2010 J Hum Ecol, 29 (1): 47-55 (2010) by 

Odjugo et al 2010

 

IPCC, 2007c Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group  I to 

the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel  on  Climate  Change  [Solomon,  S.,  

D.  Qin,  and  M.  Manning  (eds.)], accessed August 31, 2009.

 

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2011)

 

 

IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global  and  

Sectoral  Aspects.  C.  B.  Field  et  al.,  Eds.,  Cambridge  University Press,   1132   pp.   

Available   online   at   http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-

report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-PartA_FINAL.pdf

 

International Water Management Institute (IWMI, 2010) Wetland Waters

 

 

IUCN   (2003,   2008)   International   Union   for   the   Conservation   of   Nature:   A 

Comparison

of the IUCN Red List and US Endangered Species Act.

 

Jennifer R. Fetter, Penn State Extension

 

J, Allman 2015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LakeChad_Basin_Commission

 

John Jiya MUSA,  Martins Yusuf OTACHE, Peter Aderemi ADEOYE, Kunle OKANLAWON  and  Stephen  Kolade  

OLORUNTOLA  2016:  Trend  analysis of  selected  hydro-meteorological  processes  in  Nigeria  

Leonardo  Journal  of Sciences.

 

Journal of International Association of African Researchers and Reviewers (JIAARR, 2011) Two-Way 

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

 

Kelman I. et al, 2015 Climate Changes Role in Disaster Risks Management 

 

Kevin E. & Trenberth 2011 Global Environmental Change: National Centre for

Atmospheric    Research,    PO    Box    3000,    Boulder,    CO    80307,    USA

trenbert@ucar.edu

 

Kevin  E.  Trenberth,  Kathleen  Miller,  Linda  Mearrns  and  Steven  Rhodes  2000  in GlobaChange Instruction Programme: Effects of Changing Climate on Weather and Human Activities.

 

King and Pienaar 2011, the Status of Wetland Threats: Sub-Saharan Africa Stephen Anthony Mitchell.

 

 

Kolawole, A (1988) Cultivation of the Floor of Lake Chad: A Response to Environmental Hazard in 

Eastern Borno Nigeria Georg, J.

 

 

Koudahe  K,  Koffi  D,  Kayode  JA,  Awokola  SO,  Adebola  AA  (2018)  Impact  of Climate 

Variability on Crop Yields in Southern Togo. Environ Pollut Climate

Change 2: 148. 10.4172/2573-458X.1000148.

 

Kundzewicz, Z. W., Mata, L. J., Arnell, N., Döll, P., Kabat, P., Jiménez, B., Miller,

K.,Oki, T., ?en, Z. & Shiklomanov, I. (2007) Freshwater resources and their

Management, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working 

Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental  Panel  on  Climate  Change  (ed  

by  M.  L.  Parry,  O.  F.

Canziani,

 

J. P. Palutikof, P, J. van der Linden & C. E. Hanson), 173–210 Cambridge

University Press,UK..

 

Lake   Chad   Basin   Commission   (1990):   The  lake  Chad   Convectional   Basin:   A diagnostic

study of environmental degradation. Report prepared by Janusz Kindler et al., for Lake Chad Basin 

Commission.

 

Leblanc, M., Favreau, G., Tweed, S., Leduc, C., Razack, M., and Mofor, L.: Remote sensing for 

groundwater modelling in large semiarid areas: Lake Chad Basin, Africa, Hydrogeology. J., 15, 

97-100, doi:10.1007/s10040-006-0126-0, 2007.

 

Leavesley,   G.   H.:   1994,   „Modeling   the   Effects   of   Climate   Change   on   Water 

Resources

- A Review?,Clim. Change 28, 159–177.

 

 

Lemoalle,  J.,  Bader,  J.-C.,  Leblanc,  M.,  and  Sedick,  A.:  Recent  changes  in  Lake Chad:

Observations, simulations and management options  50 (1973–2011), Global Planet.                    

      Change,                          80-81,                          247-254,

doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.004, 2012.

 

Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. 

Prather, 2007: Historical overview of climate change science. Climate Change 2007: The Physical 

Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the 

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate  Change,  S.  Solomon,  D.  Qin,  M.  Manning,  Z.  Chen,  M.  

Marquis,

K.B.  Averyt,  M.  Tignor  and  H.L.  Miller,  Eds.,  Cambridge  University Press, Cambridge, 

93-128.

 

Lima et al, (2018). A Climatological Analysis of the Benguela Coastal Low-Level Jet: Journal of 

Geophysical Research.

 

Lucas. M, Alejandra. M (2010), Current state and future development of blue water

availability and blue water demand: A view at seven case studies. Journal of

Hydrology 384 (2010) 245–263 In The Combined Effect of Human Influence and  Climate  Variability  

on  Water  Bodies.  A  Case  Study  of  Receding  Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa.

 

Macdonald,  D.E.  (2013).  Climate  Change  Strategies  101.  Earth  Common  Journal, 3(1).

 

Melillo,  J.M.,  Richmond,  T.C.,  &  Yohe,  G.W.  (2014).  Overview  of  the Climate  Change  

Impacts  in  the  United  States:  The  Third  National  Climate Assessment

 

Mala, B.W (1997) Geographical Analysis of Rural Development in Bama Area Borno State,   Unpublished 

  Final   Year   Project   Submitted   to   the   Department   of Geography University of 

Maiduguri.

 

Maragatham R. Stella, 2012. Trend Analysis of Rainfall Data -A Comparative Study of

Existing Methods. International Journal of Physics and Mathematical Sciences ISSN: 2277-2111 

http://www.cibtech.org/jpms.htm

 

Matondi 2011 Vulnerability to Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies

 

 

Maureen Ngozi Agbasi   et al 2016   College of Law, Afe-Babalola University Ado- Ekiti

Ekiti State Nigeria:  The  Legal Framework for the Protection of Wetlands in Nigeria: Journal of 

Law, Policy and Globalization www.iiste.org ISSN 2224- 3240 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3259 (Online) Vol.54, 

2016.

 

Mendelsohn R, Dinar A, and Dalfet A (2000): Climate change impact on Africa?s

Agriculture.   Centre   for   environmental   economics   and   policy   in   Africa. Accessed      

   on         line         on         10th         January         2015         via 

http://www.ceepa.ca/climate_change/pdf  (01-10-15)  afrckgrnd-impact.pdf  in International Journal 

of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 6, 800- 808 ISSN 2320-5407 in J. W. Kwari and S. W. 

Angyu-Petinrin The Combined Effect of Human Influence and Climate Variability on Water Bodies. A 

case study of receding Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa

 

Middelkoop et al., 2001; (Arnell, 1998; 2004; Middelkoop et al., 2001; Christensen, 2004;  Mwamila  

et  al.,  2008).(Zorita  and  Tilya,  2002;  Yanda  and  Munishi, 2007; Munishi et al., 2009) in 

Makarius C.S. Lalika, Patrick Meirea, Yonika M. Ngaga  and  Ladislaus  Chang?a  2014  Understanding 

 Watershed  Dynamics  and

Impacts of Climate Change and Variability in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania.

 

Morgan G., H. Dowlatabadi, M. Henrion, D. Keith, R. Lempert, S. McBrid, M. Small,

T.   Wilbanks   (eds.),   2009:   SAP   5.2   Cover   CCSP,   2009:   Best   practice approaches  

for  characterizing,  communicating,  and  incorporating  scientific uncertainty    in    decision  

  making.    National    Oceanic    and    Atmospheric Administration, Washington D.C. USA. In 

Statistical methods for the analysis of  simulated  and  observed  climate  data  Applied  in  

projects  and  institutions dealing with climate change impact and adaptation by Climate Service 

Centre Report 13 of 2013.

 

Musa I.K (2008): Saving Lake Chad. Proceedings of Sirte Round Table (LCBC and ICID)  17  December   

Libya.   International  Journal  of  Advanced  Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 6, 800-808 ISSN 

2320-5407 in J. W. Kwari and S. W. Angyu-Petinrin   The  Combined   Effect   of   Human   Influence 

  and   Climate Variability  on  Water  Bodies.  A  case  study  of  receding  Lake  Chad  in  Sub- 

Saharan Africa.

 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2015

 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Last Page Updated: Aug. 7, 2017 NASA Official: Brian 

Dunbar.

 

M. & Soludo, 1999, in UN WATER/AFRICA: The Africa Water Vision for 2025: Equitable and Sustainable 

Use of Water for Socioeconomic Development.

 

NABCI (2010)  North American Bird Conservation Initiative (US. NABCI)

 

 

NCDC (National Climatic Data Center) 2008 Climate of 2007 – in Historical Perspective  Annual  

Report,  accessed  August  31,  2009.  21.  NOAA.  2006. NOAA    Magazine.    NOAA    Reports    

2006    Marked    by    Severe    Heat Waves,Widespread Drought, Wildfires December 14, 2006. 

www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006 / s2759.htm, accessed August 31, 2009.

22. WMO.

 

NEPAD (2013) New Economic Programme for African Development Annual Report in  Climate  Change  

Issues  and  Global  Negotiations:  Examining  Indo-Africa Relations by Neha Sinha 2012.

 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, 2010) in Jamil R. Jamil: Union of Concern 

Scientist 2011 on the Factors of Global Climate Change

 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, 2011), National Weather Service: Climate Change

 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, 2015)

 

National Population Commission (NPC, 2006)

 

National Water Act (2010) Water As Essential Supporting Resource: Climate Change Impacts on Water 

Resources

 

 

National  Water  Programme  Strategy  2008:  Response  to  Climate  Change  (NWPS, RCC,

September 2008).

 

 

Ndehedehe, C. E., Agutu, N. O., Okwuashi, O., and Ferreira, V. G.: Spatio-temporal variability  of  

droughts  and  terrestrial  water  storage  over  Lake  Chad  Basin using    independent    

component    analysis,    J.    Hydrol.,    540,    106-128, 

doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.068, 2016.

 

Neha Sinha (2012) Climate Change Issues and Global Negotiations: Examining Indo- Africa Relations.

 

 

Neiland AE, Be´ne´ C, Jolley T, Ladu BMB, Ovie S, Sule O, Baba M, Belal E, Tiotso F, Mindjimba K, 

Dara L, Zakara A, Quensie`re J (2004) Fisheries. In: Batello C, Marzot M, Toure´ AH 2004 (eds) The 

future is an ancient lake: traditional knowledge, biodiversity and genetic resources for food and 

agriculture in Lake Chad Basin ecosystems. FAO, pp 189–225.

 

Ngounou Ngatcha B (2009): Water Resources Protection in the Lake Chad Basin in the

Changing  Environment.  European  waters  25/26:  3-12  2009.  in  J.  W.  Kwari and  S.  W.  

Angyu-Petinrin  The  Combined  Effect  of  Human  Influence  and Climate Variability on Water 

Bodies. A case study of receding Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa 2015

 

Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS, 2008): North West

 

 

NMEH  (1997)  Niger  Ministry  of  Environment  and  Hydraulics  in  UNEP  (2000) Annual

Evaluation Report.

 

Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS, 2008)

 

N.O.  Uluocha1  &  I.  C.  Okeke  Implications  of  wetlands  degradation  for  water

resources

management: Lessons from Nigeria Department of Geography, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria 

(E-mail: uluocha65@yahoo.com);  Conek International Ltd.,     29,     Mercy     Eneli     St.,     

Surulere,     Lagos,     Nigeria     (E-mail: universal_unlimited@hotmail.com)

 

Obeta,  M.C.  (2009):  “Climate  Variation  and  Incidence  of  Selected  Waterborne Disease

in  Nigeria:  A  Time-Series  Analysis”  Paper  Presented  at  a  Conference  on Climate Change and 

the Nigerian Environment Organized by the Department of Geography University of Nigeria, Nsukka. 

Between June 29th and July 2nd in   Obeta   Michael   Chukwuma   Department   Of   Geography  

University   Of Nigeria, Nsukka Review of Studies On Global Warming And Climate Change In Nigeria 

IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN).

 

Odjugo PAO 2005. An analysis of rainfall pattern in Nigeria: Global Journal of Environmental  

Science,  4  (2):  139-145  In  General  Overview  of  Climate Change  Impacts  in  Nigeria  ©  

Kamla-Raj  2010  J  Hum  Ecol,  29  (1):  47-55

(2010) by Odjugo et al 2010.

 

Odjugo PAO 2007. The impact of climate change on water resources; global and regional analysis. The 

Indonesian Journal of Geography, 39: 23-41. In General Overview  of  Climate  Change  Impacts  in  

Nigeria ©  Kamla-Raj  2010 J  Hum Ecol, 29 (1): 47-55 (2010) by Odjugo et al 2010.

 

Olivry J.CL, Chouret A, Vuillaume G, Lemoalle J, Bricquet J.P (1996):Hydrology du lac Tchad. 

Editions Orstom, Paris France in International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 

6, 800-808 ISSN 2320-5407.

 

Olaniyi O.A., Funmilayo O.A,Olutimehin I.O, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji,

rakeji, Osun State 2 Adeyemi college of education Ondo  Review of Climate Change   and   its   

Effect   on   Nigeria   Ccosystem   International   Journal   of Environment  and  Pollution  

Research  Vol.2,No.3,  pp.70-81,  December  2014 Published  by  European  Centre  for  Research  

Training  and  Development  UK (www.eajournals.org)

 

Oyebande,  L  (2001):  “Stream  flow  regime  change  and  ecological  response  in  the Lake

Chad Basin in Nigeria”. Acreman, M. (ed), Hydro-ecology: linking Hydrology

to   Aquatic   Ecology.   International   Association   of   Hydrological   Science

(IAHS),  publ.  No.  266.  Pp.  101-111.  In  The  Combined  Effect  of  Human

Influence and Climate Variability on Water Bodies. A Case Study of Receding

Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa.

 

Ozor  N  (2009)  Barriers  to  Adaptation  among  Farming  Households  of  Southern

Nigeria

 

Pacalal,  S.  and  R.  Socolow  (2004),  Stabilization  Wedges:  Solving  the  Climate

Problem

for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies, Vol. 305 no. 5686 pp. 968- 972, DOI: 10.1126/ 

science.1100103 In Fariborz Nasr Azadani (Modeling the Impact of  Climate Change on Water Resources 

 Case Study: Arkansas  River Basin   in   Colorado)   Unpublished   M.   Sc   Dissertation   

Submitted   to   the Department   of   Civil   and   Environmental   Engineering   Colorado   State 

University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2012.

 

Padgham, J. Ed. 2009. Agricultural Development under a changing climate: opportunities  and  

challenges  for  adaptation.  Joint  Departmental  Discussion Paper - Issue 1. World Bank. 

Washington.

 

Patrick Burnett 2014: United Nation Development Programme (Human Development Index 2007/2008).

 

 

Peter et al, 2010, Waater and Climate Change: Impacts on Ground Water Resources and Adaptation 

Options 55027 Water Working Notes, Note No-25, June 2010.

 

 

Peter Zhou, Patrick Gwimbi, Genito A Maure, Peter Johnston, Joseph K Kanyanga, Francis T Mugabe, 

Absalom M Manyats, Michael T Masarirambi, Timothy S Thomas,   Sepo   Hachigonta   and   Gerald   

Nelson,   2010.   Assessing   the Vulnerability of Agriculture to Climate Change in Southern 

Africa: Synthesis Report.

 

Primary Health Care Department Bama L.G.A Borno State Nigeria 2012

 

Podesta, John and Peter, Ogden 2007-2008 the Security Implications of Climate

Change:  The  Washington  Quarterly,  Volume  31,  No  1  in     Climate  Change Issues  and  

Global  Negotiations:  Examining  Indo-Africa  Relations  by  Neha Sinha 2012.

 

RSRG (2010) Remote Sensing Research Group: Classification, Characterisation and

Use of Small Wetlands in East Africa.

 

RAMSER (2002), Scientific & Technical Review Panel of the RAMSER Convention:

United Nations System-Wide Earth-watch.

 

 

RAMSAR Convention Secretariat. Designating Ramsar sites: Strategic Framework and  Guidelines  for  

the  Future  Development  of  the  List  of  Wetlands  of International  Importance,  Ramsar  

Handbooks  for  the  wise  use  of  wetlands, 4th ed., vol. 17. Gland: Ramsar Convention 

Secretariat; 2010.

 

R. E. Miller, R. H. Johnston, J. A. I. Olowu,  and J. U. Uzoma 1757, 1968 Ground- Water

Hydrology of  the  Chad  Basin  in  Bornu  and  Dikwa Emirates,  North  eastern Nigeria,  with  

Special  Emphasis  on  the  Flow  Life  of  the  Artesian  System Geological  Survey  Water-Supply  

Paper  -1  Prepared  in  cooperation  with  the Geological Survey of Nigeria under the auspices of 

the United States Agency for International Development Oklahoma City, OKt.A. Printed April 1968 by 

United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1968,

 

Rijsberman  F  (2003):  the  challenge  of  Basin  management.  In  Science  au  Sud-Le journal

de L?IRD, Special Meanderind Water, p 1. in J. W. Kwari and S. W. Angyu- Petinrin The Combined 

Effect of Human Influence and Climate Variability on Water  Bodies.  A  case  study  of  receding  

Lake  Chad  in  Sub-Saharan  Africa 2015.

 

RTU  Rai  Technology University Campus  Dhodballapur  Nelmangala  Road,  SH  -74, Off

Highway    207,    Dhodballapur    Taluk,    Bangalore    –    561204    E-mail: 

info@raitechuniversity.in | Web: www.raitechuniversity.in Access on Sunday 2?? Dec 2018 at about 

1700.

 

SAP (2008) Synthesis and Assessment Product, Sustainable Wetland Management in the  Face  of  

Climate  Risks:  The  Impact  of  Future  Climate  Change  on  the Wetland?s Water Resources in 

2050.

 

Sanni, T (2008), Nigeria: lake Chad-Renewed fear over shrinking impact, this day (Lagos),  16  

September  2008;  S  Hancock,  climate  change,  human  pressure shrink   Lake   Chad.   Accessed   

online   on   the   20th   of   March   2014   via. 

http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/40156/story

 

Science and Mathematics 2009

 

Shah (2011) Climate Change, Water and Food Security

 

Shanahan et al (2009) Drought, Climate and Hydrological Conditions in Africa UN

Union Collections

 

 

Shehu M. B, (1998) Phonological Events Guiding Farm Operation Among Kanuri?s Unpublished  Final  

Year  Project  Submitted  to  the  Department  of  Geography University of Maiduguri.

 

Shiklomanov I (2000); Appraisal and Assessment of World Water Resources, Water International 25(1); 

11-32 (2000).

 

 

Shiklomanov I. (2000); Appraisal and Assessment of World Water Resources, water International 

25(1); 11-32 (2000). International Journal of Advanced Research

(2015), Volume 3, Issue 6, 800-808 ISSN 2320-5407 in J. W. Kwari and S. W. Angyu-Petinrin   The  

Combined   Effect   of   Human   Influence   and   Climate Variability  on  Water  Bodies.  A  case 

 study  of  receding  Lake  Chad  in  Sub- Saharan Africa 2015.

 

Smith, B. And Wandel, J.: Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability, Global Environ. Chang., 

16, 282–292, 2006.

 

 

Solutions in Focus Ecosystem-Based Adaptation from Mountains to Oceans; how people  adapt  to  

climate  change  by  using  nature  Published  by  Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale 

Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH 2018.

 

Somerfield 2010, Impact of Climate Change on the Communities: Revealing Species Contribution.

 

 

Spore 2008. Climate Change: Special Issue August, 2008.P. 23. In General Overview of Climate Change 

Impacts in Nigeria © Kamla-Raj 2010 J Hum Ecol, 29 (1): 47-55 (2010) by Odjugo et al 2010.

 

Stacke, T. and Hagemann, S. (2012, 2017) Development and Evaluation of a Global Dynamical Wetlands 

Extent Scheme. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16, 2915-2933. 

http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2915-2012

 

Statistics Compiled Using www.nationmaster.com in Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in 

Africa: the Role of Adaptation by Urama, C. K. & Ozor,

N.  African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS).

 

Task Force Report on Science and Technology Diplomatic Strategy, 2010, STDS by

Council for Science and Technology Policy (in Japanese).

 

Tavakol M. J and Danick Martel (2011) Analysis Validity and Reliability in Social

Sciences Research.

 

 

The IPCC Third Assessment Report on the Scientific Basis of Climate Change

 

Thiemeyer, H. (1991/92): A new 14C-record from the Bama Ridge near Konduga, Borno State,  

NE-Nigeria. -Annals of Borno, 8/9: 239 - 242; Maiduguri.

 

T.M. Burton, R.W. Tiner, in Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, 2009

 

Thornton PK, Jones PG, Owiyo T, Kruska RL, Herrero M, Kristjanson P, Notenbaert A, Bekele N, Omolo 

A, with contributions from Orindi V, Otiende B, Ochieng A,  Bhadwal  S,  Anantram  K,  Nair  S,  

Kumar  V,  Kulkar  U  (2006)  Mapping climate  vulnerability  and  poverty  in  Africa.  Report  to 

 the  Department  for International Development, Nairobi, p 171.

 

UCS (2011) Union of Concerned Scientist, Global Warming Effects, Global Warming Solutions,  Stop  

Global  Warming:  Contact  National  Headquarters  2  Brattle Square, Cambridge, MA 02138-3780.

 

Udo, R.K 1970 Regional Geography of Tropical Africa

 

 

UNEP/GRID (2008): United Nations Environmental Programme: Drying up of Lake Chad  (Atlas  of  our  

changing  environment)  Accessed  online  on  the  30th  of

June

2014  via  http://www.na.unep.net  in  J.  W.  Kwari  and  S.  W.  Angyu-Petinrin The Combined 

Effect of Human Influence and Climate Variability on Water Bodies. A case study of receding Lake 

Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa 2015.

 

UNEP/DEWA (2003): Draft Desk Study Version 1 (on Lake Chad Basin). Report compiled by UNEP AEO, 

GIWA, UNEP DEPI, Michael T. C J. A, Foley and Lake Chad Basin Commission. Department of Early 

Warning and Assessment (DEWA), UNEP: Nairobi Kenya In The Combined Effect of Human Influence and  

Climate  Variability  on  Water  Bodies.  A  Case  Study  of  Receding  Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan 

Africa

 

 

UNESCO (2014) United Nations World Water Development Report 2014: Water and

Energy

 

UNESCO (2016) The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization Policy Document on the Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage (Decision 30 COM 

7.1).

United Nations (UN, 2013)

 

 

United Nations (UN, 2015)

 

United Nations Climate Change Conference COP 21 or CMP 11 Paris (France 3

November/-December 2015.

 

United Nation Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD, 2013) United Nations Framework 

Convention on Climate Change. 1992.

http://www.unfccc.de

 

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC 1995): Documents of the Conference of 

the Parties, at its First Session, (COP-1)

 

 

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC 2011): Report of the Conference of 

the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from

29          November          to          10          December          2010,          UNFCC, 

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/ 07a01.pdf page 4 (last access:

24  May  2012),  2011.  In  Vulnerability  to  climate  change  and  adaptation strategies  of  

local  communities  in  Malawi:  experiences  of  women  fish- processing   groups   in   the   

Lake   Chilwa   Basin   by   Hanne   Jørstad1   and ChristianWebersik2 2016.

 

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 2013) Statistical Downscaling Model 

(SDM) Compendium on Methods and Tools to Evaluate Impacts of, and Vulnerability and Adaptation to, 

Climate Change in a Review of Downscaling Methods for Climate Change Projections by USAID from the 

American People September 2014

 

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO, 2006) 

 

United Nation Environmental Programme 2016: The Year of Green Finance 

 

UNMEAP (2005) Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Project of the United Nations:

Synthesis Report Non Living Environments with Human Wellbeing.

 

UNSD (2005) United Nations Sustainable Development with New Partnership for

African  Development  (NEPAD):  Environmental  Education,  Research  and Innovation, Achieving the 

Sustainable Development Goal.

 

UN WATER/AFRICA: The Africa Water Vision for 2025: Equitable and Sustainable Use of Water for 

Socioeconomic Development.

 

UN-Water/Africa 2000, the Africa Water Vision for 2025: Equitable and Sustainable Use   of   Water  

 for   Socio-Economic   Development,   Group   Edela   Banque Africaine  De  Developpement,  

African  Development  Bank,  Group  Economic Commission for Africa, African Union African 

Development Bank 2025.

 

Urama Kevin Chika & Nicholas Ozor 2010 Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in Africa: The 

Role of Adaptation.

 

 

USC (2011) University of South Carolina National Weather Service Station: Climate Change Impacts to 

Natural Resources.

 

 

USAID (1997), FEWS (Famine early warning system), A special report 97-4, Lake Chad Untapped 

Potential.

 

 

USEPA 2009, United Sates Environmental Protection Agency: Titled-(The Effects of Climate Change on 

Water Resources Management) Watershed Academy Web; Distance         Learning         Models         

on         Watershed         Management http:/www.epa.gov/watertrain Accessed on Wednesday 24?? 

/October /2016.

 

USFWS US Fish and Wildlife Service 2009 Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.

 

USGCRP (2000) U.S. Global Change Research Program, Climate Change Impacts on the  United  States;  

the  Potential  Consequences  of  Climate  Variability  and Change,         “Overview:         

Great         Plains”.         Washington         DC. 

www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/Library/nationalassessment/overviewgreatplains.htm

 

Uyangoda,   J.,   2011.   Writing   Research   Proposals   in   the   Social   Sciences   and

Humanities:

A theoretical and practical guide. Colombo: Social Scientists's Association.

 

Ventrella Domenico, Giglio Luisa, Charfeddine Monia, Lopez Raffaele, Castellini Mirko,Sollitto  

Donato,  Castrignanò  Annamaria,  Fornaro  Francesco,  (2012). Climate change impact on crop 

rotations of winter durum wheat and tomato in Southern  Italy:  yield  analysis  and  soil  

fertility.  Italian  Journal  of  Agronomy vol.7:e15, pp. 1-100.

 

Vlimba 2005; 2007 in Makarius C.S. Lalika, Patrick Meirea, Yonika M. Ngaga and Ladislaus Chang?a 

2014 Understanding Watershed Dynamics and Impacts of Climate Change and Variability in the Pangani 

River Basin, Tanzania.

 

Vorosmarty C.J, Green P, Salisbury J, Lammers R.B, (2000), Global water resources: vulnerability 

from climate change and population growth. Science 289, 284–

288. In The Combined Effect of Human Influence and Climate Variability on Water Bodies. A Case 

Study of Receding Lake Chad in Sub-Saharan Africa and  International  Journal  of  Advanced  

Research  (2015),  Volume  3,  Issue  6, 800-808 ISSN 2320-5407

 

www.dictionary.com Accessed online on Saturday 6?? /May/2017 20:00.

 

Wade Tara Roger (2015), Conservation: Practice Adoption Rates Vary Widely, by United  States  

Department  of  Agriculture.  Conservation-Practice  Adoption Rates Vary Widely by Crop and Region.

 

Water Resource Planning Studies (WRPS, 2010), Planning and Management Issues: Some Case Studies.

 

 

Water Resources Research Centre (WRRC, 2015) College of Agriculture and Life Sciences  The  

University  of  Arizona  P.O.  Box  210437  Tucson,  AZ  85721-

0437.

 

Waziri M, Kagu A, Monguno A.K, Issues in the Geography of Borno Vol. 1

Pp 21-23 (The Bama Ridge:  A Significant Landmark in Borno by Abba Kagu and Sadik A. Yelwa)

 

Weber, E.U., & Stern, P.C. (2011). Public understanding of climate change in the United      

States.      The      American      Psychologist,      66(4),      315–328. doi:10.1037/a0023253.

 

Welcomme R (2005) Impacts of fishing on Inland fish populations in Africa. In: Thieme  ML,  Abell  R,  Stiassny  MLJ,  Skelton  P.  et  al  (eds)  Freshwater

ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment, Island Press, pp 81–85.

 

WWF,  2008.  Online  at:  www.panda.org/climate  (Accessed  1  May  2008).  In  for  a living

planet,   Nippon   changes   Climate   impacts   threatening   Japan   today   and tomorrow

 

William Murray (2010) Nations Intergovernmental Panel (IPCC)

 

 

Wilby,  R.  L.,  &  Dawson,  C.  W.  (2013)  the  Statistical  Downscaling  Model:  Insight from

One Decade Application, International journal of climatology in a Review of Downscaling Methods for 

Climate Change Projections by USAID from the American People September 2014.

 

 

Winter 1988, 1992 Assessing and Measuring Wetland Hydrology 

 

World Bank (2014)

 

World Bank 1995: The Lake Chad Development and Climate Resilience Action Plan; Lake Chad Basin 

Commission.

 

 

World Bank 2013, (IPCC 2007a, and Shah et al 2011) on Global Temperature and Climate Change 

Projections Scenarios Zimbabwe.

 

World Heritage Committee 2015: The Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage 

 

Yahaya Nasidi Adamu (2009) Unusual Rain, Evidence of Climate Change. All

Africa.com.http://allafrica.com/stories/200901220158.html      (accessed      17

November 2009) in Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in Africa: the  Role  of  Adaptation 

 by  Urama,  C.  K.  &  Ozor,  N.  African  Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS).

 

Yaqub,and Yugunda C.N. 2007. Desert encroachment in Africa: Extent, Causes and

Impacts. Journal of arid Environment 4 (1): 14–20.

 

Yinhong Kang, Shahbaz Khan and Xianyi Ma 2009 a Department of Water Resources

and   Architectural   Engineering,   Northwest   A   &   F   University,   Yangling 712100, 

ChinaDivision of Water Sciences, UNESCO, 1 Rue Miollis, 75 732 Paris  Cedex  15,  SP,  France:  

Climate  Change  Impacts  on  Crop  Yield,  Crop Water  Productivity  and  Food  Security-A  Review 

 Received  20  May  2009; Received   in   Revised   form   8   August   2009;   Accepted   14   

August   2009 Available   online   at   www.sciencedirect.com   Published   in   Science   Direct 

Progress in Natural Science 19 (2009) 1665–1674.

 

Yugunda BS 2002. Socio-economic and cultural impacts of desert encroachment in Nigeria Journal of 

Environmental Dynamics, 5(2): 19-30.

 

 

Zhang et al (2013) Nonparametric Modelling of Vehicle Type Specific Headway Distribution in Freeway 

Work Zones.

 

 

Zhu, W., Yan, J., and Jia, S.: Monitoring recent fluctuations of the Southern Pool of Lake Chad 

using multiple remote sensing data: Implications for water balance analysis, Remote Sensing, 9, 

doi:10.3390/ rs9101032, 2017.

 

Zikmund 2002. Business Research Methods, Dryden, Thomson Learning.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.