UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
Visual communication design is a necessity in advertising. However, it carries different
interpretations by different audiences. Therefore, this study was conducted to discover
Islamic commodification signs on advertisements, with attempts to understand the meanings of those
signs, and to investigate their effects of semantic noise interpretations of the
messages. This study’s meaning-making framework adapted two important theories in the visual field
– symbolic interactionism and communication model. This study began with a content analysis of
seven billboards and continued with semi-structured interviews to get in- depth feedbacks from
a maximum variation purposive sampling of 12 informants. Practitioners of visual
communication field like art director and graphic designer, lecturer, and student from the same
field were also involved. This study’s qualitative analysis was coded by three main themes using
thematic analysis in Atlas.ti namely the commodification sign, sign meaning and noise effects. The
subsequent analysis used symbolic interactionism theory in describing the result. Islamic elements
were indeed present in most of the ads, often in images and texts as emotional interplays of
interpretations with many other forms of symbolism, intuition and even imagination in
symbolic perception. The existence of Islamic symbols is transformed into a commercial entity that
is used to enhance the effectiveness of advertising and causes communication noise – a
confusion that affects the recipient's understanding of the actual message; especially to
non-Muslims. Consequently, it allows the real meaning to be changed even though it is significant
to the targeted group of Malay- Muslims. Overall, these ads should be emphasizing on the
product-type, functions, and benefits over everything else, to avoid exaggeration and
misrepresentation of the products or the religion itself, made by the multi-racial audiences as the
receivers. The findings are clearly significant to marketers or advertisers whereby
although cultural elements are significantly important in advertising, the understanding of
symbol appropriateness within the communication element is required.
Keywords: Advertising, Islamic Commodification, Visual Communication, Culture,
Symbolic Interactionism
|
References |
Abdullah, M.A., & Abdullah, R., (2010). Peruntukan undang-undang aurat dan pakaian sopan menurut bidang kuasa majlis perbandaran Kota Bharu - bandar raya Islam: Satu huraian. Jurnal Syariah. Vol.18 (2), pp.361-400
Abubakar, I., (2013). The religious tolerance in Malaysia: An exposition. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences. Vol.7(1), pp.90-97
Achar, C., So, J., Agrawal, N., & Duhachek, A., (2016). What we feel and why we buy: The influence of emotions on consumer decision-making, Current Opinion in Prsychology (COPSYC) 10, pp.3-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016. 01.009
Adamczyk, M., (2017). The importance of cultural differences in international business. Central European Review of Economics and Management Vol.1(2), pp.151-170
Adîr, V., Adîr, G., & Pascuc, N.E., (2012). Graphic advertising, as a specialized tool of communication. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 51, pp.645-649
Ahmad, C.W. (2019, Oct). Antara hidup dengan mati tulisan jawi. Pelita Bahasa. Vol.10, pp.12-15
Ahmad, K., Yusoff, M.Y., Razak, M., Izaham, S.S., & Ariffin. M.F., (2015). Salah Faham Terhadap Istilah Makanan Sunnah Dalam Kalangan Masyarakat Islam di Malaysia. Jabatan al-Quran & al-Hadith Akademi Pengajian Islam Universiti Malaya. Kuala Lumpur
Ahmed, N.R., Seedani, S.K., Ahuja, M.K., & Paryani, S.K., (2015). Impact of celebrity endorsement on consumer buying behavior. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2666148
Ali, A., Ali, A. & Sherwani, M., (2017). Shaping Halal into a brand? Factors affecting consumers’ Halal brand purchase intention. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, pp.3-28. https:// DOI: 10.1080/08974438.2017.1312657
Aggarwal, R., & Zhan, F., (2017). Teaching management of cultural differences. Journal of Teaching in International Business. Vol.28(1), pp.1-3
Agustia, K.T., (2018). Social-Semiotic analysis of Chupa Chups printed advertisement. Proceeding ISOLEC: International Seminar on Language, Education and Culture.
Akpan, I., Akpan, E., & Obukoadata, P., (2013). A Semiotic deconstruction of symbols in print advertising contents: Implications for consumers purchase decisions in Nigeria. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol.3(13), pp.13-26
Aksana, N., K?saca, B., Ayd?na, M., & Demirbuken, S., (2009). Symbolic interaction theory. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences Vol.1, pp.902-904
Alam,S.S., & Sayuti, N.M, (2011). Applying the theory of planned behavior (tpb) in Halal food purchasing. International Journal of Commerce and Management 21(1), pp.8-20.
Alam, S.S., Mohd, R., & Hisham, B., (2011). Is religiosity an important determinant on Muslim consumer behaviour in Malaysia?. Journal of Islamic Marketing Vol.2(1), pp.83-96
Albers-Miller. N.D., & Stafford, M.R., (1999),"An international analysis of emotional and rational appeals in services vs goods advertising", Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol.16(1), pp.42-57
Alim, A.P. & Shah @ Khalid, A.M. (2010). Persepsi wanita Islam luar bandar terhadap penggunaan wanita dalam iklan di televisyen. Retrieved from http://www.fp.utm.my/ePusatSumber/pdffail/ptkghdfwP /AZIZAHAP040027 D2008TTP.pdf
Alserhan, B.A., (2010). Islamic branding: A conceptualization of related terms. Journal of Brand Management Vol.18(1), pp.34-49. https://Doi.Org/10. 1057/Bm.2010.18
Alserhan, B.A., (2010) "On Islamic branding: brands as good deeds". Journal of Islamic Marketing, Vol.1(2), pp.101-106. https://Doi.Org/10.1108/175908 31011 055842
Alserhan, B.A., (2011). The Principles of Islamic Marketing. Surrey, England: Gower Publishing Limited.
Alshenqeeti, H., (2014). Interviewing as a data collection method: A critical review. English Linguistics Research. Vol.3(1)
Altstiel, T., & Grow. J. (2017). Advertising Creative: Strategy, Copy, and Design. Singapore: SAGE Publication
Alver, F., & Caglar, S., (2015) the impact of symbolic interactionism on research studies about communication science. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, Vol.8(07), pp.479-484
Ambrose, G. & Harris, P. (2011). The Fundamentals of Typography: Second Edition. Switzerland: AVA Publishing SA
Armstrong, J.S. (2010). Persuasive Advertising: Evidence-based Principles. Springer
Andreini, D., Rinallo, D., Pedeliento, G., & Bergamaschi, M., (2015). Brands and religion in the secularized marketplace and workplace: Insights from the case of an Italian hospital renamed after a Roman Catholic pope. J Bus Ethics. 141, pp.529– 550. https://DOI 10.1007/s10551-015-2709-y
Anney, V.N., (2014). Ensuring the quality of the findings of qualitative research: looking at trustworthiness criteria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS), Vol.5(2), pp.272-281
Arens, W.F., Weigold, M.F., & Arens, C. (2013). Contemporary Advertising. United States: McGraw-Hill Education
Arham, M., (2010). Islamic perspectives on marketing. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 1(2), pp.149-164.
Ashill N. J., & Yavas U., (2004). Dimensions of advertising attitudes congruence between Turkish and New Zealand consumers. Marketing Intelligence & Planning. Vol.23(4), pp.340-349
Asuhaimi, F.A., Pauzai, N.A., Yusob, M.L., & Asari, K-N., (2017). Rules on advertisement in Malaysia. World Applied Sciences Journal 35(9), pp. 1723-1729. https:// DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2017.1723.1729
Aziz, A.A., Rahin, N.M. and Asri, N.M., (2019). Halal advertising on Facebook: A case Study of health and beauty products in Malaysia. Management of Shari’ah Compliant Businesses
Baba, S., (2014, November). Masuk Islam, Masuk Melayu?. Retrieved from http://www.sinarharian.com.my/kolumnis/cikgu-sidek-baba/masuk-islam-masuk- melayu-1.336909
Ba?ík, R., Fedorko, R., & Šimová, S., (2012). Advertising as a tool of marketing communication and its consequent impact on consumers. Polish Journal of Management Studies. Vol.5, pp.315-323
Bakar,A., Lee, R,. & Rungie, C., (2013). The effects of religious symbols in product packaging on Muslim consumer responses. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ). Vol.21(3), pp.198-20
Bachrach, C.A. (2014). Culture and Demography: From Reluctant Bedfellows to Committed Partners.
Barfoot, Burtenshaw & Mahon. (2011). The Fundamental of Creative Advertisement. United Kingdom: AVA Publisher
Baron, R., & Sissors, J.Z. (2010). Advertising Media Planning, Seventh Edition. United States: McGraw Hill Professional
Baxter, P & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers. The Qualitative Report, Vol.13(4), pp. 544- 559
Beard, F.L., (2017). The ancient history of advertising: Insights and implications for practitioners. Journal of Advertising Research, pp.239-244
Behravan, N., Jamalzadeh M., & Masoudi R. (2012). A review study of developing an advertising strategy for westerner's companies among Middle-east countries: The Islamic perspective. Information Management and Business Review, 4(3), pp.107- 113.
Belch, G.E. & Belch, M.A. (2014). Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Education
Bergh, J.V.D., & Behrer, M. (2015). How Cool Brands Stay Hot: Branding to Generation Y; 2?? Edition. United Kingdom: Kogan Page
Bergström, B. (2009). Essentials of Visual Vommunication. London: Laurence King Publishing
Bernama (2016). Larang guna ‘ayat ruqyah’ elak seleweng. Retrieved from http://www.bharian.com.my/node/128625
Beverland, M. (2018). Brand Management. Co-creating Meaningful Brand. London: SAGE Publication
Blaikie, N. (2009). Designing Social Research, 2?? edition. United Kingdom: Polity Press Bleier, A., & Eisenbeiss, M., (2015). Personalized online advertising effectiveness: The interplay of what, when, and where. Marketing Science Vol.34(5). https://DOI: 10.1287/mksc.2015.0930
Blythe, J. (2009). Key Concepts in Marketing. United States: SAGE Publication
Boeing, M. (2013). Analysis of Cultural Differences and Their Effects on Marketing Products in The United States of America and Germany: A Cultural Approach to Marketing Using Edward T. Hall and Geert Hofstede. Hamburg: Anchor Academic Publishing
Bowdery, R. (2008). Basics Advertising 01: Copywriting. Switzerland: AVA Publishing
Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press
Bukhari, S.N., & Isa, S.M., (2019), "Islamic branding: Insights from a conceptual perspective", Journal of Islamic Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108 /JIMA-02-2018- 0035
Bülbül, C., & Menon, G., (2010). The power of emotional appeals in advertising. The influence of concrete versus abstract affect on time-dependent decisions. Journal of Advertising Research, pp.169-180
Bustin, G.M., Jones, D.N., Hansenne, M., & Quoidbach, J., (2015). Who does red bull give wings to? Sensation seeking moderates sensitivity to subliminal advertisement. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol.6(825)
Butt, M.M. and Run, E.C. (2012). Can ethnically targeted advertising work for Malay adolescents?: The moderating role of the strength of ethnic identity. Asian Academy of Management Journal Vol.17(1), pp.13–39
Cader, A.A. (2015). Islamic challenges to advertising: A Saudi Arabian perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing. Vol.6(2), pp.166-187
Campbell, M.C., & Keller, K.L., (2003). Brand familiarity and advertising repetition effects. Journal of Consumer Research Vol.10, pp.292-303
Carroll, B. A., & Ahuvia, A. (2006). Some antecedents and outcomes of brand love. Marketing Letters Vol. 17(2), pp.79–89. https://doi:10.1007/s11002-006-4219-2
Carter, M.J., & Fuller, C., (2015). Symbolic interactionism. Current Sociology Vol.64(6), pp.931–961. https://Doi:10.1177/0011392116638396
Carter, M.J., & Fuller, C., (2016). Symbols, meaning, and action: The past, present, and future of symbolic interactionism. Current Sociology Review Vol.64(6), pp.931-961
Chace, W.M., (2016). The Letters of T. S. Eliot ed. by Valerie Eliot and John Haffenden, and: Young Eliot: From St. Louis to “The Waste Land” by Robert Crawford (review). Common Knowledge 22(2), 323-324. Duke University Press. Retrieved from Project MUSE database.
Chandler, D. (2017). Semiotics: The Basics, 3?? Edition. New York & London: Routledge
Chang, T-K., Huh, J., McKinney, K., Sar, S., Wei, W., and Schneeweis, A., (2009). Culture and its influence on advertising: Misguided Framework, Inadequate Comparative Design and Dubious Knowledge Claim. The International Communication Gazette Vol. 71(8), pp.671–692. https://DOI: 10.1177/17480485 09345063
Chan, K., Ng, Y.L., & Luk, E.K., (2013) "Impact of celebrity endorsement in advertising on brand image among Chinese adolescents". Young Consumers Vol.14(2), pp.167- 179
Chernatony, L. (2010). Creating Powerful Brands.4?? edition. USA: Routledge
Crisp, R.J. (2011). The Psychology of Social and Cultural Diversity. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing
Chitty, W., Barker, N., Valos, M. & Shimp, T.A. (2011). Integrated Marketing Communications. USA: Cengage Learning
Chiok, P.F., Low C.C. & Ang S.M. (2012). Malaysian culture: Views of educated youths about our way forward. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research (IPEDR). Vol.48.
Close, A.G. (2012). Online Consumer Behavior: Theory and Research in Social Media, Advertising and e-tail. United States of America: Routledge
Colaizzi, R., Crook, C., Heeler, C., & Sachs, T. (2017). The best explanation and update on puffery you will ever read. Antitrust, Vol.31 (3), pp.86-90
Collins, H. (2010). Creative Research: The Theory and Practice of Research for the Creative Industries. Switzerland: AVA Publishing
Commun, P., & Kolev, S. (2018). Wilhelm Röpke (1899–1966): A Liberal Political Economist and Conservative Social Philosopher. Springer International Publishing: Switzerland
Cornwell, S. E. & Rubin, V. L. (2017). Native advertising: Ads in disguise as editorials. In the Proceedings of the 45th Annual Conference of the Canadian Association for Information Science/L’association Canadienne des Sciences De L’information, Ryerson University, Toronto, May 31 - June 2, 2017. https://www. researchgate.net/publication/316754169_Native_Advertising_Ads_in_Disguise_as_ Editorials
Corvi, E., & Bonera, M., (2008). The effectiveness of comparative advertising: a literature review. In Conference Proceeding: 2nd International Scientific Conference Marketing Theory Challenges in Transitional Societies.
Coyne, I.T., (1997). Sampling in qualitative research. Purposeful and theoretical sampling; Merging or clear boundaries?. Journal of Advanced Nursing 26, pp.623– 630
Cresswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design, Choosing Among Five Approaches. California: SAGE Publication
Creswell, J.W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. California: SAGE Publication
Creswell, J.W., & Clark, V.L. (2017). Designing & Conducting Mixed Methods Research, 3rd Edition. California: SAGE Publication
Cresswell, J.W., Vicky, & Clark, L.P. (2011). Designing and Conducting Mixed Method Research. 2nd Edition. California: SAGE Publication, Inc.
Crow, D. (2010). Visible Signs (Second Edition): An Introduction to Semiotics in the Visual Arts. Switzerland: AVA Publishing SA.
Crow, D. (2015). Visible Signs: An Introduction to Semiotics in the Visual Arts. London: Bloomsbury Publishing
Dadras, A., (2015). Impact of religious symbols and image in packaging design on consumer behavior in the Lens of Kano’s attractive quality theory. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies. Vol.3(4), pp.336-345
Daems, K., Keyzer, F.D., Pelsmacker, P.D., and Moons, I., (2019). Personalized and cued advertising aimed at children. Young Consumers Vol. 20(2), pp.138-151. https:// DOI 10.1108/YC-10-2018-0864
Daimin, D., (2013). Peranan komunikasi visual dalam perpaduan Melayu. Prosiding Seminar Penyelidikan Pemikiran & Kepimpinan Melayu 2013.Institut Pemikiran & Kepimpinan Melayu UiTM, pp.11-15
Daimin, G. (2015). Komunikasi Visual: Teori dan Falsafah. Selangor: Penerbit Press Universiti Teknologi Mara.
Danciu, V., (2014). Manipulative marketing: Persuasion and manipulation of the consumer through advertising. Theoretical and Applied Economics, Vol.XXI (2(591)), pp.19-34
Danesi, M. (2010). The Routledge Companion to Semiotics. New York & London: Routledge
Daniel, J. (2013). Sampling Essentials: Practical Guidelines for Making Sampling Choices. California: SAGE Publication
Daud, N.M, Abdul Aziz, H., Baharudin, N.H., & Shamsudin, S.F., (2012). Identifying the determinant attributes of halal cosmetics product that influence its positioning strategy in Malaysian market. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, Vol.8(1), pp.301-313
Daugeliene, R., & Liepinyte, M., (2012). Interrelation of misleading advertising and solutions of consumers: legal regulation and institutional background in Lithuania. European Integration Studies. No.6, pp.192-201. https://DOI: 10.5755/j01.e .is.0.6.1584).
Davis, M. (2009). The Fundamentals of Branding. London: Bloomsbury Publishing
Davis, M., & Hunt.J. (2017). Visual Communication Design: An Introduction to Design Concepts in Everyday Experience. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing
DeJonckheere, M., & Vaughn L.M., (2019). Semistructured interviewing in primary care research: A balance of relationship and rigour. Fam Med Com Health 2019;7:e000057. https://doi:10.1136/fmch-2018-000057
Dennis, A. (2011). Symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology. Symbolic Interaction, Vol. 34(3), pp.349-356
Dens, N., Pelsmacker. P., & Puttemans. B., (2011). Text or pictures? Effectiveness of verbal information and visual cues in advertisements for new brands versus extensions. Advances in Advertising Research Vol.2, pp.341-352. https:// DOI 10.1007/978-3-8349-6854-8_22
DeRosia, E.D., (2008). The effectiveness of nonverbal symbolic signs and metaphors in advertisements: An experimental inquiry. Psychology & Marketing, 25(3), pp.298- 316.
Dhesi, D. (2018, June 2). The uptrend of outdoor advertising. The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2018/06/02/the-uptrend- of-outdoor-advertising/
Douglas R., Hausknecht J. B., Wilkinson & Prough, G.E., (2014). Defining and investigating advertorial issues. In: Wilson E.J., Hair J.F. (eds) Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science. Springer, Cham
Doveling, K., Scheve, K.V., & Konjin. E.A. (2011). The Routledge Handbook of Emotions and Mass Media. New York: Routledge
Downs, S. (2013). The Graphic Communication Handbook. New York & London: Routledge
Drost, E.A., (2011). Validity and reliability in social science research. Education Research and Perspectives, Vol.38(1), pp.105-125
Drumwright, M. (2013). Ethical Issues in Communication Professions: New Agendas in Communication. New York & London: Routledge
Duffy, M., & Thorson, E. (2015). Persuasion Ethics Today. United Kingdom: Routledge
Dur, B.I., (2015). Intercultural visual language and visual communication difference. European Academic Research. Vol.2(12).
Dusuki, A.W. (2012, February). Kawal salah guna istilah agama. Retrieved from www.sinarharian.com.my/kawal-salah-guna-istilah-agama-1.67730
Dyer, D. (2015). Advertising as Communication. New York: Routledge
Edewor, P.A. & Jegede, A.E. (2014). Socio-Cultural and Demographic Issues in E- Business Conflict Resolution: The Nigerian Case. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol.4(3), pp.173-181
Eisend, M., (2016). Comment: advertising, communication, and brands. Journal of Advertising. 45(3), pp.353–355. New York & London: Routledge
El-Dali, H.M. (2019). The language of consumer advertising: Linguistic and psychological perspectives. Studies in Linguistics and Literature Vol.3(2)
Eliot, V., & Haffenden, J. (2014). The Letters of T. S. Eliot Volume 4:1928-1929. United Kingdom: Faber & Faber
Escobedo, T. (2017). The world's fastest growing religion? Islam. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2017/03/16/world/islam-fastest-growing-religion- trnd/index.html
Etikan, I., Musa, S.A., & Alkassim, R.S., (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics 5(1), pp.1-4
Faber, J., & Fonseca, L.M., (2014). How sample size influences research outcomes. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics Vol.19(4), pp.27–29.
Fahmy, S., Bock, M.A., & Wanta. W. (2014). Visual Communication Theory and Research: A Mass Communication Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan
Farhana, F., (2012). Brand elements lead to brand equity: Differentiate or die. Information Management and Business Review, Vol.4(4), pp.223-233
Fatema, M., Bhuiyan, F.A., (2013). Shari’a compliance in building identified Islamic brands. E-journal of Islamic Management and Business Vol.5(11), pp.10-16
Fatema, M., Azad, M.A., & Masum, A.K., (2012). Impact of brand image and brand loyalty in measuring brand equity of Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. Asian Business Review, Volume 2 (Number 1/2013: Issue 3), pp.42-46.
Featherstone, M,. (2001). Consumer Culture. In Smelser, N.J. & Baltes, P.B.. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Pp.2662-2669, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/04322-9.
Firat, A., Kutucuo?lu, K.Y, Saltik, I.A. & Tunçel, Ö. (2013). Consumption, consumer culture and consumer society. Journal of Community Positive Practices, XIII(1), pp.182-203
Flamez, B., Lenz, A.S., Balkin, R.S. and Smith R.L. (2017). A Counselor's Guide to the Dissertation Process: Where to Start and How to Finish. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons
Folmer, H., Hamid, A.F. and Beaumont, J. (2014). Secularisation in Western society: An overview of the main determinants. Pensee Journal Vol.76(6), pp. 393-409
Fogarty, L, Creanza, N. and Feldman, M.W. (2019). The life history of learning: Demographic structure changes cultural outcomes. PLoS Comput Biol, Vol. 15(4)
Fullerton, R., (2010). "A virtual social H-bomb": the late 1950s controversy over subliminal advertising”. Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, Vol.2(2), pp.166-173
Free, R.C. (2010). 21st Century Economics: A Reference Handbook Vol.1. California: SAGE Publication
García-Jiménez, L., Rodrigo-Alsina, M., & Pineda, A., (2017). The social construction of intercultural communication: A delphi study. Journal of Intercultural Studies Vol.38(2). United Kingdom: Routledge.
Genc, H., & Gulozer, K., (2013). The effect of cognitive load associated with instructional formats and types of presentation on second language reading comprehension performance. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology Vol.12(4), pp. 179-239
Gentles, S. J., Charles, C., Ploeg, J., & McKibbon, K. (2015). Sampling in qualitative research: insights from an overview of the methods literature. The Qualitative Report, 20(11), pp.1772-1789. Retrieved from http://nsuworks.nova.edu/t qr/vol20/iss11/5
Geuens, M., Pelsmacker, P.D., & Faseur, T., (2011). Emotional advertising: Revisiting the role of product category. Journal of Business Research Vol.64(4), pp.418-426
Gin, O.G. (2018). Historical Dictionary of Malaysia. London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
Gripsrud, J. (2017). Understanding Media Culture. London: Bloomsbury Publishing
Given, L.M. (2008). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods Vol.1. United States of America: SAGE Publication
Gkiouzepas, L., & Hogg, M., (2014). "Revisiting symbolic visual communication", in NA. Advances in Consumer Research Vol.42, pp.492-492.
Gluck, M., & Sales, M.R. (2008). Advertising, Technology & The Future of Media. United States: The Norman Lear Center
Goi, C.L., (2012). The impact of colours on online marketing communication. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol.6(2), pp.182-186
Gökerik, M., Gürbüz, A., Erkan, I., Izmir, Mogaji, E., & Sap, S., (2017). Surprise me with your ads! The impacts of guerrilla marketing in social media on brand image. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol.30(I5), pp.1222-1238. https://doi.org /10.1108/APJML-10-2017-0257
Golafshani, N., (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report Vol 8(4), pp.597-606
Goncalves, J., Kostakos, V., & Venkatanathan. J., (2013). Narrowcasting in social media: Effects and perceptions. Proceeding of International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (IEEE/ACM), pp.502-509
Guan, L.H., (2000). Ethnic relations in Peninsular Malaysia: The cultural and economic dimensions. Social and Cultural Issues. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
Guest, G., Namey, E.E., & Mitchell, M.L. (2019). Sampling in Qualitative Research Collecting Qualitative Data: A Field Manual for Applied Research. California: SAGE Publication
Guetterman, T.C., (2015). Descriptions of sampling practices within five approaches to qualitative research in education and the health sciences. Forum: Qualitative Social Research. Sozialforschung Vol.16(2)
Gülmez,M., Karaca, S., & Kitapci, O., (2010). The effects of outdoor advertisements on consumers: A case study. Studies in Business and Economics Vol. 5(2), pp.70-88
Hackley, C. & Hackley, R.A (2017). Advertising and Promotion, 4th edition. California: SAGE Publication
Hamid, F@A.F., & Latif, F.A., (2014). Sejarah perkembangan tulisan Jawi: Analisis mengenai teori Kang Kyoung Seok. Jurnal al-Tamaddun, Vol.9(2), pp.1-15
Hamid, S.A., (2016). Islam dalam pembentukan pandangan semesta masyarakat Melayu. Jurnal Seri Alam, Vol.1/2005(12), pp.143-150
Hand, D. & Middleditch, S. (2013). Design for Media: A Handbook for Students and Professionals in Journalism, PR and Advertising. New York & London: Routledge
Harrison, B. (2002). Photographic visions and narrative inquiry. Narrative Inquiry, Vol.12(1), pp.7-111.
Hasan, H., Tamam, E., Bolong, J., Nor, M.N., & Ali, A., (2016). An exploratory study on the relationship between involvement and attitude towards TV advertisements with Islamic symbols and purchase intent. Jurnal Komunikasi Vol.3(2)
Hassan, M.S. (2016, May). Jual agama lariskan produk. Retrieved from http://www.hmetro.com.my/node/134945
Hartman J. L., & McCambridge J., (2011). Optimizing millennials’ communication styles. Business Communication Quarterly, 74(1), pp.22-44.
Hashi, A.A., (2011). Islamic ethics: An outline of its principles and scope. Revelation and Science Vol. 1(3), pp. 122-130.
Hashim, A.J. & Musa, R., (2013). Factors influencing attitude towards halal cosmetic among young adult urban Muslim women: A focus group analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 130, pp.129-134
Haven, K.F. (2006). 100 Greatest Science Inventions of All Time. London: Libraries Unlimited
Hejase, H., Hamdar, B., Farha, G., Boudiab, R., & Beyruti, N., (2013). Subliminal marketing: an exploratory research in Lebanon. Journal of Business & Management (COES&RJ-JBM). Vol.1(3), pp.112-135
Holt, D.B. (1997), Poststructuralist lifestyle analysis: conceptualizing the social patterning of consumption in postmodernity, Journal of Consumer Research, pp.326-350.
Holt, J., & Perren, A. (2011). Media industries: History, Theory, and Method. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons
Hornikx, J., & Groot E.D., (2017). Cultural values adapted to individualism–collectivism in advertising in Western Europe: An experimental and meta-analytical approach. The International Communication Gazette 2017 Vol.79(3), pp.298–316
Hornikx, J., & O’Keefe, D.J., (2009) Adapting consumer advertising appeals to cultural values a meta-analytic review of effects on persuasiveness and ad liking. Annals of the International Communication Association Vol. 33(1), pp. 39-71. https://DOI: 10.1080/23808985.2009.11679084
Hosseini, S.B., Anand, D., & Azizi, S., (2016). Advertising on trial - truthful responsibility at the heart of advertising, International Journal of Research, Vol.3(08), pp.429-441
Hovland, R. & Wolburg, J.M. (2014). Advertising, Society, and Consumer Culture. New York: Routledge
Howarth, C. (2011). Representations, identity and resistance in communication. In: Hook, Derek and Franks, Bradley and Bauer, Martin W., (eds.), The Social Psychology of Communication. London & United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan,
Hua, T.L., & Nadiya, M., (2017). Elemen persuasif & budaya dalam papan iklan dan iklan atas talian. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Special Issue 2, pp.143- 151
Hussina, R., Yusoff, S.H., & Yusof, S.N., (2015). Islamic representation in television advertising and its impact on modern Malay Muslim women. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211, pp.890-895
Huq, S.M, Nekmahmud, M., & Aktar, M.S., (2016). Unethical practices of advertising in Bangladesh: a case study on some selective products. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences. 4(1), pp.10-19
Ibrahim,F., Nuraeni, T., Ahmad,F., Kee, C.P., Mustaffa, N., (2012). Bahasa komunikasi visual dan pengantaraan produk: Satu analisis semiotik. Journal of Language Studies, Vol.12(1), pp.257-273
Ibrahim, I.I., Johari, N.R., Nor, M.N., Ahmad, Z., Ab Wahab, S.A., & Hamid, N.H., (2016). Antecedence that affect advertising from an Islamic perspective in Malaysia as a Muslim country. International Academic Research Journal of Social Science. Vol.2(1), pp.55-60
Ibrahim, I.S. & Akhmad, B.A. (2014), Komunikasi dan Komodifikasi: Mengkaji Media dan Budaya Dalam Dinamika Globalisasi. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia
Ibrahim, S. & Ganeshbabu, P. (2018). A study on the impact of social media marketing trends on digital marketing. Shanlax International Journal of Management Vol.6(S1), pp.120–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/ zenodo.1461321
Ikran & Eum (2009). A Study on Islamic consumerism from a cultural perspective- intensification of Muslim identity and its impact on the emerging Muslim market. International Area Review, Vol.12(2), pp.3-19
Ishak, M.S., & Abdullah, O.C., (2012). Islam and the Malay world: An insight into the assimilation of Islamic values. World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization, 2(2), pp.58-65
Islam, M.E., & Alam, M.Z., (2013). Advertising: An Islamic perspective. International Journal of Ethics in Social Sciences, Vol.1(1)
Ismail, A.M., Stapa, Z. & Suhaimi, S.A., (2012). Islam dan pembentukan jati diri bangsa Melayu. Jurnal Hadhari Special Edition, pp.143-154
Jain, S., (2015). Advertisement culture and its impact on the society. International Journal of Management and Applied Science Vol.1(10), pp74-76
Jain, V. (2011). Celebrity endorsement and its impact on sales: A research analysis carried out in India. Global Journal of Management and Business Research Vol.11(4) Version 1.0
Jamal, A., Penaloza, L. & Laroche, M. (2015). The Routledge Companion to Ethnic Marketing. New York & London: Routlegde
Jenner, S., MacNab, B., Briley, D., Brislin, R. & Worthley, R. (2008). Cultural change and marketing. Journal of Global Marketing 21(2), pp.161-172. DOI: 10.1080/08 911 760802135582
Johansen, J.D., & Larsen, S.E., (2005). Signs in Use: An Introduction to Semiotics. New York & London: Routledge
Johnson, J.P., (2014). Targeted advertising and advertising avoidance. The RAND Journal of Economics Vol.44, (1, Spring 2013), pp.128-144
Johnson, H.N. (2014). Place Branding and Public Diplomacy. JAMAICA: A Famous, Strong but Damaged Brand. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. https://Doi.Org/10.1057/Pb. 2014.15
Jones, B.D.G. & Tadajewski, M. (2016). The Routledge Companion to Marketing History. New York & London: Routledge
Jones, S.C. and Reid, A. (2010). The use of female sexuality in Australian alcohol advertising: Public policy implications of young adults' reactions to stereotypes, pp. 19-35. Retrieved from https://ro.uow.edu.au/hbspapers/464
Joseph. K.O., (2016). Effective advertising: Tool for achieving client-customer relationships. Research Journali’s Journal of Media Studies Vol.2(1)
Kadir, A.Y. & Al-Aidaros, A-H. (2015). Factors influencing advertising in Malaysia from an Islamic perspective: Case of Kedah state. International Review of Management and Business Research, Vol.1(1), pp.189-202
Kalotra, A., (2015). Advertising research. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Volume 5(9)
Karande S.S. and Kiran, M. (2000). a content analysis of magazine advertisements from the United States and the Arab world. Journal of Advertising
Kelley, L., Sheehan, K., & Jugenheimer. D.W. (2015). Advertising Media Planning: A Brand Management Approach. United Kingdom: Routledge
Ketelaar, P.E., Konig, R., Smit, E.G., & Thorbjørnsen, H., (2015). In ads we trust. Religiousness as a predictor of advertising trustworthiness and avoidance, Journal of Consumer Marketing Vol.32(3), pp.190-198, https://doi.org/10. 11 08/JCM-09-2014- 1149
Khan, K., Hussainy, S.K., Khan, A., & Khan, H., (2016). Billboard advertising and customer attention: A Pakistani perspective. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications Vol.6(3), pp.502-506
Khattak, S.R., Ali, H., Khan, Y., & Shah, M., (2018). Color psychology in marketing. Journal of Business and Tourism. Vol. 4(1)
Khraim, H.S., & Ahmed, A.M., (2003). Marketing in Islamic Countries: Challenges and Opportunities.
Khuong, M.N., & Nguyen, T.C., (2015). The effects of television commercials on customers purchase intention – A study of milk industry in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Journal of Economics, Business and Management Vol.3(9)
Kim, J.H. (2015). Understanding Narrative Inquiry: The Crafting and Analysis of Stories as Research. United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc
Kolb, B.M. (2016). Marketing Strategy for Creative and Cultural Industries. United Kingdom: Routledge
Kotabe, M. & Helsen, K. (2014). Global Marketing Management. United States: WILEY
Kotler,P. & Keller, K.L. (2012). Marketing Management. United States: Prentice Hall
Kox, H., Straathof. B., & Zwartc, G., (2016). Targeted advertising, platform competition and privacy. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 26(3), pp. 557-570
Kumar. K., & Al- Zubaidi, A.M.O., (2010). Role of visual communication in advertising: a study of consumer purchase decision making behavior. Online Journal of Art and Design Vol.2(3), pp.37-49
Kumar, R. (2009). Consumer Behaviour and Branding: Concepts, Readings and Cases- The Indian Context. India: Pearson Education
Kumra, R., Parthasarathy, M., & Anis, S., (2016). "Unraveling religious advertisements’ effectiveness in a multi-religious society", Journal of Indian Business Research Vol.8(2), pp.2-37
Lai M.T (2014). Symbolic interactions as inspirations. Proceedings of the DESIGN 2014 13th International Design Conference Vol.1, pp.529-536
Laros, F.J., & Steenkamp, J.E., (2005). Emotions in consumer behavior: a hierarchical approach. Journal of Business Research Vol.58, pp. 1437-1445
Lee, D.H., (1990). Symbolic interactionism: some implications for consumer self-concept and product symbolism research. Advances in Consumer Research Vol.17, pp.386- 393
Lee, J.L., James, J.D, & Kim, Y.K., (2014). A Reconceptualization of brand image. International Journal of Business Administration Vol.5(4), pp.1-11
Lee, H.K., & Lee, K.H., (2016). Effects of fashion product image preference on brand image importance and advertising factor evaluation of working women. The Research Journal of the Costume Culture. Vol.24(3), pp.324-335. https://doi.org/10.7 741/rjcc.20 16.24.3.324
Lester, P.M. (2013). Visual Communication: Images with Messages. United States: Cengage Learning
Lin, L.Y., (2011). The impact of advertising appeals and advertising spokespersons on advertising attitudes and purchase intentions. African Journal of Business Management Vol.5(21), pp.8446-8457
Lorenz, S., & Kolb, B., (2009). Involving the public through participatory visual research methods. Health Expectations Vol.12, pp.262-274.
Lub, V., (2015). Validity in qualitative evaluation linking purposes, paradigms, and perspectives. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 2015, pp.1-8
Lucy, L.J., James, J.D., & Kim, Y.K., (2014). A reconceptualization of brand image. International Journal of Business Administration Vol.5(4)
Lu, J., & Churchill, D., (2014). The effect of social interaction on learning engagement in a social networking environment. Interactive Learning Environments. 22(4), pp.401- 417
Mahpar, M.H. (2014, March). ASA Malaysia to be more proactive and boost public awareness. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/ business /businessnews/ 2014/03 /29/lifting-the-ad-industrys-credibility-asa-malaysia-to-be-moreproactive- and-boost-public awareness/#A1OXY ogTULzc3VYw.99
Mahon, N. (2010). Basics Advertising 02: Art Direction. London, United Kingdom: Thames & Hudson
Majid, M.A., Othman, M., Mohamad, S.F., Lim, S.A., & Yusof, A., (2017). Piloting for interviews in qualitative research: operationalization and lessons learnt. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol.7(4), pp.1073-1080
Malamed, C. (2011). Visual Language for Designers; Principle for Creating Graphics that People Understand. Massachusetts: Rockport Publishers
Malik, M.S., and Tanveer, R., (2018). Effect of rational advertisement appeal on online branding in Pakistan. International Journal of Industrial Marketing Vol.3(1), pp.36- 55
Mamat. Z. (2015, December). Mencari erti Melayu. Retrieved from http://www.sinarharian.com.my /kolumnis/oh-bahasaku/mencari-erti-melayu- 1.442966
Manning, P., (2010). The semiotics of brand. Annual Review of Anthropology Vol.39, pp.33-49
Mansor, N., Ali, D.E., & Yaacob, M.F., (2010). Cosmetic usage in Malaysia: Understanding of the major determinants affecting the users. International Journal of Business and Social Science vol.1(3), pp.273-281
Mayaningrum, H.Q., & Triyono, A., (2016). Komodifikasi hijab dalam iklan kosmetik sophie paris versi “natural & halal” di televisi. CHANNEL Jurnal Komunikasi. Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta. Vol.4(2), pp.207-226
Marelli, A.F., (2007). Collecting data through case studies. Performance Improvement. Volume 46(7), pp.39-44. https://Doi:10.1002/pfi.148
Marin, E.R., Pizzinatto, N.K., & Giuliani, A.C., (2014). Rational and emotional communication in advertising in women's magazines in Brazil. Brazillian Business Review. Vol.11(6), pp.22-49
Marling, D. (2011) Socio-cultural Context. Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_2421
Martins, J.M., Yusuf, F., Swanson, D.A. (2011). Consumer demographics and behaviour: Markets are people. Springer Science & Business Media.
Marotta, A., Spallone, R., Turco, M.L., Zich, U., Vitali, M., Marchis, E., & Pavignano, M., (2017). Visual images and language in architecture: Signifier Semiotics and meaning Semiotics. Proceeding International and Interdisciplinary Conference IMMAGINI: Image and Imagination Between Representation, Communication, Education and Psychology.
Mason, M., (2010). Sample size and saturation in phd studies using qualitative interviews. Forum: Qualitative Social Research Vol.11(3). https://dx.doi.org/10.17169/fqs-11.3.1428
Matthews, T.D., & Kostelis, K.T. (2011). Designing and Conducting Research in Health and Human Performance. California: John Wiley & Sons
McCracken, G., (1987). Advertising: Meaning or information. Advances in Consumer Research Vol.14, pp.121-124
McIntosh, J. (2014). The edge of Islam: power, personhood, and ethnoreligious boundaries on the Kenya Coast. Retrieved from https://books.google.com .my/books?id=96wnvh049d8 C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Islam+as+ethno +religious&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOuP6yuK7XAhUNTY8KHbrcAloQ6AE IKDAA#v=onepage&q=Islam%20as%20ethno%20religious&f=false
Mehmood, S., & Tandon, V., (2012). Assumed adverts leading to presumed consumers: Culture in transition in Oman. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol.2(11)
Mehta, A., & Purvis, S.C., (2006). Reconsidering recall and emotion in advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, pp.49-56. https://DOI: 10.2501/SOO218 49906060065
Merriam, S.B. (2009). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley.
Michael, K. (2019). Marketing Manipulation: A Consumer's Survival Manual. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Mikhailitchenko, A., Javalgi R. G., Mikhailitchenko, G., & Laroche, M., (2009). Crosscultural advertising communication: Visual imagery, brand familiarity and brand recall. Journal of Business Research Vol.62, pp.931–938
Miles, M., Huberman, M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis. A Method Sourcebook, 3rd Edition. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications
Milner, A. (2008). The Malays. United States: Wiley-Blackwell
Minsung, C., & Wahid, P.R., (2016). Penterjemahan budaya bukan kebendaan dalam teks terjemahan bahasa Korea-bahasa Melayu. Jurnal Melayu. Vol.15(2), pp.160-175
Mohd, S.Z., & Kosmin, S.R., (2012). Regulating content in broadcasting, media and the internet: A case study on public understanding of their role on self-regulation. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol.2(23)
Mooij, M. D. (2010). Global Marketing and Advertising. Understanding Cultural Paradox. London: SAGE publication
Mooij, M. D. (2019). Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes. London: SAGE Publication.
Moon, Y.S., & Chan, K., (2005) "Advertising appeals and cultural values in television commercials acomparison of Hong Kong and Korea", International Marketing Review, Vol.22(1), pp.48-66
Mohamad, N., & Ishak, M.S., (2014). Penerimaan media sosial dalam sektor penginapan bajet di Malaysia. Proceeding International Conference on Culture, Communication and Multimedia Technology (ICON C-COMET’1)
Morris, P., & Waldman, J.A., (2011). Culture and metaphors in advertisements: France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United States. International Journal of Communication Vol.5, pp.942-968
Mokhlis, S., (2010). Religious contrast in consumer shopping styles: A factor analytic comparison. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly Vol.2(1), pp.52-64
Moore, J.D. (2014). Visions of Culture: An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists. United States: Rowman Altamira
Musa, H. (2005). Peranan tulisan Jawi dalam perkembangan Islam di Malaysia. Jurnal Pengajian Melayu Vol.16, pp.86-115
Myles, R.J., (2014). The commodification of biblical texts in advertising and contemporary capitalism. The Bible & Critical Theory Vol.10(2), pp.11-21
Naseri, A., & Tamam, E. (2012). Impact of Islamic religious symbol in producing favorable attitude toward advertisement. The Public Administration and Social Policies Review, Vol.1(8), pp.61-77
Ndlela, T., & Chuch, T. (2016). Celebrity endorsement advertising: brand awareness, brand recall, brand loyalty as antecedence of south African young consumers’ purchase behavior. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies. Vol.8(2), pp.79-90
Ng, S., & Lee. A.Y. (2015). Handbook of Culture and Consumer Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press
Nicks, G. & Carriou, Y. (2016). Emotion, Attention and Memory in Advertising. Ipsos Knowledge Centre
Nisbet, R., Elder, J., & Miner, G. (2009). Handbook of Statistical Analysis and Data Mining Applications. USA: Academic Press
Nooh, M.N., (2012). Advertising ethics: A review. The Journal of Commerce. Vol.4 (3), pp.33-44
Noor, H.M. (2017, April). Sejauh Mana Kesan Tambah Zon Larangan Merokok. Retrieved from http://www.utusan.com.my/rencana /utama/sejauh-mana-kesantambah- zon-larangan-merokok-1.443713
Nööth, W., (2011). From representation to thirdness and representamen to medium: Evolution of Peircean key terms and topics. Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce society Vol. 47(4), pp.445-481
Noramalina, S. (2018). Atlas.ti workshop (class handout). Perak: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Nuijten, K.C., Regt, A.D., Calvi, L., & Peeters, A.L., (2013). Subliminal advertising in shooter games: Recognition Effects of textual and pictorial brand logos. International Journal of Arts and Technology Vol.6 (1), pp.5-16
Nurudin, S.M., Khalid, N.S., & Zain, Z. M., (2018). Peranan undang-undang kecil dalam membentuk keperibadian masyarakat. e-Prosiding Persidangan Antarabangsa Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan 2018, pp.233-240
O'Guinn, T., Allen, C. & Semenik, R.J. (2009). Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion. USA: Cengage Learning
Oñate, C.G., Cagiao, P.V., & Teixidó, E.F., (2019). Communication & society. Effective communication models in advertising campaigns. A Strategic Analysis in the Search for Effectiveness Vol.32(4), pp.109-124. https://DOI: 10.15581/003.32.4.109-124
Ornella, A. D., (2013). Commodification of religion. Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions. Dordrecht: Springer
Osborne, J.W. (2013). Best Practices in Data Cleaning: A Complete Guide to Everything You Need to Do Before and After Collecting Your Data. California: Sage Publications
OShell, R. (2017). Principles of Visual Communication: A Comprehensive Guide. North Carolina, United States: Lulu Press, Inc.
Othman, H., (2017). The role of creative thinking in advertising design. International Design Journal, Vol.7 (2), pp.265-273
Palinkas, L.A., Horwitz, S.M., Green, C.A., Wisdom, J.P., Duan, N., and Hoagwood, K., (2016). Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Adm. Policy Ment. Health 42(5), pp.533–544. https://doi:10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
Parente, D. & Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, K. (2014). Advertising Campaign Strategy: A Guide to Marketing Communication Plans, 5th edition. United States of America: Cengage learning
Parsons, J.A. (2011). "Key informant". Encyclopedia of survey research methods. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Pentina,I., Gammoh, B.S., Zhang, L., & Mallin, M., (2013). Drivers and outcomes of brand relationship quality in the context of online social networks. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol.17(3)
Percy, L. (2008). Strategic Integrated Marketing Communication: Theory and Practice. New York & London: Routledge
Percy, L. & Rosenbaum-Elliott, R. (2016). Strategic Advertising Management. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press
Petrovicia, I., (2014). Aspects of symbolic communications in online advertising. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 149, pp.719-723
Pieters, R., & Wedel, M., (2004). Attention capture and transfer in advertising: Brand, pictorial, and text-size effects. Journal of Marketing Vol.68(2), pp.36-50
Pieters, R., Wedel, M., & Batra, R., (2010). The stopping power of advertising: Measures and effects of visual complexity. Journal of Marketing Vol.74(5), pp.48-60
Pileliene, L., & Grigaliunaite, V., (2018). Effect of visual cues on static advertisement viewing patterns. Proceedings of The 2018 International Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development, No.48, pp.380-387
Pillis, E., & Reardon, K.K., (2007). The influence of personality traits and persuasive messages on entrepreneurial intention: A cross-cultural comparison. Career Development International Vol.12(4), pp. 382-396. https:// DOI:10.1108/ 13620430710756762
Powell, H., Hardy, J., & Macrury, I. (2018). The Advertising Handbook, 4th Edition. United Kingdom: Routledge
Presbrey, F., (2000). The history and development of advertising. Advertising & Society Review Vo1.1(1). Advertising Educational Foundation
Purnamaa. F.A., & Safira, A., (2017). Investigating Islamic advertising ethics: Perceptions of Indonesian Muslims. Journal of Emerging Economies & Islamic Research 5(2), pp.43–57
Qazzafi, S., (2019). Consumer buying decision process toward products. International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development Vol.2(5), pp.130-134
Qiu, Q., (2017). The impact of country of brand image on symbolic value of luxury brands. Asian Journal of Business Research Vol.7(1)
Quesenberry, K.A. (2015). Social Media Strategy: Marketing and Advertising in the Consumer Revolution. United States of America: Rowman & Littlefield
Ragnedda, M., (2011). Social control and surveillance in the society of consumers. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.3(6), pp.180-188
Rahim, M.H., (2009). Pengiklanan Islami: Penjanaan konsep dan pelaksanaan. Jurnal Melayu (4), pp.59-72
Rani, P. (2014). Factors influencing consumer behavior. International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review Vol. 2(9), pp. 52-61
Rao, H., & Vemkatrao (2015). Impact of advertisements on teenagers buying behavior. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research & Development Vol.2(2), pp.456-464.
Rather, A.R. (2004). Theory and Principles of Education. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House
Razzaque, M.R., (2016). "Advertisement in the Muslim world: A critical analysis from the Islamic perspective". International Conference on Marketing and Business Development Journal, The Bucharest University of Economic Studies Vol. 2(1), pp.100-108
Reichert T., Latour M.S., & Jooyoung, K., (2007). Assessing the influence of gender and sexual implications for advertising strategy. The Journal of Consumer Marketing Vol.29, pp.57-71
Reichert, T., Latour, M.S., & Kim, L.Y., (2007). Assessing the influence of gender and sexual self-schema on affective responses to sexual content in advertising. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising Vol.29 (2), pp.63-77
Reichert, T. & Ramirez, A. (2000). Defining sexually oriented appeals in advertising: A grounded theory investigation. Advances in Consumer Research 27, pp. 267–273.
Richards, J., Logan, K., & Daugherty, T., (2009). Advertising history. Encyclopedia of Journalism. California: Sage Publications
Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M., & Ormston. R., (2013). Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. United States of America: SAGE Publication, Inc.
Robinson, O.C., (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide. Qualitative Research in Psychology Vol.11(1), pp.25-41
Rodgers, S., & Thorson, E. (2012). Advertising Theory. New York & London: Routledge
Roosvall, A., (2016). Religion, globalization and commodification in online world news slideshows: The dis/connection of images and texts. Social Semiotics. United Kingdom: Routledge
Rosida, I., & Sari, S.W, (2017). The representation of Islam identity on the commercial TV's advertisements. Proceedings of the International Conference on Culture and Language in Southeast Asia (ICCLAS 2017) Vol.154, pp. 129-131. https://doi.org/10.2991/icclas-17.2018.31
Ruchi, G. (2012). Advertising Principles and Practice. India: S. Chand Publishing
Run, E.C. (2007). Ethnically targeted advertising: Views of those not targeted. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics Vol.19(3), pp.265-285. https://doi.o rg/10.1108/13555850710772932
Ryan. J. (2010). A History of the Internet and the Digital Future. United Kingdom: Reaktion Books
Saad ,S.,& Radzi, M.M., (2009). Urus tadbir sebuah bandaraya Islam Malaysia: Kajian kes di Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 5(3), pp.8-25
Sabri, S. (2016, May). Eksploitasi agama kaut untung. Retrieved on 20 April 2017. Retrieved from https://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/ forum /eksploitasi-agamakaut- untung-1.398674
Sadowsky, P. (2009). From Interaction to Symbol: A System View of the Evolution of Signs and Communication. Amsterdam: Johns Benjamin Publishing Company
Said, N.P., & Napi, W.N., (2015). Celebrity and non-celebrity endorsement effectiveness on consumers’ attitude towards advertisement. International Academic Research Journal of Business and Technology 1(2), pp. 51-57
Samau, B., (2016). Different strokes for different folks: Influence of advertising Semantic noise on consumer behavior. International Journal of Commerce, Business and Management.Vol.5(3)
Samidi, S., Nurfadilah, D., Rivai, A., & Suharto (2016). The impact of Islamic branding on consumer’s attitude towards soft drink product in Malaysia. Journal of Global Business and Social Entrepreneurship (GBSE). Vol.2(5), pp.66–77
Sasmita, J., Suki, N.M. (2015) "Young consumers’ insights on brand equity: Effects of brand association, brand loyalty, brand awareness, and brand image". International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol.43(3), pp.276-292, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-02-2014-0024
Scales, B.J, (2013) "Qualitative analysis of student assignments: a practical look at ATLAS.ti", Reference Services Review, Vol.41(1), pp.134-147, https://doi.org/10.1108/00907321311300956
Schutt, R.K. (2011). Investigating The Social World: The Process and Practice of Research. United States: Pine Forge Press
Scolari, C. (2009) Digital Eco_logy, Information, Communication & Society, 12(1), pp.129-148. New York & London: Routledge
Sensing, T. (2011). Qualitative Research: A Multi-Methods Approach to Projects for Doctor of Ministry Theses. USA: Wipf and Stock Publishers
Seo, W.J. (2010, August). Understanding The Impact of Visual Image and Communication Style on Consumers’ Response to Sport Advertising and Brand: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. The University of Texas at Austin, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/ openview /fb545cd1c51cc51de1 c0a5ef8 a3f5 a13/1 ?pq-origsite=gsc holar &cbl=18750&diss=y
Shafiq, A., Haque, A. & Abdullah, K. (2016). A collection of Islamic advertising principles. Proceeding of 8th International Management and Accounting Conference (IMAC8).
Sharma, R.R., & Chander. S., (2011). What’s wrong with misleading advertising? An empirical investigation. Asia-Pacific Business Review, Vol.7(1), pp.191-201
Sharma, R., & Garikaparthi, M., (2013). What's in a name – Logos that express new thinking. International Journal of Management Research and Business Strategy. Vol.2(3)
Shavitt,S., and Barnes, A.J., (2020). Culture and the consumer journey. Journal of Retailing Vol. 96(1), pp. 40-54
Sheffield, T., (2006). Locating religious dimensions in the history of advertising. The Religious Dimensions of Advertising. US: Palgrave Macmillan
Shimp. T.A. (2008). Advertising Promotion and Other Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications. United State of America: Cengage Learning
Smith, V., (2018). Visual persuasion: Issues in the translation of the visual in advertising. Meta, 53(1), pp.44–61. https://doi:10.7202/017973ar
Singala, R., & Kamra, G., (2012). Ethical issues in advertising. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Metallurgy Vol.2(3), pp.689-694
Singh, A.P., & Dangmei, J., (2016). Understanding the generation Z: The future workforce. South-Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SAJMS). Vol.3(3)
Sinha, S., & Sinha, D., (2019). Advertisements as the signs of the times: Understanding social change through advertising. Management Thought and Action: A Paradigm Shift. Delhi: Khama Publishers
Slade-Brooking, C. (2016). Creating a Brand Identity: A Guide for Designers. United Kingdom: Laurence King Publishing
Smith, P., & Lefley, C. (2015). Rethinking Photography: Histories, Theories and Education. New York: Routledge
Snow, D.A. (2001). Interactionism: Symbolic. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 7695-7698. https:// https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08- 043076-7/01905-7
Snyder, W. (2017). Ethics in Advertising, Making the Case for Doing the Right Thing. New York & London: Routledge
Sofi, S., & Nika, F., (2013). Impact of subliminal messages in TV advertisements on customer behaviour (A case study of youth in Kashmir province of J&K). Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research (JBM&SSR). Vol.2 (12), pp.17- 28
Song, R., Moon, S., Chen, H. & Houston, M.B. (2017). When marketing strategy meets culture: the role of culture in product evaluations. International Journal of Research in Marketing Vol.26(3), pp.189-196. DOI: 10.1007/s11747-017-0525-x
Sorrells, K. (2015). Intercultural Communication: Globalization and Social Justice. California: SAGE Publication
Spry, A., Pappu, R., & Cornwell T. B., (2011) "Celebrity endorsement, brand credibility and brand equity", European Journal of Marketing, Vol.45(6), pp.882-909
Stafford, M.R., & Faber, R.J., (2015). Advertising, Promotion, and New Media. United Kingdom: Routledge
Stefanenko T., Kupavskaya A. (2012) Developing cross-cultural competence. In: Seel N.M. (eds) Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. Boston: Springer
Suki, N.M., (2014). "Does celebrity credibility influence Muslim and non-Muslim consumers’ attitudes toward brands and purchase intention?", Journal of Islamic Marketing, Vol.5(2), pp.227-240
Sukkur, Z.J., & Siddiqui, K., (2012). Bases of Islamic branding in Pakistan: Perceptions or believes. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Vol.3(9).
Suri & Harsh (2011). 'Purposeful sampling in qualitative research synthesis', Qualitative Research Journal, Vol.11(2), pp.63-75. https://DOI 10.3316/QRJ1102063
Swimberghe, K.R., Sharma, D., & Flurry, L.W., (2011). Does a consumer’s religion really matter in the buyer–seller dyad? An empirical study examining the relationship between consumer religious commitment, Christian conservatism and the ethical judgment of a seller’s controversial business decision. Journal of Business Ethics Vol.102, pp.581–598
Svend, H. & Oliver, O.M. (2019). Marketing: A Relationship Perspective (Second Edition). Germany: World Scientific
Tandon, N., (2018). Growth of advertising industry in India. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol.9(1(K)), pp.23622-23625
Tashakkori, A. & Teddlie, C. (2010). SAGE Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research (2nd Edition). United States of America: SAGE Publication, Inc.
Taylor, C. R., Franke, G.R., & Bang, H-K,. (2006). Use and effectiveness of billboards: Perspectives from selective-perception theory and retail-gravity models. Journal of Advertising Vol.35(4), pp. 21-34. https://DOI: 10.2753/JOA0091-3367350402
Tellis, G.J. & Ambler, T. (2007). The SAGE Handbook of Advertising. London: SAGE Publication
Temporal, P. (2011). Islamic Branding and Marketing: Creating a Global Islamic Business. Singapore: Wiley & Sons (Asia)
Terkan, R., (2014). Importance of creative advertising and marketing according to university students’ perspective. International Review of Management and Marketing Vol.4(3), pp.239-246
Thorbjørnsen, (2015) "In ads we trust. Religiousness as a predictor of advertising trustworthiness and avoidance", Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol.32(3), pp.190- 198, https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-09-2014-1149
Tiwary, A. (2016). Know Online Advertising: All Information About Online Advertising at One Place. India: Partridge Publishing.
Tobi, S.U. (2017). Kajian Kualitatif dan Analisis Temu Bual. Kuala Lumpur: Aras Publisher
Todorova, G., (2015). Marketing communication mix. Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol.13(1), pp.368-374
Tongco, M.D.C., (2007). Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 5, pp.147-158
Tracy, S.J. (2012). Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons
Trommsdorff, G. & Albert, I. (2014). The role of culture in social development over the life span: An interpersonal relations approach. Psychology and Culture 6(2), pp.3- 28. DOI: 10.9707/2307-0919.1057
Turow. J. & Mcallister, M.P. (2009). The Advertising and Consumer Culture Reader. New York & London: Routledge
Tyagi, C.L & Kumar, A. (2004). Advertising Management. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributers
Ullah, N., & Hussain, M., (2015). Impact of unethical advertising, misleading information or deceptive advertising on customer purchasing intention with mediating effect of word of mouth: Case of Pakistan. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, Vol.1(4), pp.49-69
Umar & Sa’id, H., (2015). The imperative of population sampling in social science research. Global Journal of Political and Science and Administration. Vol.3 (No.3), pp.49-57
Utami, M.A., & Kurniawan, E., (2019). Muslim women Representation in hijab shampoo advertisements. PASSAGE Vol.7(3), pp.21-34. https://ejournal.upi. edu/index.php/psg/article/view/21282
Venter, E., (2017) Bridging the communication gap between generation Y and the baby boomer generation. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(4), pp.497- 507
Wahyuni, P., & Hassan, B.R., (2015). Iklan produk penjagaan kesihatan di malaysia dan indonesia: Sebuah analisis kritis wacana media. Jurnal Komunikasi Malaysia Vol. 31(1), pp. 221-240
Walller. D.S., (2000). Cultural values and advertising in Malaysia: Views from the industry. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, pp.3-16
Wang, X., & Yang, Z., (2010). the effect of brand credibility on consumers’ brand purchase intention in emerging economies: The moderating role of brand awareness and brand image. Journal of Global Marketing 23(3), pp.177-188. https://DOI: 10.1080/08911762.2010.487419
Wang. Y-H., & Tsai, C-F., (2014). The relationship between brand image and purchase intention: evidence from award winning mutual funds. The International Journal of Business and Finance Research, Vol.8(2), pp.27-40
Wani KA (2016). Commodification of women in advertising: The social cost. Entrepreneurship & Organization Management. Vol.5(1)
Whitehead, A.L., Julious, S.A., Cooper, C.L., & Campbell, M.J., (2016). Estimating the sample size for a pilot randomised trial to minimise the overall trial sample size for the external pilot and main trial for a continuous outcome variable. Statistical Methods in Medical Research.Vol.25(3), pp.1057-1073
Wijaya, B.S., (2013). Dimensions of brand image: A conceptual review from the perspective of brand communication. European Journal of Business and Management Vol.5(3), pp.55-65. DOI:10.13140/ejbm.2013.55.65
Wilbur, K., (2016). Advertising content and television advertising avoidance. Journal of Media Economics. 29(2), pp.51-72, https://DOI: 10.1080/08997764. 2016.1170022
Willis, J.W. (2007). Foundations of Qualitative Research: Interpretive and Critical Approaches. United States of America: SAGE Publication
Will, K., (2014). Psychological concepts in advertising: Exploring the uses of psychology through a historical overview and empirical study. Antonian Scholars Honors Program. 30.
Wilson, J., (2012),"Looking at Islamic marketing, branding and Muslim consumer behaviour beyond the 7P's: The call for supportive course content and more P's please". Journal of Islamic Marketing, Vol.3(3), pp.212-216
Wilson, R.T., & Casper, J., (2016). The role of location and visual saliency in capturing attention to outdoor advertising how location attributes increase the likelihood for a driver to notice a billboard ad. Journal of Advertising Research, pp.259-273
Yakin, H.S. & Totu, A., (2014). The Semiotic perspectives of Peirce and Saussure: A brief comparative study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp.155
Yang, C.M., & Hsu, T.F., (2017). New perspective on visual communication design education: An empirical study of applying narrative theory to graphic design courses. International Journal of Higher Education Vol.6(2)
Yasir (2016). Komodifikasi dan pengaburan makna simbol dalam industri televisi. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi.Vol.6 (2)
Yifeng, L., Wei, L., & Zhonghua, Y., (2017). Expressing emotional concept in visual communication design: An anthropological case study on emotional design in China. The Anthropologist Vol.23(3), pp. 311-322, https://DOI:10.1080/0972007 3.2014.11891951
Yin, R.K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: Guilford
Yoon, C., Lee, M. P., & Danziger, S., (2007). The effects of optimal time of day on persuasion processes in older adults. Psychology and Marketing Vol.24, pp. 475– 495.
Yunus, S.N., Rashid, W.E., Ariffina, N., & Rashid, N., (2013). Muslim’s purchase intention towards non-Muslim’s halal packaged food manufacturer. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 130, pp.145-154
Yusof, Y.L., & Wan Jusoh, W.J., (2013). Islamic branding: The understanding and perception. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 130, pp.179-185.
Zain, I.M. (2013, July). Hati-hati dengan produk guna ayat Al-Quran. Retrieved from http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/hati-hati-dengan-produk-guna-ayat-alquran- 18415
Zhao, D., (2017). The effects of culture on international advertising appeals: A crosscultural content analysis of U.S.and Japanese global brands. Professional Projects from the College of Journalism and Mass Communications 15
Zhuang, Y., and Yamamoto, S., (2019). Colour and shape design for outdoor billboard based on size in the historical area of Kyoto, Japan. Journal of the International Colour Association Vol.23, pp.36-44
Zin, M.R. (2017, April). Peralat agama lariskan produk. Retrieved from http://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/utama/peralat-agama-lariskan-produk-1.442722
Zipporah, M.M., & Mberia, H.K., (2014). The effects of celebrity endorsement in advertisements. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences Vol.3(5), pp.178-188
Zlatev. J., (2015). Cognitive semiotics. In Trifonas, Peter Pericles (Ed.), International Handbook of Semiotics (1043-1067). Netherlands: Springer
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |