UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
Perniagaan Kecil dan Sederhana (PKS) seringkali dikaitkan dengan pertumbuhan dan
pembangunan dalam sesebuah negara berikutan sumbangan dari sudut ekonomi dan sosial,
serta menggalakkan persaingan di dalam pasaran. Bagaimanapun penemuan- penemuan tidak
konsisten di dalam literatur mencetuskan keperluan kepada pengkaji untuk menjalankan
kajian-kajian seterusnya mengenai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kejayaan PKS. Oleh itu, kajian
ini direkabentuk untuk menganalisis hubungan diantara bidang tumpuan di dalam Program
Pembangunan PKS terhadap kejayaan PKS di Negeri Perak. Bidang tumpuan utama yang dikenalpasti dapat
memberikan input dan hasil yang positif adalah program akses kepada pembangunan modal insan,
program akses kepada pembiayaan, dan program akses kepada pasaran yang dianjurkan oleh SME
Corporation dan agensi-agensi yang berkaitan. Kajian ini juga bertujuan menentukan
peranan pembolehubah pengantara iaitu orientasi keusahawanan ke atas hubungan-hubungan di
antara program pembangunan PKS dengan prestasi PKS di Perak. Rekabentuk tinjauan kuantitatif
telah digunakan dan data telah dipungut daripada 304 PKS dari sektor pembuatan,
perkhidmatan, dan lain-lain yang meliputi 12 Daerah di Negeri Perak yang berdaftar dengan SME
Corp. Kajian ini juga menggunakan teknik persampelan rawak bersistematik. Analisis statistik
telah dijalankan untuk menguji hipotesis-hipotesis kajian dengan menggunakan perisian statistik
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version
23.0. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisa deskriptif, korelasi, dan regresi.
Dapatan kajian menunjukkan wujud hubungan signifikan dan positif di antara program pembangunan
PKS dan kejayaan PKS, dan orientasi keusahawanan dengan kejayaan PKS di Perak. Analisa
regresi menunjukkan pembolehubah orientasi keusahawanan adalah mediator yang signifikan
positif dan memberi kesan perubahan sebanyak 31% (R2=0.31) secara statistik. Secara
kesimpulannya, kajian ini adalah selaras dengan kehendak kerajaan bagi memastikan setiap PKS
diterapkan dengan ilmu keusahawanan yang betul melalui program pembangunan PKS yang
dijalankan, manakala orientasi keusahawanan mewujudkan kemampuan untuk lebih proaktif, berdaya
saing, inovasi, dan berani menghadapi risiko seterusnya dapat meningkatkan kejayaan PKS di Perak.
Kata Kunci: Program Pembangunan PKS, Orientasi Keusahawanan, Kejayaan
Perniagaan, Pengantara dan PKS
|
References |
Akbaba, A. (2006). Measuring service quality in the hotel industry: A study in a business hotel in Turkey. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25(2), 170-192.
Aldwin, C. M. (1994). Stress, coping, and development: An integrative perspective. New York: Guilford.
Allcott, H., & Kessler, J. B. (2019). The welfare effects of nudges: A case study of energy use social comparisons. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 11(1), 236-276.
Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., & Cochran, J. J. (2016). Statistics for business & economics: Nelson Education.
Arksey, H., & Knight, P. T. (1999). Interviewing for social scientists: An introductory resource with examples: Sage.
Abdullah, M., Nel, P., Mellalieu, P. & Thaker, A. (2016). Immigrant entrepreneurs in Malaysia: an exploratory study on their business success andprospects in small retail business. In P. Davidsson and E. Douglas (Edi), Australian Centre for Entrepreneurship, Research Exchange (ACERE) Conference, 1-14.
Abdullah, M.A. (1999). Small and medium enterprises in Malaysia. Brookfield, USA: Ashgate.
Arham, A.F., Boucher, C., & Muenjohn, N. (2013), Leadership and entrepreneurial success: A study of SMEs in Malaysia. World Journal ofSocial Sciences, 36), 1 17-13.
ACS, Z. J., & Audretsch, D. B. (1988). Innovation in large and small firms: an empirical analysis. The American Economic Review, 678-690.
Adnan, ZA & Ahmad Fl., (2016). Innovation in Malaysian food and beverage manufacturing SME. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 5(8), 604-612.
Afuah, A. (2003), Innovation management: strategies, implementation and profits. Oxford University Press, United State of America.
Ahmad, N. (2007). A cross-cultural study of entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial success in SMEs in Australia and Malaysia. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Adelaide.
Ahmad F.A., Ayman B.A., Samer E.D. (2017). The mediating role of product and process innovations on the relationship between knowledge management and operational performance in manufacturing companies in Jordan. Business Process Management Journal, 23(2), 349-376. DOI:10.1 108/BPMJ-03-2016- 0047
Ahmad N.H, Ramayah T., Wilson C. & Kummerow L., (2010), Is entrepreneurial competency and business success relationship contingent upon business environment? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 16(3), 182-203,
Ahmad, N. H., & Seet, P. S. (2009). Understanding business success through the lens of SME founder-owners in Australia and Malaysia. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, (1), 72-87.
Ahmad, N. Fl., Wilson, C., & Kummerow, L. (2011). Assessing the dimensionality of business success: The perspectives of Malaysian SME owner managers. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, /2(3), 207-224.
Ahmad, IN., & Seet, P. S. (2006). Financial and non-financial indicators of business success: A study of Australian and Malaysian SME entrepreneurs. In ANZAM Annual Conference, Rockhampton, QLD
Al- Ansari, Y., Pervan, S., & Xu, J. (2013). Innovation and business performance of SMEs: the case of Dubai. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 6(3), 162-180,
Al-Damen & R. Ali (2015). The impact of entrepreneurs' characteristics on small business success at medical instruments supplies organizations in Jordan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(8), 164-175.
Alfaadhel, S. (2011). An empirical study of critical success factors for small and medium enterprises in Saudi Arabia: challenges and opportunities. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Bradford.
Al-Mamun, A., Rajennd, A., Muniady, L., Permarupa, P. Y., Zainol, N. R. B., Nawi, N. B. C., Malarvizhi, C. A. (2016). Social capital and entrepreneurial competencies: A study among women micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia. The Journal of Developing Areas, 50(5), 363-370.
Al-Mamun, A., Subramaniam, P., Nawi, N. C. & Zainol, N. R. (2016). Entrepreneurial Competencies and Performance of Informal Micro-Enterprises in Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(3), 273-281.
Al-Sa'di, A,F, Abdallah, A.B., & Dahiyat, S.E. (2017). The mediating role of product and process innovations on the relationship between knowledge management and operational performance in manufacturing companies in Jordan. Business Process Management Journal, 23(2), 349-376.
Alsulamy, M. (2005). The chamber ofcommerce role to develop SMEs in Saudi Arabia. Working paper presented at Oman Conference. Riyadh Chamber of Commerce, In Arabic.
Allison, C. W., Chell, E., & Hayes, J. (2000). Intuition and entrepreneurial behavior, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), Journal of Management, 27(6), 755-775.
Aman, 0., Tahir, M. N. H., Majid, 1. A., Aziz, N. A. A., & Rahmiati, F. (2011). The success factors of food small medium entrepreneurs under the one district one industry programme: A case on food manufacturing entrepreneurs in Melaka. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 44-64.
Amini, Amin, 2004. The distributional role of small business in development. International Journal of Social Economics, 31 (4).
Armstrong, J. S & Terry SO (1977). Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys. Journal of Marketing, 14(3), 396-402.
Ar, I. M. & Baki, B (2011). Antecedents and performances impacts of product versus process innovation: emperical evidence from SMEs located in Turkish Science and Technology Park. European Journal of Innovation Management, 14 (2), 172206.
Ariff, M, and Bakar, S.Y.A. (2002). Strengthening entrepreneurship in Malaysia, in Malaysian Economic Outlook: 1st Quarter 2002 Update, paper presented at the 7th Corporate Economic Briefing 2002 by the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (MIER), Malaysia, pp. 1-22.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, (2004). Implementation of the SPAN. An update by Malaysia. Agenda Item 14.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC (2015). Retrieved from: https://www. apec.org.
Asian Development Bank (2017). Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/data/ publications.
Awang, Z. (2015). SEM made simple: A gentle approach to learning Structural Equation Modeling Kuala Lumpur.
Alvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory.
Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., Mohamad, M., & Asri, M. A. M. (2015). An evaluation of measurement model for medical tourism research: the confirmatory factor analysis approach. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 6(1), 29-45.
Ayers, De, Dahlstorm, R„ & Skinner, S.J. (1997). An exploratory investigation of organizational antecedents to new products success. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(1), 107-116.
Avermaete, T., Viaene, J., Morgan, E. J., & Crawford, N. (2003). Determinants of innovation in small food firms. European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(1), 8-17.
Aziz, S. A., & Mahmood, R. (2011). The relationship between business model and performance of manufacturing small and medium enterprises in Malaysia. African Journal of Business Management, 5(22), 8918.
Azmanirah Ab Rahman, Ahmad Esa & Wan Mohd Rashid bin Wan Ahmad (2010), Latihan Kemahiran Di Industri Kecil Dan Sederhana (IKS) Kepada Pelatih Sistem Latihan Dual Nasional (SLDN), Persidangan Kebangsaan Pendidikan Kejuruteraan dan Keusahawanan, Fakulti Pendidikan Teknikal, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Accenture. (2011). Achieving high performance in the grocery industry. Retrieved from:http://www.accenture.com/us-en/Pages/insight-achieving-high-performance industry.aspx
Al-Dhaafri, H. S., & Al-Swidi, A. K. (2014). The entrepreneurial orientation and the organizational performance: Do enterprise resource planning systems have a mediating role? A study on Dubai police. Asian Social Science, 10(2), 257- 272. doi:10.5539/ass.v10n2p257
Aldrich, H., & Ruef, M. (2006). Organizations evolving. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Al- Momania, N. S., & Al-Shboul, M. F. (2013). Nonfinancial indicators and corporate annual reports. American Academic & Scholarly Research Journal, 5(4), 34-41.
Altinay, L., & Wang, C. L. (2011). The influence of an entrepreneur's socio-cultural characteristics on the entrepreneurial orientation of small firms. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 18(4), 673-694.
Ambad, S. N. A., & Wahab, K. A. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation among large firms in Malaysia: Contingent effects of hostile environments. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(16), 96-107. Retrieved from: http://www.ijbssnet.co
Anetta, A. M. (2009, February). Performance measurement in retail. A theoretical approach. Marketing from Information to Decision, (2), 53-64. Retrieved from: http://www.econ.ubbcluj.ro/mid/ 106
Anitsal, M. M., Anitsal, I., & Girard, T. (2012). The core of retail mission statements: Top 100 U.S. retailers. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 11(1), 131- 143. Retrieved from http://www.alliedacademies.org/Public/Journals
Arlbjorn, J. S., de Haas, H., & Munksgaard, K. B. (2011). Exploring supply chain innovation. Logistics Research, 3(1), 3-18.
Armstrong, C. E. (2012). Small retailer strategies for battling the big boxes: A "Goliath" victory? Journal of Strategy and Management, 5(1), 41-56. doi:10.1108/17554251211200446
Assaf, A. G., Josiassen, A., & Gillen, D. (2014). Measuring firm performance: Bayesian estimates with good and bad outputs. Journal of Business Research, 67(6), 1249 1256.
Bajpai, N. (2010). Business Statistics” Pearson Education India.
Balsley, H. L. (1970). Quantitative research methods for business and economics: Random House.
Baron, R. M., & Ganz, R. L. (1972). Effects of locus of control and type of feedback on the task performance of lower-class black children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21(1), 124.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2018). Business research methods: Oxford university press.
Bernstein, M. H. (2015). Regulating business by independent commission (Vol. 2324): Princeton University Press.
Brink, P. J., & Wood, M. (1998). Descriptive designs. Advanced design in nursing research, 2, 287-307.
BSI, F. M. (2007). BE EN 15211-1::5, 2007, British Standard Institution.
Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (1993). The practice of nursing research. Conduct, critique & utilization, 4.
Burns, P. (2016). Entrepreneurship and small business: Palgrave Macmillan Limited.
Bakar, L. J. A., & Ahmad, H. (2010). Assessing the relationship between firm resources and product innovation performance: A resource-based view. Business Process Management Journal, 16(3), 420-435.
Bagheri A., Pihie LL. A., & Krauss S. E. (2013). Entrepreneurial leadership competencies among Malaysian university student entrepreneurial leaders. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 33(4), 493—508.
Barazandeh, Me, Parvizian, K., Alizadeh, M., & Khosravi, S. (2015). Investigating the effect Research, 5(1), 1 8,
Barnett, E., & Storey, J. (2000). Managers' accounts of innovation processes in small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 7(4), 315-324.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, /7(1), 99-120.
Baron, R.M & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychologv, 51, 1 173-82.
Barringer, B. R., & Harrison, J. S. (2000). Walking a tightrope: Creating value through interorganizational relationships. Journal of Management, 26(3), 367-403.
Baum, J. R, & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 587.
Bayarçelik, E. B., F., & Apak, S. (2014). A research on determining innovation factors for SMEs. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 150, 202-21 1.
Beaver, G. (2002). Small business, entrepreneurship and enterprise development. Pearson Education. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: FT/Prentice Hall
Beaver, G. (2003). Small business: success and failure. Strategic Change,12(3), 15122.
Beaver, G. & Jennings, P. (2005). Competitive advantages and entrepreneurial power: The dark side of entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(1), 9-23.
Berthon, P., Ewing, M. T., & Napoli, J. (2008). Brand management in small to medium sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 46 (l), 27-45.
Bentler, P.M. & Bonnet, D.C. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures', Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606.
Biggadike, E. R. (1979). Corporate diversification: Entry, strategy, and performance. Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA.
Bird, B. (1995). Toward a theory of entrepreneurial competency. Advances in Entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth, 2 (1), 51-72.
Black, J. A., & Boal, K. B. (1994). Strategic resources: Traits, configurations and paths to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 15 (2), 131- 148.
Boer, H., & During, W. E. (2001). Innovation, what innovation? A comparison between product, process and organisational innovation. International Journal of Technology Management, 22(1-3), 83-107.
Bougrain, F. & Haudeville, B. (2002). Innovation, Collaboration and SMEs Internal Research Capacities. Research Policy, 31, 735-747.
Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance. New York: John Villey & Sons.
Brophy, M., & Kiely, T. (2002). Competencies: a new sector. Journal of European Industrial Training, 26(2/3/4), 165-176.
Brush, C.G., Greene, P.G., & Hart, M.M. (2001). From initial idea to unique and advantage: The entrepreneurial challenge of constructing from a resource base. Academy of Management Executive, 5(1), 64-80.
Brüderl, J. & Preisendörfer, P. (1998), Network Support And The Success Of Newly Founded Business. Small Business Economics, 10(3), 213-225.
Butterner, E. H. & Moore, D. P. (1997). Women’s organizational exodus to entrepreneurship: self-reported motivations and correlates with success. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(1), 34.
Burnet, F. M. (1968). Changing patterns and a typical autobiography. Melbourne and London:
Byrne, B.M. (2010), Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Application and Programming. Taylor & Francis Group New York.
Basker, E., & Noel, M. (2009). The evolving food chain: Competitive effects of Wal Mart's entry into the supermarket industry. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 18(4), 977-1009. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9134.2009. 00235.x
Barringer, B. R., & Bluedorn, A. C. (1999). The relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 20(5), 421−444.
Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103−118.
Behram, N. K., & Özdemirci, A. (2014). The empirical link between environmental conditions, organizational culture, corporate entrepreneurship and performance: The mediating role of corporate entrepreneurship. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(2), 264-276.
Bernard, A. B., Redding, S. J., & Schott, P. K. (2013). Testing for factor price equality with unobserved differences in factor quality or productivity. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 5(2), 135-163.
Bernon, M., Rossi, S., & Cullen, J. (2011). Retail reverse logistics: A call and grounding framework for research. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 41(5), 484-510.
Berry, L., Shankar, V., Parish, J. T., Cadwallader, Bhardwaj, B. R., & Sushil. (2012). Internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship: Assessing CEAI model for emerging economies. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 70-87.
Bilic, I., Prka, A., & Vidovic, G. (2011). How does education influence entrepreneurship orientation? Case study of Croatia. Management, 16(1), 115-128.
Bishara, A. J., & Hittner, J. B. (2012). Testing the significance of a correlation with nonnormal data: Comparison of Pearson, Spearman, transformation, and resampling approaches. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 399-417.
Borrego, M., Douglas, E. P. & Amelink, C. T. (2009). Quantitative, qualitative and mixed research methods in engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education, 98(1), 53-66.
Buenstorf, G., Cantner, U., Hanusch, H., Lorenz, H., & Rahmeyer, F. (2012). Editorial: The two sides of innovation. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 22(3), 407-411.
Burgelman, R. A. (1983). Corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management: Insights from a process study. Management Science, 29(12), 1349-1364.
Buysse, K., & Verbeke, A. (2003). Proactive environmental strategies: A stakeholder management perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 24(5), 453-470.
Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment (Vol. 17): Sage publications.
Cassell, C., & Symon, G. (1994). Qualitative research in work contexts. Qualitative methods in organizational research: A practical guide, 1-13.
Cavana, D., & Delahaye, B. Sekaran (2000). Applied Business Researh Qualitative and Quantitative Methods.
Coakes, E. (2005). Encyclopedia of communities of practice in information and knowledge management: IGI Global.
Collins, B. E., & Hoyt, M. G. (1972). Personal responsibility for consequences: An integration and extension of the forced compliance literature. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 558-593.
Collis, J., & Hussey, R. (2003). Business Research (ed.): New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Covin, J. G., & Wales, W. J. (2019). Crafting high-impact entrepreneurial orientation research: Some suggested guidelines: SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.
Crotty, M. (1998). The foundations of social research: Meaning and perspective in the research process: Sage.
Çakar, N. D., & Ertürk, A. (2010). Comparing innovation capability of small and medium-sized enterprises: examining the effects of organizational culture and empowerment. Journal ofSmall Business Management, 48(3), 325-359.
Cardinal, L. B. (2001), Technological innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: The use of organizational control in managing research and development. Organization Science, 12(1), 19-36.
Carrier, C. (1994). Intrapreneurship in large firms and SMEs: A comparative study. International Small Business Journal, 12 (3), 54-62.
Carson, D, & Gilmore, A. (2000). SME marketing management competencies. International Business Review, 9(3), 363-382.
Carson, D, & Gilmore, A. (2010). Marketing at the interface: not 'what' but 'how'. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 8(2), 1-7.
Castellanos, A.R., Merino, JD & Zambrano LG. (2011). Organisational knowledge, intangible resources and business performance. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 12(2).
Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. (2001). Applied business research: Qualitative and quantitative methods. John Wiley & Sons Australia.
Cefis, E.,& Marsili, 0., (2005). A matter of life and death: innovation and firm survival. Industrial & Corporate Change, 14, 1167-1192. Central Bank of Malaysia 2006. Central Bank of Malaysia 2007.
Chandler, G. N., & Jansen, E. (1992). The founder's self-assessed competence and venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(3), 223-236.
Chau, P.Y.K. & Hu, P.J.H. (2001) Information technology acceptance by individual professional: a model comparison approach, Decision Sciences, 32(4), 699-719.
Chelliah, S., Sulaiman, M. & Yusoof, Y.M. 2010. Internationalisation and performance: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Management, 5, 27-37.
Child, J. (1997). Strategic choice in the analysis of action, structure, organizations and environment: retrospect and prospect. Organization studies, /8(1), 43-76,
Chong, K.G., & Almsafir, M.K. (2013). The determinants of SME succession in Malaysia, from entrepreneurship perspective. Journal of Advanced Social Research 3(12), 350-361.
Chong, W. Y. (2012), Critical success factors for small and medium enterprises: Perceptions of entrepreneurs in urban Malaysia. Journal of Business and Policy Research, 7(4), 204-215.
Chong, K. and Mahmoud, K. A. (2013), The determinants of SME succession in Malaysia, from entrepreneurship perspective. Journal of Advanced Social Research, 302), 350-361.
Chuthamas Chittithaworn, MD. Aminul 1., Thiyada K. & Yusuf D.H, (2011). Factors affecting business success of Small & medium enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand. Asian Social Science, 7(5), 180-190.
Coakes, S.J. and L.G. Steed (2003), SPSS Analysis Without Anguish. 1st Edn., John Wiley and Sons, Milton.
Coakes, S.J., Steed, L. & Dzidic, P. (2006). SPSS version 13.0 for windows: Analysis without anguish. Milton: John Wiley & Sons.
Cocca, P., & Alberti, M. (2010). A framework to assess performance measurement systems in SMEs. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 59(2), 186-200.
Collis, J. Fl., & Hussey, R. R. (2003). Business research-A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Colombo, M. G. & Grilli, L, (2005). Founders' human capital and the growth of new technology-based firms: A competence-based view, Research Policy, 34(6), 795- 816.
Cozijnsen, A. J., Vrakking, W. J., & van IJzerloo, M. (2000). Success and failure of 50 innovation projects in Dutch companies. European Journal of Innovation Management, 3(3), 150-159.
Cumming, B. S. (1998). Innovation overview and future challenges. European Journal of Innovation Management, I (I), 21-9.
Calantone, R. J., Çavu?gil, S. T., & Zhao, Y. (2002). Learning orientation, firm innovation capability, and business performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 31(6), 515−524.
Caliendo, M., Fossen, F., & Kritikos, A. (2010). The impact of risk attitudes on entrepreneurial survival. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 76(1), 45-63.
Cardinaels, E., & van Veen-Dirks, P. M. (2010). Financial versus nonfinancial information: The impact of information organization and presentation in a balanced scorecard. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(6), 565-578.
Chen, M. (1996). Competitor analysis and interfirm rivalry: Toward a theoretical integration. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 100-134.
Chiliya, N., & Roberts-Lombard, M. (2012). Impact of level of education and experience on profitability of small grocery shops in South Africa. International Journal of Business Management & Economic Research, 3(1), 462-470. Retrieved from http://ijbmer.com/
Chow, I. (2006). The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance China. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 71(3), 11-20. Retrieved from http://samnational.org/publications/sam-advanced-management journal/
Cloud, K. (2013). Arizona shows signs of recovery with growth in housing, real estate market. Retrieved from: http://www.theshelbyreport
Cohen, J. (2013). IBISWorld Report number 44511. Industry Supermarket and grocery stores in the USA. Retrieved from IBISWorld database.
Coles, J. L., Daniel, N. D., & Naveen, L. (2006). Managerial incentives and risk taking. Journal of Financial Economics, 79(2), 431-468.
Collier, W., Green, F., Kim, Y. B., & Peirson, J. (2011). Education, training and economic performance: Evidence from establishment survival data. Journal of Labor Research, 32(4), 336-361.
Corstjens, M., & Vanderheyden, L. (2010). Competition, risk and return in the US grocery industry. Review of Marketing Science, 8(1), 1-26.
Courtemanche, C., & Carden, A. (2014). Competing with Costco and Sam's club: Warehouse club entry and grocery prices. Southern Economic Journal, 80(3), 565-585.
Covin, J. G., Green, K. M., & Slevin, D. P. (2006). Strategic process effects on the entrepreneurial orientation–sales growth rate relationship. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 30(1), 57-81.
Covin, J. G., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation theory and research: Reflections on a needed construct. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 35(5), 855-872.
Covin, J. G., & Miller, D. (2014). International entrepreneurial orientation: Conceptual considerations, research themes, measurement issues, and future research directions. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 38(1), 11-44.
Covin, J. G. & Slevin, D. P. (1988). The influence of organization structure on the utility of an entrepreneurial top management style. Journal of Management Studies, 25(3), 217-23
Dearing E., & Hamilton LC. (2006). Contemporary advances and classic advice for analyzing mediating and moderating variables. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 2006 December;71:88–104.
Denscombe, M. (2006). Web-based questionnaires and the mode effect: An evaluation based on completion rates and data contents of near-identical questionnaires delivered in different modes. Social Science Computer Review, 24(2), 246-254.
Duff, P. (2018). Case study research in applied linguistics: Routledge
Dafna, K. (2008). Managerial performance and business success: Gender differences in Canadian and Israeli entrepreneurs. Journal of Enterprising communities: People andplaces in the Global economy, 2(4), 300-331.
Damanpour, F. (1991). Organizational innovation: A meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 555590.
Damanpour, F s, Szabat, K. A, & Evan, W. M. (1989). The relationship between types of innovation and organizational performance. Journal of Management Studies, 26(6), 587-602.
Darroch. J., & McNaughton, R. (2002). Examining the link between knowledge management practices and types of innovation. Journal ofIntellectual Capital, 3(3), 210-222.
Das T.K., & He IY. (2006). Entrepreneurial firms in search of established partners: review and recommendations. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 12(3): 114—143.
Davidsson, P. & Henrekson, M. (2002). Determinants of the prevalence of start-ups and high-growth firms. Small Business Economics, 19(2), 81-104.
Day, G. S., Gold, B. & Kuczmarski, T. D (1994). Significant issues for the future of product innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 1/(1), 69-75.
De Jong, J. P., & Von Hippel, E. (2008). User innovation in SMEs: incidence and transfer to producers. Research paper H, 200814.
De Koning, A. (2003). Opportunity development: A socio-cognitive perspective. In Cognitive approaches to entrepreneurship research, 9, 265-314. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
De Zoysa, A., & Kanthi Herath, S. (2007). The impact of owner/managers' mentality on financial performance of SMEs in Japan: An empirical investigation. Journal of Management Development, 26(7), 652-666.
Deakins, D., & Freel, M. (1998). Entrepreneurial learning and the growth process in SMEs. The Learning Organization, 5(3), 144-155.
Denscombe, M. (1998). The good research guide. Prentice-Hall, Buckingham.
Dess, G. G., & Robinson, R. B. (1984). Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: the case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal, 5(3), 265-273.
Deshati, E. (2015). Business strategies of SME's, innovation types and factors influencing their innovation: Albanian Case. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, /1(34).
Department of Statistics (2017). Population and Demographic 2017 Malaysia Report. Retrieved from: https://www.dosm.gov.my
Dictionary, W. (2012). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2012.
Dobbs, M., & Hamilton, R. T. (2007). Small business growth: recent evidence and new directions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 136), 296-322.
Edwards JR, & Lambert LS. (2007). Psychol Methods. 2007 Mar; 12(1):1-22. Elbaz, F. (2018). Teacher thinking: A study of practical knowledge: Routledge.
Emory, C. W., & Cooper, D. R. (1991). Business Research Methods. Homewood IL: Richard D. Irwin: Inc.
Eriksson, P., & Kovalainen, A. (2015). Qualitative methods in business research: A practical guide to social research: Sage.
Economic Census, 2011. Profile ofSmall & Medium Enterprise Year 2011. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my.
Economic Census, 2016. Profile of Small & Medium Enterprise Year 2016. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my.
Eniola, A. A. (2014). The Role of SME firm performance in Nigeria. Oman Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 3(12), 33-47. Retrieved from: http://d0i.org/10.12816/0016552.
Espallardo, H.M., & Delgado-Ballester, E. (2009). Product innovation in small manufacturers, market orientation and the industry's five competitive forces: empirical evidence from Spain. European Journal of Innovation Management, 12(4), 470-491.
European Commission (2016) Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Enterprise and industry. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/growthsmes/ business friendlyenvironment/ sme-definition/index_en.html.
Erikson, T., Løvdal, N. S., & Aspelund, A. (2015). Entrepreneurial judgment and value Capture, the Case of the Nascent Offshore Renewable Industry. Sustainability, 7(11), 14859-14872.
Ferrell, O. C., & Fraedrich, J. (2015). Business ethics: Ethical decision making & cases: Nelson Education.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS: Sage publications. Dollinger, M.J, (1999), Entrepreneurship: Strategies and Resources. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (1992). Research Methods in the social sciences: Edward Arnold: London.
Frazier PA., Tix AP., & Barron KE. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counselling psychology research. Journal of Counselling Psychology. 2004, 51, 115–134.
F. Bougrain, B. Haudeville. (2002). Innovation, collaboration and SMEs. Internal research capacities. Research Policy, 3/(5),735-747.
Farrington, S., Venter, E., & Boshoff, C. (2010). The influence of family and nonfamily stakeholders on family business success. The Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, 3(1).
Foley, P., & Green, H. (Eds.). (1989). Small business success. London: Paul Chapman. Fornell, C, & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 39-50.
Foss, N, J. (2011). Invited editorial: Why micro-foundations for resource-based theory are needed and what they may look like. Journal of Management, 37(5), 14131428.
Foss, N. J., Klein. P. G., Kor Y.Y. & Mahoney, J. (2008). Entrepreneurship, Subjectivism, and the Resource-Based View: Toward a New Synthesis, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2.
Freel, M.S (1999). Where are the skills gaps in innovation small firms? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 5(3), 144-154.
Fülöp, G., Hisrich, R. D, & Szegedi, K. (2000). Business ethics and social responsibility in transition economies. Journal of Management Development, 19(1), 5-31.
Fu,Y. (2010). New Product Success among small and medium enterprises (SMEs): An empirical study in Taiwan. Journal of International Management Studies, 5(1), 147-153
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160.
Filser, M., Eggers, F., Kraus, S., & Málovics, É. (2014). The effect of financial resource availability on entrepreneurial orientation, customer orientation and firm performance in an international context: An empirical analysis from Austria and Hungary. Journal for East European Management Studies, 19(1), 7-30.
Food Market Institute. (2012). U.S. Grocery shopper trends 2012 executive summary. Arlington, VA: FMI. Retrieved from ww.fmi.org/forms/store/Product FormPublic/search?action=1&Product_productNumber=2393
Fox, E. J., & Hoch, S. J. (2005). Cherry-picking. Journal of Marketing, 69(1), 46-62.
Franke, G. R., Preacher, K. J., & Rigdon, E. E. (2008). Proportional structural effects of formative indicators. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1229–1237.
Frank, H., Kessler, A., & Fink, M. (2010). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance--A replication study. Schmalenbach Business Review: ZFBF, 62(2), 175-198. Retrieved from http://www.sbr-online.de/
Gogineni A, Alsup R, & Gillespie DF. (1995). Soc Work Res. 1995 Mar; 19(1):57-63.
Goldratt, E. M. (2017). Critical chain: A business novel: Routledge.
Gray, D. E. (2013). Doing research in the real world: Sage.
Garcia, R., & Calantone, R. (2002). A critical look at technological innovation typology and innovativeness terminology: a literature review. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 19(2), 1 10-132.
García, Ia., Castellanos, R.A, & Merino, J.D (2014). Proactive management of core competencies, innovation and business performance in a period ofcrisis: The case ofSpain entrepreneurship, innovation and economic crisis. Springer.
Gartner, W.B., Shaver, K,G., Gatewood, E., Katz, J.A., 1994. Finding the entrepreneur in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Theory Practice 18 (3), 5 -10.
Gatignon, H. and Xuereb, J-M. (1997). Strategic orientation of the firm and new product performance. Journal ofMarketing Research, 34, 77-90.
Georgellis, Y., Joyce, P., & Woods, A. (2000). Entrepreneurial action, innovation and business performance: the small independent business. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 7(1), 7-17.
Gehlar, M., Regmi, A., Stefanou,S.E., & Zoumas, B. (2009). Brand leadership and product innovation as firm strategies in global food markets. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 18, 115-126.
Ghosh, B. C., Liang, T. W., Meng, T. T., & Chan, B. (2001). The key success factors, distinctive capabilities, and strategic thrusts of top SMEs in Singapore. Journal ofBusiness Research, 5/(3), 209—221.
Gibb, A. A. (2005). The entrepreneur as the core competence of the firm: Implication for management educators. Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Small Business Network, 2.
Gibb, A.A. (1997). Small firm training and competitiveness: Building on the small business as a learning organisation. International Small Business Journal, 5(3), 13-29.
Grace, D, & O'Cass, A, (2002). Brand associations: looking through the eye of the beholder. Qualitative Marketing Research: An International Journal, 5 (2), 9611 1.
Greer, T. V., & Lohtia, R. (1994). Effects of source and paper color on response rates in mail surveys. Industrial Marketing Management, 23(1), 47-54.
Greve, A., & Salaff, J. W. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(1), I -22.
Griffin, R.W., (2012). Managing new venture formation and entrepreneurship. In Management: Principles and Practices. Cengage South-Western, Cengage Learning.
Group on Intellectual Property Cooperation (AWGIPC), (2015). Retrieved from https://www.aseanip.org.
Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.
Gürbüz, G., & Aykol, S, (2009). Entrepreneurial management, entrepreneurial orientation and Turkish small firm growth. Management Research News, 32(4), 321-336.
Gehlhar, M. J., Regmi, A., Stefanou, S. E., & Zoumas, B. L. (2009). Brand leadership and product innovation as firm strategies in global food markets. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 18(2), 115-126.
Georgellis, Y., Joyce, P., & Woods, A. (2000). Entrepreneurial action, innovation and business performance: the small independent business, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 7(1), 7-17.
Gürbüz, G., & Aykol, S. (2009). Entrepreneurial management, entrepreneurial orientation and Turkish small firm growth. Management Research News,32(4), 321-336.
Gagnon, M. A., Michael, J. H., Elser, N., & Gyory, C. (2013). Seeing green in several ways: The interplay of entrepreneurial, sustainable and market orientations on executive scanning and small business performance. Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness, 7(3), 9-28. Retrieved from http://www.nabusinesspress.com/jmdcopen.html
Galetic, F., & Milovanovic, B. M. (2008, June). Linking entrepreneurial orientation with the performance of Croatian hotel industry. Paper presented at 4th International Conference Proceedings, "An Enterprise Odyssey: Tourism - Governance and Entrepreneurship," Cavtat, Croatia, Proceedings, 508-514
Gauri, D. K. (2013). Benchmarking retail productivity considering retail pricing and format strategy. Journal of Retailing, 89(1), 1-14.
Gengeswari, K., Padmashantini, P., & Sharmeela-Banu, S. A. (2013). Impact of customer retention practices on firm performance. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(7), 68-84.
George, B. A. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation: A theoretical and empirical examination of the consequences of differing construct representations. Journal of Management Studies, 48(6), 1291-1313.
George, B. A., & Marino, L. (2011). The epistemology of entrepreneurial orientation: Conceptual formation, modeling, and operationalization. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 35(5), 989-1024.
Goodale, J. C., Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Covin, J. G. (2011). Operations management and corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating effect of operations control on the antecedents of corporate entrepreneurial activity in relation to innovation performance. Journal of Operations Management, 29(1–2), 116-127.
Gupta, A., & Mittal, S. (2010). Measuring retail productivity of food & grocery retail outlets using the DEA technique. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 18(4), 277 289.
Gwynn, D. (2009). A quick history of the supermarket. Retrieved from http://www.groceteria.com/about/a-quick-history-of-the-supermarket/
Haase, H., & Franco, M. (2011). Information sources for environmental scanning: Do industry and firm size matter? Management Decision, 49(10), 1642-1657.
Hakala, H., & Kohtamäki, M. (2011). Configurations of entrepreneurial, customer, and technology orientation: Differences in learning and performance of software companies. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 17(1), 64-81.
Hamstra, M., Zwiebach, E., Gallagher, J., Webber, L., Angrisani, C., & Telesca, J. (2013). 10 predictions for 2014, December 2013. Supermarket News, 1-26. Retrieved from http://supermarketnews.com/
Hart, S. L. (1992). An integrative framework for strategy-making processes. The Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 327-351.
Home, N. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation of grocery retailers in Finland. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(4), 293-301.
Hornsby, J. S., Kuratko, D. F., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). Middle managers' perception of the internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship: Assessing a measurement scale. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(3), 253−273.
Hoskisson, R. E., Covin, J., Volberda, H. W., & Johnson, R. A. (2011). Revitalizing entrepreneurship: The search for new research opportunities. Journal of Management Studies, 48(6), 1141-1168.
Hough, J., & Scheepers, R. (2008). Creating corporate entrepreneurship through strategic leadership. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 2(1), 17-25. Retrieved from http://www.isma.info/category/1-jsgm/1-homepage
Hoovers. (2014). Grocery stores & supermarkets industry overview. Retrieved from: http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/company-search.html?term =Kroger%20
Hoyt, W. T., Imel, Z. E., & Chan, F. (2008). Multiple regression and correlation techniques: Recent controversies and best practices. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(3), 321-339.
Hoyt, W. T., Leierer, S., & Millington, M. J. (2006). Analysis and interpretation of findings using multiple regression techniques. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 49(4), 223-233. doi:10.1177/00343552060490040401
Hughes, M., Hughes, P., & Morgan, R. E. (2007). Exploitative learning and entrepreneurial orientation alignment in emerging young firms: Implications for market and response performance. British Journal of Management, 18(4), 359- 375.
Hughes, M., & Morgan, R. E. (2007). Deconstructing the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance at the embryonic stage of firm growth. Industrial Marketing Management, 36(5), 651-661.
Hult, G., Hurley, R. F., & Knight, G. A. (2004). Innovativeness: Its antecedents and impact on business performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(5), 429 438.
Hult, G. T. M., & Ketchen, D. J. Jr. (2001). Does market orientation matter? A test of the relationship between positional advantage and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 22(9), 899−906.
Huang, K-P., Wang, Y. K., Chen, K.-H., & Yien, J.-M. (2011). Revealing the effects of entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance: A conceptual approach. Journal of Applied Sciences, 11(16), 3049-3052.
Hair, J.F.J., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NL
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E, & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis, 6th edition Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. & Anderson, RE (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (201 1). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-151.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis:A global perspective (7). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Hair Jr, J. F., Babin, B. L, & Krey, N. (2017). Covariance based structural equation modeling. Review and Recommendations. Journal of Advertising, 1-15.
Hall, G. and Fulshaw, S., (1993). Factors Associated with the Relative Performance amongst Small Firms in the British Instrumentation Sector. In H. Klandt (ed) Entrepreneurship and Business Development. Avebury Publishers, Aldershot, Britain.
Hansen, E. L. (2001). Resource acquisition as a start-up process: Initial stocks of social capital
Hassan, M. U., Shaukat, S., Nawaz, M. & Naz, S. (2013). Effects of innovation types on firm performance: an empirical study on Pakistan's Manufacturing Sector. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 7(2), 243-262.
Hallberg, K. (2000). A market-oriented strategy for small and medium scale enterprises, 63. World Bank Publications.
Haynes, P.J. (2003). Differences among entrepreneurs: "Are you experienced?" may be the wrong question. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 9 1 11-128.
Hashi, & Stojëié, N. (2013). The impact of innovation activities on firm performance using a multi- stage model: Evidence from the Community Inn ovation Survey 4. Research Policy, 42(2), 353-366.
Hashim S.F, Tajuddin. RM., & Zainol, A.S. (2015). Creating resilient SME through brand identity. International Academic Research Journal of Social Science 1(2), 264-282.
Haynes, P.J (2003). Differences among entrepreneurs: "Are you experienced?" may be the wrong question. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 9(3), 1 11-128.
Henard, D. He, & Szymanski, D M. (2001). Why some new products are more successful than others? Journal of Marketing Research, 38(3), 362-375.
Herron, Ia., & Robinson, R. B. (1993). A structural model of the effects of entrepreneurial characteristics on venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(3), 281-294.
Heunks, F. J. (1998). Innovation, creativity and success. Small Business Economics, 10(3), 263-272.
Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster's online dictionary (l Ith ed.), Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic
Hilmi, M. F., & Ramayah, T. (2009). Market innovativeness of Malaysian SMEs: Preliminary results from a first wave data collection. Asian Social Science, 4(12), 42.
Hilmi, M. F s, Ramayah, T., Mustapha, Y., & Pawanchik, S, (2010). Product and process innovativeness: evidence from Malaysian SMEs. European Journal of Social Sciences, /6(4), 556-565.
Hilmi, M.F. (2008). Market innovativeness of Malaysian SMEs: Preliminary result from a first wave data collection. Asian Social Science, 4 (12), 42-49
Hoffman, T. (1999). The meanings of Competency. Journal of European Industrial Training, 23(6), 275-285.
Hoque, Z. (2004). A contingency model of the association between strategy, environmental uncertainty and performance measurement: impact on organisational performance. International Business Review, /3(4), 485-502.
Hudson, Me, Smart, A., & Bourne, M. (2001). Theory and practice in SME performance measurement systems. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 21(8), 1096-1115.
Igbaria, M., Iivari, J., & Maragahh, H. (1995). Why do individuals use computer technology? A Finnish case study. Information & management, 29(5), 227-238. Iacobucci, D, Saldanha, N., & Deng, X. (2007), A meditation on mediation: Evidence that structural equations models perform better than regressions. Journal of Consumer Psychology. /7(2), 139-153.
Ibeh, K. I, (2003). Toward a contingency framework of export entrepreneurship: conceptualisations and empirical evidence. Small Business Economics, 20(1) 49- 68.
Ibrahim, A. B., & Goodwin, J. R. (1986). Perceived causes of success in small business. American Journal of Small Business, I /(2), 41-50.
Idar, R., & Mahmood, R. (2011). Entrepreneurial and marketing orientation relationship to performance: The SME perspective. Interdisciplinary review of economics and Management, /(2), 1-8.
Inyang, B. J., & Enuoh, R. O. (2009). Entrepreneurial competencies: The missing links to successful entrepreneurship in Nigeria. International Business Research, 2(2), 62.
Innogrow (2016). Competency profile of an innovative entrepreneur. Retrieved from https ://innogrow.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01101.
Islam, M. A., Khan, M. A., Obaidullah, A. Z. M., & Alam, M. S. (2011). Effect of entrepreneur and firm characteristics on the business success of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(3), 289.
Ilker Murat Ar & Birdogan B., (2011). Antecedents and performance impacts of product versus process innovation: Empirical evidence from SMEs located in Turkish science and technology parks. European Journal of Innovation Management, 14(2), 172-206.
Izquierdo E., Deschoolmeester D, & Salazar D. (2005). The importance of competencies for entrepreneurship: A View from Entrepreneurs and Scholars' Perspective. Retrieved from www.espae.espol
Jaakkola M, (2006) Strategic Marketing and Its effecr on Business Performance :Moderating effect of Country factors, Retrieved March 12, 2020
Jansen, J. J., Van Den Bosch, F. A, & Volberda, H. W. (2006). Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and performance: Effects of organizational antecedents and environmental moderators. Management Science, 52(11), 1661-1674.
Jasra, J, Ms, Hunjra, A. 1., Rehman, A, LT., Azam, R. 1., & Khan, M. A. (201 1), Determinants of business success of small and medium enterprises. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(20).
Jennings, P., & Beaver, G. (1997). The performance and competitive advantage of small firms:a management perspective. International Small Business Journal, 15(2), 63- 75.
Jenssen "I. J., & Greve, A. (2002). Does the degree of redundancy in social networks influence the success of business start-ups? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 8(5), 254-267.
Johannessen, J. A., Olsen, B., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2001). Innovation as newness: what is new, how new, and new to whom? European Journal of Innovation Management, 4(1), 20-31.
Johne, A. (1999). Successful market innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 2(1), 6-11.
Johne, A., & Davies, R. (2000). Innovation in medium-sized insurance companies: How marketing adds value. International Journal of Bank Marketing, /8(1), 6-14.
Juzaimi N., Azizi H.H & Abdul Shukor S.S (2016). Entrepreneurial Competency and SMEs Performance in Malaysia: Dynamic capabilities as mediator. International Journal of Research, 3(14), 4759-4770.
Javalgi, R. G., & Todd, P. R. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation, management commitment, and human capital: The internationalization of SMEs in India. Journal of Business Research, 64(9), 1004-1010.
Jeon, H. (2014). IBISWorld Report number 44511. Industry Supermarket and grocery stores in the USA. Retrieved from IBISWorld database.
Johannessen, J–A., Olsen, B., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2001) Innovation as newness: What is 4(1), 20–31.
Johnson, H. T., & Kaplan, R. S. (1987). Relevance lost–the rise and fall of management accounting. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Kassim, Z., Buang, N. A., & Hussin, M. (2018). Tahap Sokongan Majikan terhadap Tahap Keterlibatan Program Lifelong Learning (LLL) Pekerja Perusahaan Kecil dan Sederhana (PKS)(The Level of SME Employer Support towards their Workers Involvement in the Lifelong Learning Program). Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia| Malaysian Journal of Education, 43(3), 117-121.
Kealey, D. J., & Protheroe, D. R. (1996). The effectiveness of cross-cultural training for expatriates: An assessment of the literature on the issue. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20(2), 141-165.
Kim, J.-S., Kaye, J., & Wright, L. K. (2001). Moderating and mediating effects in causal models. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 22(1), 63-75.
Kinnear, P., & Gray, C. (1994). SPSSfor windows made simple: Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educpsychol meas.
Kanter, R. M. (1999). From spare change to real change: The social sector as beta site for business innovation. Harvard Business Review, 77, 122-133.
Kangyin Lu, Jinxia Zhu, Haijun Bao, (2015). High-performance human resource management and firm performance: The mediating role of innovation in China. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 115 (2), 353-382. DOI: 10.1108/1MDS- 10-2014-0317.
Kay, J. (1995). Foundations of corporate success: how business strategies add value, Oxford Paperbacks.
Kayadibi, S., Polat, R., & Fidan, Y. (2013). Small and medium-sized business in Malaysian economy: case of Turkish entrepreneurs in Kuala Lumpur. WBI Conference Proceedings, 1-20. new, how new and new to whom? European Journal of Innovation Management
Kazemi, R., Rasekh, M., & Navid M. (2016). The effect of entrepreneurial competencies on innovation: A case study of professional sport clubs. International Business Research, 1), 57-65.
Kellermanns, F., Walter, J., Crook, T. R., Kemmerer, B., & Narayanan, V. (2016). The resource-based view in entrepreneurship: A content-analytical comparison of researchers' and entrepreneurs' views. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(1), 26-48.
Keea, D.M.H., & Rahman, N.A (2017). Entrepreneurial orientation, innovation and smes performance: A study of SMEs in Malaysia using PIS-SEM. Paper presented at 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research in Business and Social Sciences (129-135), Langkawi.
Khalique, M., Isa, A. H. B. M., Shaari, N, & Abdul, J. (2011). Challenges for Pakistani SMEs in a knowledge-based economy. Industrial Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 5(2).
Khalique, M., Isa, A. H. B. M., Shaari, N., Abdul, L, & Ageel, A. (201 1). Challenges faced by the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia: an intellectual capital perspective. International Journal of Current Research, 3(6), 398-401.
Khan, B., & Sokoloff, K. (1993). Schemes of practical utility: Entrepreneurship and innovation among 'great inventors' in the United States. Journal of Economic, 1790—1865.
Khan, M. W., & Khalique, D. M. (2014). An overview of Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysia and Pakistan: Past, Present and Future Scenario.Business and Management Horizons, 38-49.
Khazanchi, S., Lewis, M. W., & Boyer, K. K. (2007). Innovation-supportive culture: The impact of organizational values on process innovation. Journal of Operations Management, 25(4), 871-884.
Kiggundu, M. N. (2002). Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Africa: What is known and what needs to be done. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(3), 239.
Kitchell, S. (1995). Corporate culture, environmental adaptation, and innovation adoption. Journal of the Academy ofMarketing Science, 23 (3), 195-205.
Kline, R. (2005). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling (2n ed.), New York: Guilford Press.
Kor, Y. Y., Mahoney, J. T., & Michael, S. C. (2007). Resources, capabilities and entrepreneurial perceptions. Journal ofManagement Studies, 44(7), 1 187-1212.
Kotler P. (1994). Marketing Management: Analysis, planning, implementation, and control (8th edition). Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Koellinger, P. (2008). Why are some entrepreneurs more innovative than others? Small Business Economies, 31, (21-37).
Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D, & Weaver, K. M. (2002). Assessing the psychometric properties of the entrepreneurial orientation scale: A multi-country analysis. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 26(4), 71-95.
Kristiansen, S., Furuholt, B., & Wahid, F. (2003). Internet cafe entrepreneurs: pioneers in information dissemination in Indonesia. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 4(4), 251-263.
Krueger, N.F., & Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 91-104.
Kacperczyk, A. J. (2012). Opportunity structures in established firms entrepreneurship versus intrapreneurship in mutual funds. Administrative Science Quarterly, 57(3), 484-521.
Kangasharju, A., & Pekkala, S. (2002). The role of education in self-employment ervice companies. Baltic Journal of Management, 6(3), 357-377.
Kraus, S. (2013). The role of entrepreneurial orientation in service firms: Empirical evidence from Austria. The Service Industries Journal, 33(5), 427-444.
Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D., Kuratko, D. F., & Weaver, K. M. (2013). Disaggregating entrepreneurial orientation: The non-linear impact of innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking on SME performance. Small Business Economics, 40(2), 273-291.
Kusumawardhani, A., McCarthy, G. & Perera, N. (2012). Autonomy and innovativeness: Understanding their relationships with the performance of Indonesian SMEs. Paper presented at The Joint ACERE-DIANA International Entrepreneurship Conference, Fremantle, Western Australia.
Kwak, H., Jaju, A., Puzakova, M., & Rocereto, J. F. (2013). The connubial relationship between market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 21(2), 141-161
Laudon, K. C., & Traver, C. G. (2016). E-commerce: business, technology, society.
Lehman, W. (1991). Calponin and the composition of smooth muscle thin filaments. Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility, 12(3), 221-224.
Lindley, P., & Walker, S. N. (1993). Theoretical and methodological differentiation of moderation and mediation. Nursing Research, 42(5), 276-279.
Laforet, S., & Tann, J, (2006). Innovative characteristics of small manufacturing firms. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, ]3(3), 363-380,
Lame, S. M., & Yusoff, W. F, W. (2015). Poverty reduction in Nigeria: the role of entrepreneurship education, Journal of Educational and Literature, 3(2), 63-71.
Langlois, R. N., & Cosgel, M. M. (1993). Frank Knight on risk, uncertainty, and the firm: a new interpretation. Economic Inquiry, 31 (3), 456-465.
Lee, D. Y., & Tsang, E. W. (2001). The effects of entrepreneurial personality, background and network activities on venture growth, Journal of Management Studies, 38(4), 583-602.
Lewis, P. V. (1985). Defining 'business ethics': Like nailing jello to a wall. Journal of Business ethics, 4(5), 377-383.
Lin, C.Y., & Chen, M. Y. (2007). Does innovation lead to performance? An empirical study of SMEs in Taiwan. Management Research News, 30(2), 115-132.
Li, H., & Atuahene-Gima, K. (2001). Product innovation strategy and the performance of new technology ventures in China. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1123- 1134.
Li, X. (2009). Entrepreneurial competencies as an entrepreneurial distinctive: An Examination of the Competency Approach in Defining Entrepreneurs. Retrieved from http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg.
Lambert, D.M. & Harrington, T.C (1990). Measuring non response bias in customer service mail survey. Journal of Business Logistics, 11(2), 5-25.
Lame, S.M. & Yusoff, W.F. W. (2015). Poverty reduction in Nigeria: the role of entrepreneurship education. Journal ofEducational and Literature, 3(2), 63-71.
Lin, C.Y., & Chen, M. Y (2007). Does innovation lead to better performance? An empirical study of SMEs in Taiwan. Management Research News, 30(2), 1 15- 132.
Lipparini, A., & Sobrero, M. (1994). The glue and the pieces: Entrepreneurship and innovation in small-firm networks. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(2), 125-
Longenecker, C, 0., Simonetti, J. IA., & Sharkey, T. W. (1999). Why organizations fail: the view from the front-line. Management Decision, 37(6), 503-513.
Lönnqvist, A. (2004). Measurement of intangible success factors: case studies on the design, implementation and use of measures. Tempere University of Technology, Finland.
Love, J. Fl., & Roper, S. (2015). SME innovation, exporting and growth: A review of existing evidence. International Small Business Journal, 33(1 ), 28-48.
Lopa, N. Z, & Bose, T. K. (2014), Relationship between entrepreneurial competencies of SME owners/managers and firm performance: A study on manufacturing SMEs in Khulna City. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management, 3(3).
Lowry, P. B., & Gaskin, J. (2014). Partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM) for building and testing behavioral causal theory: When to choose it and how to use it. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 57(2), 123-146.
Laporan Tahunan Ekonomi Negeri Perak, 2018
Laporan Tahunan Ekonomi Negeri Perak, 2019
Lumpkin, GET. & Dess, G.G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 22(1 ) 135-172.
Lawrence, P., & Lorsch, J. (1967). Differentiation and integration in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 12(1), 1-30.
Lazzarotti, F., Dalfovo, M. S., & Hoffmann, V. E. (2011). A bibliometric study of innovation based on Schumpeter. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 6(4), 121-134.
Lechner, C., & Gudmundsson, S. V. (2014). Entrepreneurial orientation, firm strategy and small firm performance. International Small Business Journal, 32(1), 36-60.
Lieberman, M. B., & Montgomery, D. B. (1988). First-mover advantages. Strategic Management Journal, 9(51), 41-58.
Lieberman, M. B., & Montgomery, D. B. (1998). First-mover (dis)advantages: Retrospective and link with the resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 19(12), 1111-1126.
Lumpkin, G. T., Cogliser, C. C., & Schneider, D. R. (2009). Understanding and measuring autonomy: An entrepreneurial orientation perspective. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(1), 47-69.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996a). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. The Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996b). Enriching the entrepreneurial orientation construct--a reply to "entrepreneurial orientation or pioneer advantage." The Academy of Management Review, 21(3), 605-607.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (2001). Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance: The moderating role of environment and industry life cycle. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 429-451.
Lukic, R., Lalic, S., Jovanovic, D., & Elcic, S. (2011). Assessment of productivity in retail food trade. TTEM--Technics Technologies Education Management, 6(2), 503-515. Retrieved from http://www.ttem.ba/
Lwamba, N. M., Bwisa, H., & Sakwa, M. (2013). Exploring innovativeness dimension of corporate entrepreneurship on financial performance of manufacturing firms in Kenya. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(17), 87-95. Retrieved from http://www.ijbssnet.com/
Lynes, J., Wismer, S., & Andrachuk, M. (2011). The role of education in entrepreneurship: Two Canadian stories. Advancing Women in Leadership, 31, 14-22. Retrieved from: http://advancingwomen.com/awl/awl_wordpress/
Lyon, D. W., Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (2000). Enhancing entrepreneurial orientation research: Operationalizing and measuring a key strategic decision making process. Journal of Management, 26(5), 1055-1085.
MacKinnon DP. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Earlbaum.
Madanchian, M., Hussein, N., Noordin, F., & Taherdoost, H. (2015). The role of SMEs in economic development: Case study of Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 4(3), 77-84.
Martínez, A., Puentes, E., & Ruiz-Tagle, J. (2018). The effects of micro-entrepreneurship programs on labor market performance: experimental evidence from Chile. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 10(2), 101-124.
Maylor, H., Blackmon, K., & Huemann, M. (2016). Researching business and management: Macmillan International Higher Education.
McNeil, P., & Chapman, S. (2005). Research methods (3rd ed). NewYork: Routledge.
Morgan, G., & Smircich, L. (1980). The case for qualitative research. Academy of management review, 5(4), 491-500.
Mouton, J. (1996). Understanding social research: Van Schaik Publishers.
Muller D., Judd CM., Yzerbyt VY., & J Pers. ( 200). Soc Psychol.5 Dec; 89(6):852-63.
Mahmood, R., & Hanafi, N. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of women-owned Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysia: Competitive Advantage as a Mediator, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 40), 82-90.
Mahoney, J. T., & Michael, S. C. (2004). A subjectivist theory of entrepreneurship. In handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, 33-54. Springer US.
Mahina, J.C., & Usman D.I (2016). Entrepreneurial competencies in least develop countries of Sub-Saharan African: Case study of Rwanda. The International Journal of Business & Management, 4(4), 37-47.
Malhotra, N.K. and Birks, D.F. (1999). Marketing Research: An Applied Approach. Pearson Education Limited, Harlow, England.
Man, M. M. K. (2009). The relationship between innovativeness and the performance of small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) of Malaysian manufacturing sector. International Journal of Management and Innovation,] (2), 1.
Man, T. W. Y., & Lau, T. (2005). Business environment and patterns of entrepreneurial competencies of SME owner/managers in Hong Kong. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(4), 464-481.
Man, T. W., Lau, T., & Chan, K. F. (2002). The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises: A conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competencies. Journal of Business Venturing, /7(2), 123-142.
Man, T. W., Lau, T., & Snape, E. (2008). Entrepreneurial competencies and the performance of small and medium enterprises: an investigation through a framework of competitiveness. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 21(3), 257-276.
Man, W. Y. T. (2001). Entrepreneurial competencies and the performance of small and medium enterprises in the Hong Kong services sector. Unpublished doctoral thesis, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
Markman, G. D, & Baron, R. A. (1998). Social skills and entrepreneurs' financial success: evidence that the ability to get along with others really matters, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 88-102.
Martin, G., & Staines, H. (1994). Managerial competences in small firms. Journal of Management Development, 13(7), 23-34.
Maresch D, Harms R., & Kailer, N. (2016). The impact of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intention of students in science and engineering versus business studies university programs. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 104, 172-179.
Masuo, D, Fong, G., Yanagida, & Cabal, Ci (2001). Factors associated with business and family success: A comparison of single manager and dual manager family business households. Journal ofFamily and Economic Issues, 220), 55-73.
Masurel, E., Montfort K., & Lentink R. (2003). SME innovation and the crucial role of the entrepreneur. Amsterdam. The University of Vrije, Amsterdam.
McGregor, J., & Tweed, D. (2001). Gender and managerial competence: support for theories of androgyny? Women in Management Review, /6(6), 279-287.
McGee, J.E., & Peterson, M. (2000). Towards the development of measure of distinctive competencies among small independent retailers. Journal of Small Business Management , 38(2), 19-33.
McGee, J.E. & Peterson, M. (2000). Toward the development of measures of distinctive competencies among small independent retailers. Journal of Small Business Management, 38(2), 19-33.
McKinnon, D.P., Warsi, & Dwyer, J.H. (1995), A simulation study of mediated effect measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 30 (l), 41-62.
McMahon, R. G. (2001). Deriving an empirical development taxonomy for manufacturing SMEs using data from Australia's business longitudinal survey. Small Business Economics, /7(3), 197-212.
McMahon, R., Holmes, S., Hutchinson, P., & Forsaith, D. (1993). Small enterprise financial management: Theory and Practice, Harcourt Brace, Australia.
Michalko, M. (2000). Thinking out of the box. Retrieved from http://www.winstonbrill.com/bri1001/htm l/article_index/articles/451500/article 472 body.html.
Miller, K. Ia., & Smith, L. E. (1983). Handling nonresponse issues. Journal of Extension, 45-50.
Mitchell, W., & Singh, K. (1996). Survival of businesses using collaborative relationships to commercialize complex goods. Strategic Management Journal, 17(3), 169-195.
Mitchelmore, S., & Rowley, J. (2010). Entrepreneurial competencies: a literature review and development agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research,
Mitchelmore, S., Rowley, L, & Shiu, E. (2013). Competencies associated with growth of women-led SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 2/(4), 588-601.
Ministry Trade and Industry of Singapore, (2012). SMEs in Singapore. Retrieved from https://www.mti.gov.sg/MTIInsights/SiteAssets/Pages/Budget2014/ Growing
Moingeon, B., & Edmondson, A. (Eds.). (1996). Organizational learning and competitive advantage. Sage.
Mone, M.A., McKinley, W. and Barger, I. (1998). Organizational decline and innovation: a contingency framework. Academy of Management Review, 230), 115-132.
Mosakowski, E. (1998). Entrepreneurial resources, organizational choices, and competitive outcomes. Organization Science, 9(6), 625-643.
Mosey, S. (2005). Understanding new-to-market product development in SMEs. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 25(2), 114-30.
Mosey, S., Clare, J. N., & Woodcock, D. J. (2002). Innovation decision making in British manufacturing SMEs. Integrated Manufacturing Systems,13(3), 176-184.
Mohsin, A., M., Halim, H. A., Ahmad, N. He, & Farhana, N. (2017). Assessing the role of entrepreneurial competencies on innovation performance: A Partial Least Squares (PLS) Approach. Journal of Business Inquiry: Research, Education & Application, /6(1).
Mohammad K. Rasekh, N., & Navid, M. (2016). The effect of entrepreneurial competencies on innovation: A case study of professional sport clubs. International Business Research, 9(11), 57-64.
Mohd Ali, K.A., & Iskandar, N.I.J (2016), The effect of business innovation capability, entrepreneurial competencies and quality management towards the performance of Malaysian SMES. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 10(2), 7-13.
Muhammad Wasin Jan Khan, & Muhammad Khalique. (2014). An overview of small and medium enterprises in Malaysia and Pakistan: Past, present and future scenario. Business and Management Horizons, 2(2), 38—49.
Muhammad, M. Z, Char, A. K., Yasoa, M. R., & Hassan, Z. (2010). Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) competing in the global business environment: A case of Malaysia. International Business Research, 3(1), 66.
Muhammad Khalique, Isa, A.H. and Shaari, J.A (2014). Predicting the Impact of Intellectual Capital Management on the Performance of SMEs in Electronics Industry in Kuching, Sarawak. Journal of Knowledge Management, 4(4), 53-61. B
Murad, H.A & Rula, A.D (2015). The impact of entrepreneurs' characteristics on small business success at medical Instruments Supplies Organizations in Jordan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(8), 164-175.
Murjan, A. A., (2012). The relationship between market orientation, innovation and performance of SMEs and mediating role of brand equity on SMEs Performances. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Utara Malaysia.
Murphy, G.B., J. W. Trailer & R.C. Hill. (1996). Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Research, 36, 15-23.
Mugerwa, EA. (2013). Entrepreneurial competencies, innovation and firm performance: a case of SMEs in Kawempe division Kampala district. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. (2000). Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24, 882—891.
Mohd Nor Hidayat Hambali 2011, Faktor Bantuan Kerajaan yang Meningkatkan Kejayaan Usahawan Industri Kecil dan Sederhana Bumiputera di Sabak Bernam, Selangor, Tesis Sarjana Muda, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Mohamed Khaled Nordin. (2007). Memantapkan Budaya Keusahawanan Di Kalangan Generasi Baru melalui Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Dan Pengajian Agama: Gagasan dan Cabaran Merealisasikannya. Kertas Kerja Jabatan Penagajian Tinggi Malaysia
Ma, Y., Ding, J., & Hong, W. (2010). Delivering customer value based on service process: The example of Tesco.com. International Business Research, 3(2), 131135.
Mackey, J., & Sisodia, R. (2012). Conscious capitalism: Liberating the heroic spirit of business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review.
MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Jarvis, C. B. (2005). The problem of measurement model misspecification in behavioral and organizational research and some recommended solutions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 710-730.
Matsa, D. A. (2011). Competition and product quality in the supermarket industry. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(3), 1539-1591.
Messersmith, J. G., & Wales, W. J. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance in young firms: The role of human resource management. International Small Business Journal, 31(2), 115-136.
Miles, M. P., Arnold, D. R., & Thompson, D. L. (1993). The interrelationship between environmental hostility and entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Applied Business Research, 9(4), 12-23. Retrieved from http://www.cluteinstitute.com journals/journal-of-applied-business-research-jabr/
Miles, M. P., & Darroch, J. (2006). Large firms, entrepreneurial marketing processes, and the cycle of competitive advantage. European Journal of Marketing, 40(5/6), 485501.
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-791.
Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H. (1978). Archetypes of strategy formulation. Management science, 24(9), 921-933.
Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H. (1982). Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: Two models of strategic momentum. Strategic Management Journal, 3(1), 1-25.
Miller, D., & Le Breton-Miller, I. (2011). Governance, social identity, and entrepreneurial orientation in closely held public companies. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 35(5), 1051-1076.
Mintzberg, H. (1973). Strategy-making in three modes. California Management Review, 16(2), 44-53.
Mintzberg, H., & Waters, J. A. (1985). Of strategies, deliberate and emergent. Strategic Management Journal, 6(3), 257-272.
Mishra, S., Barclay, P., & Lalumière, M. L. (2014). Competitive disadvantage facilitates risk taking. Evolution and Human Behavior, 35(2), 126-132.
Moore, L. V., & Diez-Roux, A. V. (2006). Associations of neighborhood characteristics with the location and type of food stores. American Journal of Public Health, 96(2), 325-331.
Morgan, R. E., & Strong, C. A. (2003). Business performance and dimensions of strategic orientation. Journal of Business Research, 56(3), 163−176.
Moruku, R. K. (2013, January). Does entrepreneurial orientation predict entrepreneurial behaviour? International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 17, 41-60. Retrieved from http://www. alliedacademies.org/Public/Journals/JournalDetails. aspx?jid=7
Naderer, G., & Balzer, E. (2007). Qualitative Marktforschung in Theorie und Praxis: Grundlagen. Methoden und Anwendungen, Wiesbaden.
Nunnally, J. (1978). C.(1978). Psychometric theory: New York: McGraw-Hill.
Nambiar, S. (2009). Revisiting privatisation in Malaysia: The importance of institutional process. Asian Academic Managerial Journal, 14(2).
Nasuredin, L, Halipah, A., & Shamsudin. A., (2016). Entrepreneurial competency and SMEs performance in Malaysia: Dynamic Capabilities as Mediator. Internation Journal of Research 3(14), 4759-4769.
Nassif, V. M. J., Andreassi, T., Tonelli, M. J., & Fleury, M. T. L. (2012). Women entrepreneurs: Discussion about their competencies. African Journal of Business Management, 6(26),76-94.
Naqvi, S. W. H. (2011). Critical success and failure factors of entrepreneurial organizations: Study of SMEs in Bahawalpur. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 1(2), 17-23.
National SME Development Council 2014). Retrieved from: http:// www. smecorp. gov.my
Ndubisi, N. 0., & Salleh, A. S, (2006). SMEs in Malaysia: Development issues. NA
Ndubisi and AS Salleh, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Malaysian and Global Perspectives. Selangor, Malaysia Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Ndesaulwa, A. P., & Kikula, J. (2016). The Impact of innovation on performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Tanzania: A Review of Empirical Evidence. Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 4(1), 1-6.
Niera,C.O., Lidman, M.T., & fernandez, M.J. (2008). Innovation and performance in SME furniture industries: An international comparative case study. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 27 (2), 216-232.
Ng K.s., Ahmad, A.R., Chan w.K. & sapry (2017). SMES are embracing innovation for business performance. Journal of Innovation Management in Small & Medium Enterprises, 1-17.
Ngah, R. & Ibrahim, A. R. (2009). The relationship of intellectual capital, innovation and organizational performance: A preliminary study in Malaysian SMEs. International Journal of Management Innovation Systems, (1), l .
Ngah.R., & Ibrahim, A.R. (2012). The relationship of intellectual capital, innovation and organisational performance: A preliminary study in Malaysia SMEs. Proceedings of the Ninth World Congress of Academy for global business advancement, March 19-21 March 2012, 593-596.
Ngugi, I. K., Johnsen, R. E., & Erdélyi, P. (2010). Relational capabilities for value cocreation and innovation in SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 17(2), 260-278.
Nohria, N., & Gulati, R. (1996). Is slack good or bad for innovation? Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1245-1264.
Noteboom, B. (1991). Strengths and weaknesses of Small businesses in innovation and diffusion. Paper presented at TIMS/SOBRAPO Conference, Rio de Janeiro.
North, D. and Smallbone, D. (2000). Innovative activity in SMEs and rural economic development: some evidence from England. European Planning Studies, 8(1), 87- 106.
Norbani C.H., & Saat (2008). Organisazational innovation — practices and performance: An exploratory study among SMEs in Malaysia. International Conference on Global Research in Business and Economics, 4, 453-464.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H, (1994). The assessment of reliability. Psychometric Theory, 30), 248-292.
Nurul Huda Mansur. (2009). Keusahawanan menurut perspektif Al-Quran. Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Naman, J. L. & Slevin, D. P. (1993). Entrepreneurship and the concept of fit: A model and empirical tests. Strategic Management Journal, 14(2), 137-153.
Newbert, S. L., & Stouder, S. D. (2011). Justice in entrepreneurial organizations. International Journal of Social Economics, 38(5), 453-465.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill.
Oates, W. E., Portney, P. R. & McGartland, A. M. (2018). The net benefits of incentivebased regulation: a case study of environmental standard setting. The Theory and Practice of Command and Control in Environmental Policy, 273-282.
Othman, B., Shaarani, S. M., Bahron, A., & Nawi, N. H. M. (2019). The Effect Of Halal Certification Approach On Performance Among Small And Medium Enterprises (Smes) In Malaysia (Pengaruh Pendekatan Pensijilan Halal Malaysia Terhadap Prestasi dalam Kalangan Perusahaan Kecil Sederhana di Malaysia). Jurnal Hadhari: An International Journal, 11(1), 119-138.
Oke, A., Burke, G., & Myers, A. (2007). Innovation types and performance in growing UK SMEs. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 27(7), 735-753.
Omar, S.S, & Maimunah, I. (2009). The background and challenges faced by the small medium enterprises. A human resource development perspective. Journal of Business and Management, 4(10).
Omar, C. M. Z. C., & Azmi, N. M. N. (2015). Factors affecting the success of Bumiputera entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 1(9), 40-45.
'Cass, A.s & Ngo, L. V (2007). Market orientation versus innovative culture: two routes to superior brand performance. European Journal of Marketing, 4(7/8), 868-887.
O'Dwyer, M. & Ledwith, A. (2009). Determinants of new product performance in small firms. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, /5(2), 124- 136.
O'Regan, N. & Ghobadian, A. (2004). The importance of capabilities for strategic direction and performance. Management Decision, 42(2), 292-312.
O'Neill, H. M., Pounder, R.W., & Buchholtz, A. K. (1998). Patterns in the diffusion of strategies across organizations: Insights from the innovation diffusion literature. The Academy of Management Review. 23(1), 98-114.
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Reiss, A. D. (1996). Role of social desirability in personality testing for personnel selection: The red herring. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(6), 660-679.
O'Regan, N, & Ghobadian, A. (2004). The importance of capabilities for strategic direction and performance. Management Decision, 42(2), 292-313.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD. (2011). Retrieved from http:/(www.oecd-ilibrary.org/.
Othman, R., Ghani, R.A., & Arshad, R. (2001). Great expectations — CEOs' perception of the performance gap of the HRM function in the Malaysian manufacturing sector, Personnel Review, 30 (l), 61-80.
Olson, S. F. and Currie, H. M. (1992). Female entrepreneurs: personal value systems and business strategies in a male-dominated industry, Journal of Small Business Management, 30(1), 49-5.
Otero-Neira, C., Tapio Lindman, M., & Fernández, M. J. (2009). Innovation and performance in SME furniture industries: An international comparative case study. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 27(2), 216-232.
Othman, N. & Faridah, K. (2010). Entrepreneurship Behaviour among Malaysian University Students, Pertanika Journal Social Science & Human, 18 (1), 23-32.
O'Connor, G. C., & Rice, M. P. (2013). New market creation for breakthrough innovations: Enabling and constraining mechanisms. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(2), 209-227.
Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows (Versions 10 and 11): SPSS Student Version 11.0 for Windows: Open University Press.
Patton, M. Q. (1988). Paradigms and pragmatism. Qualitative approaches to evaluation in education: The silent scientific revolution, 116-137.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry: A personal, experiential perspective. Qualitative social work, 1(3), 261-283.
Peyrot, M. (1996). Causal analysis: Theory and application. Journal of Pediatric Psychology,21, 3–24.
Polit, D. F., & Hungler, B. P. (1993). Study Guide for Essentials of Nursing Research: Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D.D. & Hayes RF. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42:185–227.
Paige, R. C., & Littrell, M. A. (2002). Craft retailers' criteria for success and associated business strategies. Journal ofsmall business management, 40(4), 3 14-331.
Parry s.B. (1998). The Quest for Competencies. Training, 33(7), 48-54.Paul, K, C., Hamazah, A., Samah, B. A., Ismail, I. A., & Silva, J. L. D. (2013). Rural Malay involvement in Malaysian herbal entrepreneurship. Asian Social Science, 10(2), 202.
Payangan, O. R., Taba, M. L, & Pabo, M. I. (2016). Factors affecting the business performance of the micro, small and medium enterprises in creative economic sector in Makassar, Indonesia. Scientific Research Journal, 1, 41-49.
Park, S. (2003). Research methods as a core competency. Journal of education for library and information science, 17-25.
Pearson, C. A. L, & Chatterjee, S. R. (2001). Perceived societal values of Indian managers: Some empirical evidence of responses to economic reform. International Journal of Social Economics, 28(4), 368-379.
Pelham, A. M. (2000). Market orientation and other potential influences on performance in small and medium-sized manufacturing firms. Journal of small business management, 38(1), 48.
Penrose, E. T. (1959). The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: John Wiley.
PEMANDU (2010). Retrieved from www.pemandu.gov.my.
Perren, L. (2000). Factors in the growth of micro-enterprises (part 2): Exploring the implications. Journal of small business and enterprise development, (70), 5868.
Philipp K. (2008) Why are some entrepreneurs more innovative than others? Small Business Economic, 3 1, 21-37.
Portal Rasmi SME Corporation Malaysia 2016, http://www.smecorp.gov.my/ index.php/en/ Azmi Abdul Manaf, Nik Hairi Omar & Lee Kuan Yee. (2012). Faktor kritikal kejayaan usahawan dalam perniagaan. Journal of Social Sciences and Humantities. 7(1): 34-45.
Radzi, N. Z. M., & Ariffin, Z. Z. (2018). A Proposed Model Of Guilt-Minimization Influence Towards Intention Of Tax Non-Compliance Among Sme Owners. International Journal of Accounting, 3(8), 13-21.
Rivera. F.D. (2003). In Southeast Asia: Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand: Conjunctions and collisions in the global cultural economy. In: W.F. Pinar, (ed.) International handbook of curriculum research. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 553 - 573.
Robson, C. (2002). Real world research: a resource for social scientists and practitioner. Adapting Open Innovation in ICT Ecosystem Dynamics References Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner, 270.
Rose BM, Holmbec.k GN., Coakley RM., & Franks EAJ., D. (2004). Behav Pediatr. 2004 Feb; 25(1):58-67.
Sayre, S. (2001). Qualitative methods for marketplace research: Sage Publications, Inc.
Scholes, M. S. (2015). Taxes and business strategy: Prentice Hall.
Seale, C. (1999). Quality in qualitative research. Qualitative inquiry, 5(4), 465-478.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2003). Research methodology for business: New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research Method for Business, A Skill Building Approach. John Wiley & Sons Inc: Singapore.
Semrau, T., Ambos, T., & Kraus, S. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation and SME performance across societal cultures: An international study. Journal of business research, 69(5), 1928-1932.
Spencer, L., Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., & Dillon, L. (2003). Quality in qualitative evaluation: a framework for assessing research evidence.
Tabachnick, B. Fidel], LS (1996). Using multivariate statistics: New York: Harper Collins.
Tan, K., Yuen, Y., & Ha, L. (2018). Factors affecting knowledge governance implementation among Malaysian SMEs. Management Science Letters, 8(5), 405-416. Ting-Toomey, S. (1984). Qualitative research: an overview
Uys, H. H. M., & Basson, A. A. (1991). Research methodology in nursing: Pearson South Africa
Van Scheers, L., Cant, M. C., & Wiid, J. (2012). The correlation between cherry picking female consumers and product and price knowledge when buying groceries in Tshwane, South Africa. Gender & Behaviour, 10(2), 4849- 4863.
Washburn, R., & Hedrick, B. (1997). Descriptive epidemiology of physical activity in university graduates with locomotor disabilities. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 20(3), 275-288.
Wasiuzzaman, S., & Nurdin, N. (2019). Debt financing decisions of SMEs in emerging markets: empirical evidence from Malaysia. International journal of bank marketing, 37(1), 258-277.
Williams, B., Onsman, A., & Brown, T. (2010). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 8(3).
Winter, S. G. (2000). The satisficing principle in capability learning. Strategic management journal, 981-996.
Wortzel, R. (1979). Multivariate analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Zack, M.(1999),” Developing a Knowledge Strategy.” California Management Review, 41(3), 125-143.
Yusoff, W. F. W., Jia, L. C., Azizan, A. Z., & Ramin, A. K. (2020). Business Strategy of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs): A Case Study among selected Chinese SMEs in Malaysia.
Zikmund, W. G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J. C., & Griffin, M. (2013). Business research methods:
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |