UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk membangunkan modul lakaran untuk mata pelajaran Reka Bentuk
dan Teknologi (RBT) dan mengkaji kesannya terhadap pencapaian murid tingkatan satu di
sekolah menengah di Malaysia. Modul ini dibangunkan berasaskan teori kontruktivisme dan
model Hope. Lima konstruk iaitu pengenalan lakaran, elemen lakaran, prinsip lakaran, lakaran
piktorial dan kesan visual telah diadaptasi daripada model Hope. Kajian ini mengunakan reka
bentuk kuasi-eksperimen untuk menentukan kesan modul manakala model Kajian Reka Bentuk
dan Pembangunan (DDR) digunakan untuk membangunkan modul. Modul telah disahkan oleh
tujuh orang pakar dengan nilai kesepakatan melebihi 70 peratus. Instrumen kajian terdiri pada
ujian pra-pos, soal selidik dan protokol temu bual juga telah disahkan oleh tujuh orang pakar.
Nilai kebolehpercayaan soal selidik menggunakan pekali Alfa Cronbach, α = 0.96. Dalam
pembangunan modul, pendekatan DDR dengan tiga fasa telah digunakan. Dalam fasa pertama,
analisis keperluan dan analisis dokumen telah dijalankan dan didapati sebanyak 23 subkonstruk
berjaya dikenalpasti untuk isi kandungan modul. Dalam fasa kedua, pendekatan Fuzzy Delphi
Method (FDM) telah dijalankan untuk mengesahkan konstruk dan sub konstruk untuk modul
dan didapati lima konstruk utama dan 18 sub konstruk telah diterima oleh panel pakar Delphi.
Fasa ketiga pula bertujuan untuk menentukan kesan modul di mana empat kumpulan rawatan
dan empat kumpulan kawalan telah dibina dengan sampel keseluruhan seramai 132 murid yang
telah dipilih secara rawak kluster daripada dua buah sekolah menengah. Dapatan utama kajian
kuasi-eksperimen ini menggunakan analisis SPANOVA mendapati terdapat perbezaan yang
signifikan untuk ujian pos di antara empat kumpulan rawatan dan empat kumpulan kawalan [F
(7,124) = 96.68; p |
References |
A Ali dan Z Mahamod (2016). Pembangunan dan Kebolehgunaan Modul Berasaskan Bermain bagi Pembelajaran Kemahiran Bahasa Melayu Kanak-Kanak , Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu, 2016 - spaj.ukm.my
Abdul Fatah (1998). Pemikiran Keseluruhan Otak: Dalam Pengurusan Pendidikan dan Kaitannya Dengan Kecerdasan Emosi (Emotional Intelligent-E.Q). Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications dan Distributors Sdn Bhd.
Abdul Hannan ( 2013). Teknik lakaran menguatkan daya ingatan murid bagi menguasai topik tindak balas tumbuhan. Kajian Tindakan Ijazah Sarjana Muda Perguruan. Jabatan Sains dan Matematik, IPG Kampus Perlis.
Abdul Latif Gapor (2003). Pengenalan Teori-Teori Pembelajaran. Nota Kuliah Kursus Pembelajaran Berasaskan Elektronik dan Web (KPT 6043). Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat. Tanjung Malim: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Abdullah, A.R (2014). Kesan Video Bernarasi Dalam Pembelajaran Berasaskan Multimedia Untuk Meningkatkan Kemahiran Psikomotor Nagi Pelajar Yang Berbeza Kebolehan Spatial Dan Jantina. Tesis PHD.USM.
Adler, M., dan Ziglio, E. (1996). Gazing into the Oracle: The Delphi method and its application to social policy and public health: Jessica Kingsley Publisher.
Adolph, K. E., dan Joh, A. S. (2007). Motor development: How infants get into the act. In Slater, A., dan Lewis, M. (Eds.), Introduction to infant development (2 nd Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Ahmad Fikri Ab. Rahman ,Zamri Mahamod (2019). Scetch Technique with i-Think Flow Map to Improve Generating Ideas Skill among Lun Bawang Students Ethnic in Autobiography Writing Sains). ISSN: 2180-4842. Vol. 9, Bil. 1 (Mei 2019): 12-22 12 Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu
Ahmad Shakir, N. S., dan Adnan, N. H. (2020). Kebolehgunaan Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) Sebagai E-Pembelajaran dalam Pengajaran Pengaturcaraan di Sekolah Menengah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 5(6), 33 - 41. Retrieved from https://msocialsciences.com/index.php/mjssh/article/view/429.
Ahmad, Nor dan Ros, Ridzwan dan Kamis, Arasinah dan Abdullah, Raja Nazim dan Abdullah, Norhafillah. (2019). Application of Fuzzy Delphi Technique to Determine the Elements in Sketch Module for Design and Technology Students. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 23. 1030-1038. 10.37200/IJPR/V23I4/PR190431.
Ahmad, Nor dan Ros, Ridzwan dan Kamis, Arasinah dan Makmor, Hawa. (2019). Need Analysis : Development of LK-DdanT Sketch Module for Form One Design and Technology (DdanT) Subject in Secondary School. Journal of Vocational Education Studies. 2. 75. 10.12928/joves.v2i2.708.
Alfonso Martin-Erro, M. D. (2016). The Role of Sketching in Engineering Design and its Presence on Engineering Education. Design Engineering Area - Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid (SPAIN). doi:10.21125/inted.2016.1822
Aliff nawi et al,. (2015). Penilaian kualiti Modul IPBL : Aspek kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan . Journal Pengukuran Kualiti dan Analisis.JQMA 11(2) 2015,1- 10
Amir Awang (1986). Teori-Teori Pembelajaran. Petaling Jaya: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd.
Ari Chand (2016). Why is teaching kids to draw not a more important part of the curriculum?https://theconversation.com/why-is-teaching-kids-to-draw-not-a-moreimportant- part-of-the-curriculum-60379.
Ary,D., Jacobs, L.C., dan Sorenson, C. (2012). Introduction to research in education ( 8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Ashari, Z. M. (2014). Aplikasi Modul Belajar Melalui Bermain dalam Kefahaman Awal Matematik dan Motivasi Kanak-kanak Prasekolah. Tesis PHD.tidak diterbitkan. johor bharu: utm.
Ausubel, D. P. (1968). Educational Psychology: A cognitive view. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1107/S010827019000508X
Aziezatul Nezirah Amri, M. N. (2019). Keberkesanan Alat Bantu Mengajar (SMART COT) Dalam Asas Pembuatan Perabut Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Harian Pendidikan Khas Tingkatan Satu. Journal of Vocational Education Studies (JOVES), 23-26.
Azumu, Azlan and Subari, Kamalularifin (2003) Aspek Kemahiran Guru-guru Kemahiran Hidup (kh) Tahun Akhir Program Khas Pensiswazahan Guru (pkpg) Di Utm. Bachelor's thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Baharen, K., Luaran, J. E. dan Mohamed, Z. (2011). National Academic Conference (ENRICH 2011). A Study on the Level of Skills And Perceptions Towards Information Technology Among Primary School Teacher In Pitas Distric, Malaysia. Kelantan. Universiti Teknologi MARA.
Baharudin Saleh, Mohamad Sattar Rasul, dan Haryanti Mohd Affandi. (2018). Pedagogical Practices of Design and Technology Teacher Trainees Pedagogical Practices of Design and Technology Teacher Trainees. International Journal of Academic Research in Business dan Social Sciences, 8(5), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i5/4104
Bahrum, S., dan Ibrahim, M. N. (2019). Kebolehgunaan Modul “steAm” dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Pendidikan Seni Visual Sekolah Rendah. KUPAS SENI: Jurnal Seni Dan Pendidikan Seni, 6. Retrieved from http://202.45.132.61/index.php/JSPS/article/view/2282
Bar-Eli (2013). Sketching profiles: Awareness to individual differences in sketching as a mins of enhancing design solution .Development Shoshi, College of Management, Academic Studies, Department of Interior Design, Rishon le-Zion 7549071, Israel.
Barlex, D. (1995). Nuffield Design and Technology: Student’s Book, Longman, Harlow.
Ben Jonson (2005). Design ideation: the conceptual sketch in the digital age, University of London, Goldsmiths College, Department of Design, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UK
Bodjanova, S. (2006). Median alpha-levels of a fuzzy number. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 157(7), 879–891. doi:10.1016/j.fss.2005.10.015
Borgatti, Stephen P. and Pacey C. Foster (2003), The Network Paradigm inOrganizational Research: A Review and Typology, Journal of Management29, 991-1003.
Brookhart, S. (2013). How to create and use rubrics for formative assessment. Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum development.
Buang, M. S. (2019). Kesan Penggunaan CAD3D Sebagai Medium Penjanaan Idea Inovasi Berbanding Lakaran Tangan. Politeknik dan Kolej Komuniti Journal of Sosial Sciences and Humanities, Vol.4, No.1,, 12-19.
Wan Nur Khalisah Shamsudin, Anith Liyana Amin Nudin dan Lili Eliana Mohd Radzuan. (2019). Buku kerja atau workbook lakaran idea pelajar
Campbell, dan Stanley. (1963). Experimental and quasi experimental design for research. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780195389678-0053
Casper,A.N.(2003):http://www.linguitics.byu.edu/resource/volunteer/TESOLBYU.needanal ysis.Html.
Cathrine Masingan, S. S. (2019). Pengetahuan Pedagogi Kandungan (PPK) Guru Bukan Pengkhususan Reka Bentuk dan Teknologi(RBT) di Sekolah Menengah. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH)Volume 4, Issue 6, October 2019e-ISSN : 2504-8562, www.msocialsciences.com.
Chai, C. S., dan Chen, D. (2004). A review on usability evaluation methods for instructional multimedia: An analytical framework. Instructional Journal of Multimedia, 31(3). Diakses dari http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?acc.no=ED501 628
Chang, P. L., Hsu, C. W., dan Chang, P. C. (2011). Fuzzy Delphi method for evaluating hydrogen production technologies. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 14172–14179. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.05.045
Cheng, C. H., dan Lin, Y. (2002). Evaluating the best main battle tank using fuzzy decision theory with linguistic criteria evaluation. European Journal of Operational Research, 142(1), 174–186. doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(01)00280- 6
Chua Yan Piaw. (2006). Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan: Asas Statistik penyelidikan buku 2. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw-Hill.
Chua, Y. (2014). Asas statistik penyelidikan(Edisi ke3). Kuala Lumpur: : McGraw-Hill (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
Cohen L., Manion L. dan Morrison K. (2000). Research Methods in Education. London: Routledge Falmer.
Cohen, J. W (2000) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences Ed. Second. Hillsdale, New Jersey : Lawrences Erlbaum Associates
Cooper, Randolph B. and Richard A. Wolfe (2005), Information processing model ofinformation technology adapta-tion: An intra-organizational diffusionperspective, Database for Advances in Information Systems36, 30-48
Cornish, E.S. (1979). Why study the future. World Future Society.
Council, C. D. (2000). Syllabuses for secondary schools: Design dan technology (Secondary 1-3). . Hong Kong.
Crain, W. (2016). Theories of development: Concepts and applications (6th ed.). London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
Creswell,J.W.(2016). Educational research: Pearson new international edition: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th Ed. ). Boston: Pearson Education Limited
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
Curriculum Development Council and Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority,(2007) Technology education key learning area: Design and applied technology curriculum and assessment guide (Secondary 4-6). Hong Kong: Education Bureau, Government Printer.
Curriculum Development Council,(2000). Syllabuses for secondary schools: Design dan technology (Secondary 1-3). Hong Kong: The Education Department, Government Printer.
Current State of Affairs.Grietjie Haupt, (2017). Design in Technology Education:
Danos, X. (2014). Graphicacy and culture: Refocusing on visual learning. Leicestershire: Loughborough, Design Press Ltd.
De Vries, M.J.(2002). International Trends in Design and Technology. In: Owen-Jackson, G. (Ed), Teaching Design and Technology in Secondary Schools: A Reader. London: Routledge, 287-298.
Department for Education. (1992). Technology for ages 5 to 16 (1992): Proposals for the secretary of statefor education and the secretary of state for wales. London: HMSO.
DeVellis R.F. (2003). Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Dewey. J (1938). Democracy and Education. New York: Mac Milan
Dick, W., Carey, L., dan Carey, O.J. (2009). The systematic design of instruction. (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson
Dopyera, M.Z.L., dan John Dopyera, J. (1993). Becoming a teacher of young children. New York: McGraw Hill.
Dorst, K. (2006). Design problems and design paradoxes. Design Issues, 22(3), 4–17.
E. Rinto (2013). Developing and Applying an Information Literacy Rubric to Student Annotated Bibliographies Erin University of Nevada, Las Vegas,
Edwards. B(1979) . Drawing on the right side of the Brain: A course in enhancing creativity and aitistic confidence, J.P Tarcher, Los Angles.
Eftah Haji Abdullah dan Abd Aziz Abdul Syukur.( 2014). Pentaksiran prestasi dan pentaksiran rujukan standard dalam bilik darjah. Syarikat harkam Enterprise.
Egelhoff, William G. (1991), Information-processing theory And The MultinationalEnterprise, Journal of Interna-tional Business Studies22, 341-368
Elizabeth, A., dan Plessis, D. (2019). Barriers to e ff ective management of diversity in classroom contexts : The out-of- fi eld teaching phenomenon. International Journal of Educational Research, 93(November 2017), 136–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2018.11.002
Erdogan.E, Selcuk (2014) , Sketch, Concept and Creativity In The Education Of Architectural Design(ICESA). Internat?ional Civil Engineering dan Architecture Symposium for Academicians 38 Vocational School of Tech. Science, Department of Construction, University Konya, Turkey.
Fabes, R.A., dan Martin, C.L. (2002). Exploring child development (2nd. Ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Farzad Pour Rahimian Leilabadi (2019). Bantuan Lakaran Digital 3D dalam Tranformasi Kognitif semasa Proses Mereka Bentuk Konsep Seni Bina.(Tesis PHD Tidak Diterbitkan, Universiti Malaya.
Fatimah Ibda. (2015). Perkembangan kognitif: Teori Jean Piaget. Jurnal Intelektualita, 3(1),27-38. Dimuat turun daripada http://jurnal.arraniry.ac.id/index.php/intel/article/view/197
Faulkner, V.N., dan Cain, C. (2013). Improving the Mathematical Content Knowledge of General and Special Educators. Teacher Education and Special Education, 36, 115 - 131.
Ferguson, E. S. (1992). Engineering and The Mind's Eye. MIT Press.
Fish, J., Scrivener, S. (2004). Cognitive Catalysis: Sketches for a Time-lagged Brain. In: Goldschmidt, G., Porter, W.L. (ed.) Design Representation. London: Springer.
Fish, J., Scrivener, S. (1990). Amplifying the Mind's Eye: Sketching and Visual Cognition. Leonardo, 23, 117-126.
Fleer, M. (2000). Working technologically: Investigations into how young children design and make during technology education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 10, 43–59.
Frankel,J.R., Warren, N.E., dan Hyun, H.H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill
Furner, J. M., dan Marinas, C. A. (2007). Geometry sketching software for elementary children: Easy as 1,2,3. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 3(1), 83–91.
Gagne, E. D., Yekovich, C. W., dan Yekovich, F. R. (1993). The cognitive psychology of school learning. New York: Harper Collins College Publisher.
Gaitskell, D. (1958). Art; child artists; study and teaching (elementary). New York: Harcourt Brace.
Ghazali Darusalam dan Sufian Hussin. (2016). Metodologi Penyelidikan dalam pendidikan: Amalan dan analisis kajian. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit UM
Goldschmidt, G. (1991). The dialectics of sketching. Creativity Research Journal, 4(2), 123– 143.
Goldschmidt, G. (2014). Modeling the Role of Sketching in Design Idea Generation. Springer-Verlag London.
Goldschmidt, G. (1994). On visual design thinking: the vis kids of architecture Design Studies, 15, 158-174.
Goldschmidt, G. (2003). The Backtalk of Self-Generated Sketches. Design Issues, 19, 17.
Goldschmidt, G., dan Smolkov, M. (2004). Design problems are not of a kind: Differences in the effectiveness of visual stimuli in design problem solving. In J. Gero, B. Tversky, dan T. Knight (Eds.), Visual and spatial reasoning in design (pp. 199–218). Sydney: Key Centre.
Gustafson, B., MacDonald, D., dan Gentilini, S. (2007). Using talking and drawing to design: Elementary children collaborating with university industrial design students. Journal of Technology Education,19(1), 19–34.
Gwyneth Owen-Jackson (2015). Learning to Teach Design and Technology in the Secondary School.Taylor dan Francis group
Hair, J.E., Anderson, R.E Tattham, R.L. and Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis. 5th Ed. Upper Saddle River; Prentise Hall.
Härkki, T., Seitamaa-Hakkarainen, P. dan Hakkarainen, K.(2018) Line by line, part by part: collaborative sketching for designing. Int J Technol Des Educ 28, 471–494 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-016-9379-7.
Hassan Langgulung. (1993). Menghadapi Abad Kedua Puluh Satu. Cetak ulang. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Hilton, E., Li, W., Newton, S. H., Alemdar, M., Pucha, R., dan Linsey, J. (2016). The Development and Effects of Teaching Perspective Free-Hand Sketching in Engineering Design. In Proceedings of the ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference IDETC/CIE.
HMSO (2000).Qualifications and Curriculum Authority, Design and Technology in the National Curriculum. London.
HMSO,(1988). Department of Education and Science [DES]/Welsh Office [WO]. National Curriculum Design and Technology Working Group: Interim report [The Parkes Report]. London:
HMSO. (2000). Design and Technology in the National Curriculum . London: Qualifications and Curriculum Authority.
Hope, G. (2000). Beyond their capability? Drawing, designing and the young child. Journal of Design and Technology Education, 5(2), 106–114.
Hope, G. (2005). Types of drawings that young children produce in response to design tasks. Design and Technology Education: An International Journal, 10(1), 43–53.
Hope, G. (2008). Thinking and learning through drawing. London: SAGE.
Hope, G. 2005. The Types of Drawings that Young Children Produce in Response to Design Tasks. Design and Technology Education, 10, 11.
Hope, G. (2008). Thinking and Learning through Drawing, London, Sage Publications Limited.
Hsieh, T.Y., Lu, S.T., Tzeng, G.H. (2004). Fuzzy MCDM approach for planning and design tenders selection in public office building. International journal of project management, 22(7), 573-584.
Hussein Mahmood. (1994). Teori-Teori Pengajaran dan Implikasi. Petaling Jaya: Prints Press.
Ibrahim, Zainuddin (2017). Pembangunan Modul Pembelajaran Seni Grafik Berasaskan Teknologi dan Gaya Pembelajaran Pelajar Bermasalah Pendengaran. Tesis PHD.Tidak diterbitkan. Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya.Kuala Lumpur.
Jackson, S. (2016). Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. Boston,MA: Cengage Learning.
Jaffri Hanafi, S. R. (2014). Kreativiti Menerusi Modul Bertema : Guru Menjana atau menghalang Perkembangan Kreativiti Kanak - Kanak ? Jurnal Pengajian Melayu, Jilid 24, .
Jamaludin Ahmad. (2002). Kesahan, kebolehpercayaan dan keberkesanan modul program maju diri ke atas motivasi pencapaian di kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah negeri Selangor. Tesis PhD. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Jamaludin Ahmad.(2016). Modul motivasi diri. Kuala Lumpur/; Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
Jamelaa Bibi Abdullah, S. I. (2018). A Fuzzy Delphi Method - Developing High - Performance Leardership Standard For Malaysia School Learders . Journal Education and Social Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue 2, (February) .
Jansson, D. G., dan Smith, S. M. (1991). Design fixation. Design Studies, 12(1), 3–11.
Jensen, E. (2000). Brain-Based Learning. Boston: The Brain Store Publishing
Johnsey, R. (1998). Exploring Primary Design and Technology, Cassell, London.
Johnsey, R. (1995). ‘The Design Process-Does it Exist? A Critical Review of Published Models for the Design Process in England and Wales’, International Journal of Technology and Design Education 5, 199–217.
Jokela, T., Livari, N., Matero, J., dan Karukka, M. (2003). The standard of usercentered design and the standard definition of usability: Analysing ISO 13407 against ISO 9241-11. In Proceedings of the Latin American Conference (CLIHC 03): Human- Computer Interaction (pp. 53-60).
Jonassen, D. H. (1997). Instructional design models for well-structured and Ill-structured problem-solving learning outcomes. Educational Technology Research and Development, 45(1), 65–94.
Jones, A. and Compton, V.(2009), Reviewing the Field of Technology Education in New Zealand. In: Jones, A.T. and De Vries, M.J. (Eds), International Handbook of Research and Development in Technology Education. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Sense Publishers, 93-104.
Jones, A., Harlow, A., dan Cowie, B. (2004). New Zealand teachers’ experiences in implementing the technology curriculum. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 14, 101–119.
Jones, H., dan Twiss, B.C (1978). Forecasting technology for planning decisions. New York, NY: Petrocelli Books.
Jonson, B. (2004). Design Ideation: The Conceptual Sketch in a Digital Design Culture. PhD Thesis, University of London.
Joran W. Booth, Elkin A. Taborda, Karthik Ramani dan Tahira Reid, The Design Lab And the REID Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University.USA
Juhazren Junaidi dan Madihah Jailani,(2013) Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penggunaan E-Learning Di Kalangan Pelajar-Pelajar Tahun Empat, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Kamus Dewan. (2006). Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Kaufman, R., dan English, F. W. (1979).Needs assessment.Concept and application. Englewood Cliffs,NJ, USA: Educational Technology Publications.
Kaufmann, A., dan Gupta, M. (1988). Fuzzy mathematical models in engineering and management science. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Kelley, T. R., dan Knowles, J. G. (2016).A conceptual framework for integrated STEM education.International Journal of STEM Education, 3(1), 11
Kelley, T., dan Wicklein, R. C. (2009). Examination of engineering design curriculum content in secondary technology education. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 46(1), 7–31.
Kellogg, R. (1970). Analyzing children’s art, Palo Alto. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2015). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013 –2025. (Pendidikan Tinggi).Diakses dari https://www.mohe.gov.my/ms/muatturun/ awam/penerbitan-dan-jurnal/pppm-2015-2025-pt/3-pelan-pembangunanpendidikan- malaysia-2015-2025-pendidikan-tinggi/file
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2016). Buku teks reka bentuk dan teknologi RBT tingkatan satu. Kuala Lumpur: Bahagian Perkembangan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.(2016a). Buku Penerangan Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (KSSM).Putrajaya, Malaysia: KementerianPendidikan Malaysia.
Khoza, S.D.(2017). Identifying the gaps of fourth year degree pre-service teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge in teaching engineering graphics and design. Int J Technol Des Educ 27, 537–548 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-016-9363-2
Kim, Y., Chu, H.?E., dan Lim, G. (2011). Science Curriculum Changes and STEM Education in East Asia. In M. S. Khine (Ed.), Science Education in East Asia: Pedagogical Innovations and Research?informed Practices (pp. 149–226). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Kimbell, R. (2004). Ideas and Ideation. The Journal of Design and Technology Education, 9, 2.
Kimbell, R., dan Perry, D. (2001). Design and Technology in a Knowledge Economy. London: Engineering Council.
Kimbell.R., Stables, K., dan Green, R. (1996). Understanding practice in design and technology: Developing science and technology education. Buckingham:Open University.
Kin Wai Michael Siu, Yi Lin Wong dan Wei-wei Feng (2010).,Why fail? Experience of technology education in Hong Kong ,Hong Kong Polytechnic ,University Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China, World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, WIETE Vol.8, No.2,
Kudrowitz, B., Te, P., dan Wallace, D. (2012). The influence of sketch quality on perception of product-idea creativity. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing: AIEDAM, 26(3), 267- 279. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0890060412000145
Lane, D, Seery,N., dan Gordon,S (2010). A Paradigm for Promoting Visual Synthesis through Freehand Sketching.Design and technology education: An international journal 15.3
Lane, D., Seery, N. (2010a). Freehand sketching as a catalyst for developing concept driven competencies. American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference. Louisville, Kentucky.
Lane, D., Seery, N., Gordon, S. (2009). The Understated Value of Freehand Sketching in Technology Education. Engineering Design Graphics Journal, 73, 13-22.
Lane, D., Seery, N., Gordon, S. (2010). Promoting Creative Discovery and Mental Synthesis through Freehand Sketching. In: Visualizing Change: Graphics on the Horizon, October 3-6, 2010b Houghton, Michigan.
Lane, Diarmaid; Seery, Niall; Gordon, Seamus,(2010). A Paradigm for Promoting Visual Synthesis through Freehand Sketching, Design and Technology Education, v15 n3 p68-90 2010.
Lawson, B., dan Dorst, K. (2009). Design expertise (Vol. 31). Oxford: Architectural Press.
Lee, K., Courtney, M., McGlashan, A. et al. (2020) .Initial teacher education students’ perceptions of technology and technology education in New Zealand. Int J Technol Des Educ 30, 437–458 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-019-09516-6
Lee, T. T. (2013). Pembinaan dan keberkesanan modul multimedia interaktif dengan agen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran elektrokimia. PhD thesis, UKM.
Lewis, T. (2005). Coming to terms with engineering design as content. Journal of Technology Education.,16(2), 37–54.
Longman Gupta, Aanil K. and Vijay Govindarajan (1991), Knowledge flows and the structure of control within multinational corporations, Academy of Management Review16,768-792.
Lowenfeld, V. (1964). Creative and mental growth (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and Quantification of Content Validity.Nursing Research, 35(6), 382?386.
MacDonald, A., Hunter, J., Wise, K., dan Fraser, S. (2019). STEM and STEAM and the spaces between: An overview of education agendas pertaining to ‘disciplinarity’ across three Australian states. Journal of Research in STEM Education, 5(1), 75- 92.
MacDonald, D., Gustafson, B. J., dan Gentilini, S. (2007). Enhancing children’s drawing in design technology planning and making. Research in Science dan Technological Education, 25(1), 59–75. doi:10.1080/02635140601053500
Majid K. (2009). Kaedah Penyelidikan Pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Malcolm Welch, dan David Barlex (2004) DATA International Research Conference 2004,Creativity and Innovation,Portfolios in Design and Technology Education:Investigating Differing Views Queens University, Canada, Nuffield Foundation, England.
McCormick, D. (2007). Seeing mechanical: A case for advancing the role of sketching in the art of engineering. Mechanical engineering, 129(9), 35–36.
McKillip, J. (1987). Need Analysis: Tools for the Human Service and Education. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Volume 10. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA
Md Nasir Abd Manan, (1989). Lukisan Geometri, perpustakaan Kuala Lumpur, Cawangan Taman Tun Dr Ismail.ISBN 9789679501254
Md Zahir, M. Z., Saper, M. N., dan Bistamam, M. N. (2019). Kesahan dan Kebolehpercayaan Modul Kelompok Bimbingan Integrasi REBT-Tazkiyah An- Nafs. Journal of Research, Policy dan Practice of Teachers and Teacher Education, 9(1), 58-69. https://doi.org/10.37134/jrpptte.vol9.no1.6.2019
Md. Salleh, Shaharuddin and Ariffin, Noor Hanizah (2010) Pembangunan Dan Penilaian Modul Pembelajaran Kendiri (Mpk) Kimia Tingkatan Empat : Asid Dan Bes. . pp. 1- 8.
Mertler, Craig A. (2001). Designing scoring rubrics for your classroom. Practical Assessment, Research dan Evaluation, 7(25). Retrieved October 2, 2014 from http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=7dann=25. Stergar, C. (2005). Performance tasks, checklists, and rubrics. Glenview: Pearson Education.
Middleton, H. (2002). Technology education in Australia: Developing a new basic. The Technology Teacher, 62(3), 1–4.
Middleton, H.(2009), Technology Education and Research in Australia: A Coming of Age in the 21st Century. In: Jones, A.T. and De Vries, M.J. (Eds), International Handbook of Research and Development in Technology Education. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Sense Publishers, 85-92.
Min Hua (2019): The Roles of Sketching in Supporting Creative Design, The Design Journal, DOI: 10.1080/14606925.2019.1655187
MOE (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013 - 2025 .
Mohamad Najib Abdul Ghafar (1999). Penyelidikan Pendidikan. Skudai: Penerbitan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Mohamed, H., Tasir, Z., dan Aris, B. (2014). Pengaruh gaya kognitif terhadap pencapaian pelajar, (August 2014), 11–
Mohd Fairuz Marian, M. B. (2011). Keberkesanan Penggunaan CD Interaktif Lukisan Isometrik Terhadap Kemahiran Visualisasi Pelajar. Persidangan Kebangsaan Penyelidikan dan Inovasi Dalam Pendidikan dan Latihan Teknik dan Vokasional.
Mohd Paris bin Saleh (2019). Jangkaan Masa Depan Terhadap Aplikasi Teknologi dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Peringkat Sekolah Menengah: Pandangan Pakar oleh Saedah Siraj Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Mohd Ridhuan Mohd Jamil, Saedah Siraj, Zaharah Hussin, Nurulrabihah Mat Noh, dan Ahmad Arifin Sapar,(2014) Pengenalan asas kaedah fuzzy Delphi dalam reka bentuk dan pembangunan.Selangor: Minda Intelek Agency.
Mok Soon Sang (2010). Pedagogi untuk pengajaran-pembelajaran,Siri nota intisari ilmu pendidikan Siri pengajian profesional Penerbitan Multimedia Sdn. Bhd., 2010 ISBN 9675451998, 9789675451997
Mok Soon Sang (2011). Pengurusan bilik darjah dan tingkah laku, Siri ilmu pendidikan. Penerbitan Multimedia, 2011 ISBN 9673741743, 9789673741748
Muhd Azman Azahar. (2012). Teknik lakaran membantu murid memahami tajuk sistem penjanaan kuasa elektrik. Kajian Tindakan Ijazah Sarjana Muda Perguruan. Jabatan Sains Sosial, IPG Kampus Pendidikan Islam
Musa, R., Ramli, M., Mohd Khairuddin, N., dan Abindin hazir, Z. (2019). Eksplorasi lakaran bertema kenderaan serta kesan terhadap kreativiti kanak-kanak. KUPAS SENI: Jurnal Seni Dan Pendidikan Seni, 7, 72-80. Retrieved from https://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index.php/JSPS/article/view/2708
Najib Ghafar. (2003). Penyelidikan Pendidikan. Skudai: Penerbitan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Neuman, W.N. (2000). Sosial reasearch method : Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Boston: Allyn dan Bacon
Nik Aziz Nik Pa. (1999). Pendekatan Konstruktivisme Radikal dalam Pendidikan Matematik. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Noll, C.L dan Wilkins, M. (2002). Crtical skill of professionals: A model for curriculum development, Journal of Informaton Technology Education, 1 (3): 143 – 155
Noor Erma Binti Abu, L. K. (2014). Hubungan Antara Sikap, Minat, Pengajaran Guru dan Pengaruh Rakan Sebaya Terhadap Pencapaian Matematik Tambahan Tingkatan 4. Jurnal Kurikulum dan Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 1-10.
Nor Aini Aziz. (2002). Keberkesanan pengajaran pendekatan konstruktivisme dalam membina semula konsepsi pelajar tentang konsep-konsep fotosintesis dan makanan. Tesis Ph.D., Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang.
Noraini Idris, (2010). Penyelidikan dalam pendidikan (2th ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Mc Graw- Hill Education
Norjanah Ambo, S. N. (2019). Meneroka Kreativiti Saintifik Melalui Pembelajaran STEM Berasaskan Projek. Jurnal Pemikir Pendidikan ,Fakulti Psikologi dan Pendidikan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,.
Norlidah Alias. (2010). Pembangunan modul pedagogi berasaskan teknologi dan gaya pembelajaran Feldee-Silverman kurikulum fizik sekolah menengah (Tesis PHD tidak diterbitkan). Kuala Lumpur: UM
Nunnally, J. C., and I. H. Bernstein. (1994). Psychometric theory. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Nunnally, J.C. (1978), Psyochometric theory (2 nd . Ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York.
Nur Syafiqah Isa, Nurul Nazirah Mohd Imam Ma’arof (2019). Keberkesanan Penggunaan Grafik Berkomputer Sebagai Alat Bahan Bantu Mengajar Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Reka Bentuk Dan Teknologi,Humanika,Fakulti Teknikal Dan Vokasional, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Nurul Azmi Mat Nor dan Nurzatulshima Kamarudin. (2017). Penerapan Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT): Kesediaan Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Reka Bentuk dan Teknologi (RBT) di Sekolah Rendah. International Research Journal of Education and Sciences (IRJES). Vol. 1 Special Issue 1 (Malay), 2017 eISSN 2550- 2158
Official URL: https://fliphtml5.com/wjzdi/axim/basic/
Okoli, C., dan Pawlowski, S. (2004). Okoli, C., dan Pawlowski, S. (2004). The Delphi method as a research tool. Information and Management, 42, 15–29.
Othman Lebar. (2018). Penyelidikan kualitatif Pendekatan kepada teori dan metod (2th ed.). Tanjong Malim.UPSI
Pallant J. (2007). SPSS Survival Manual. Sydney: Ligare Book Printer.
Pallant,J., dan Neal, P. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park:Sage Publications.
Paolini, A. (2015). Enhancing Teaching Effectiveness and Student Learning Outcomes, 15(1), 20–33
Parkey, F.W 1993 Curriculum Planning: New Approach 6th .Ed. Allyn dan Bacon.
Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013 – 2025, Buletin Transformasi Pendidikan Malaysia, Bil 5/2015
Penfold, J. (1988). Craft Design and Technology : Past , Present and Future. Trentham Books, Stoke -on-Trent.
Piaget, J. (1970). Equilibration of cognitive structure. New York: Viking Press. Premkumar, Gopal, Keshavamurthy Ramamurthy, and Carol S. Saunders (2005). Information Processing View of Fit in the Context of InterorganizationalRelationships, Journal of Management Information Systems22, 257-294.
Ramlah Jantan dan Mahani Razali. (2004). Psikologi Pendidikan - Pendekatan Kontemporari. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw Hill Education(M) Sdn. Bhd.
Ramli, Muhamad dan Musa, Rofidah. (2020). Ekplorasi Seni Visual Melalui Aktiviti Lakaran Asas Terhadap Kanak-Kanak Prasekolah. 9. 35-47.
Ramli, M. F., dan Musa, R. (2020). Ekplorasi seni visual melalui aktiviti lakaran asas terhadap kanak-kanak prasekolah. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-Kanak Kebangsaan, 9(1), 35-47. Retrieved from https://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index.php/JPAK/article/view/3712.
Ramli. S (2016). Penghasilan Imej dalam Pembelajaran Seni Visual: Analisis Terhadap Tahap Kreativiti Kanak-kanak Tabika Perpaduan di Daerah Kuantan,PahangPusat Kebudayaan Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Reed, S.K. (2004). Cognition Theory and Applications. New Jersey: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Reinsfield, E.(2020) A future-focused conception of the New Zealand curriculum: culturally responsive approaches to technology education. Int J Technol Des Educ 30, 427–435 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-019-09510-y
Reston, V. (2000). International Technology Education Association, Standards for Technological Literacy: Content for the Study of Technology.
Richey, R., dan Klein, J.D. (2007). Design and development research: Methods, strategies, and Issues: Routledge
Richey, R.C., Klein, J., dan Nelson, W. (2004) Developmental research: Studies of instructional design and development. In D. Jonassen (Ed.) Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology (2nd ed.) (pp. 1099-1130). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
Ridzuan Hussin (2013). Pendekatan teori pembelajaran kognitivisme dalam pendidikan seni visual(psv), Journal seni dan pendidikan seni . ISSN 2289-4640/Vol.1
Rosmawati Mamat (2019). Keperluan Kebolehan Visualisasi Spatial dalam Reka Bentuk Pakaian. Jurnal Refleksi Kepemimpinan, [S.l.], n. JILID I, oct. 2019. ISSN2636- 9885.thttp://103.8.145.246/index.php/jrk/article/view/9436>. Date accessed: 23 july 2020.
Rosset, A.(1995). Need analysis Englewood Cliff, NJ: Education Technology Publications.
Rumelhart, D. E., dan Norman, D. A. (1978). Accretion, tuning and restructuring: Three models of learning. Dalam Anderson, R.C., Spiro, R.J. dan Montague, W.E. (ed.). Semantic factors in cognition. Hilldale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Russell,J. (1974). Modular Instruction: A Guide to the design,selection,utilization and evaluation of modular materials. Minneapolis,Minnesota:Burgess.
Rahayu Ahamad Bahtiar, (2017). The Development Of Vocational Intelligence Inventory For Malaysian Adolescents, Tesis PHD, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia.
Rizki, G., & Daniamiseno, A. (2019). Pengembangan model blended learning dengan pendekatan cooperative mata kuliah ilmu lingkungan. Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Pendidikan, 6(1), 42-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.21831/jitp.v6i1.15560
S Prabawanto and E Mulyana (2017) Developing Lesson Design to Help Students' Triangle Conseptual Understanding, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 895, International Conference on Mathematics and Science Education (ICMScE) 24 May 2017, Bandung, Indonesia
Sabitha Marican. (2006). Penyelidikan Sains Sosial Pendekatan Pragmatik. Batu Caves: Penerbit Edusystem Sdn. Bhd. Sekaran U. 2014. Research Methods for Business: A skill–building Approach. Singapore: John Willey dan Sons.
Saedah S., Norlidah A., DeWitt D. dan Zaharah H. (2013). Design and Development Research:Emergent Trends in Educational Research. Pearson. Kuala Lumpur.
Saedah Siraj, Norlidah Alias, Dorothy DeWitt dan Zaharah Hussin. (2013). Design and Development Research: Emergent Trend in Educational Research. Kuala Lumpur: Pearson Malaysia Sdn Bhd.
Sahaat, Z., dan Nasri, N. (2020). Cabaran Pelaksanaan Mata Pelajaran Reka Bentuk dan Teknologi Sekolah Menengah. Malaysian Journal of Education (0126-6020),Special Issue,Vol.45,p51-59.9p, p51-59.
Salmiza Saleh dan Anis Diyana Halim (2016) Kecenderungan Otak dan Hubungannya dengan Pencapaian dan Motivasi Pelajar, Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia 41(1)(2016): 65-70
Samsu Zaman @ Taufiq,N.F, Khairamin , N.A dan Md Ibrahim, L.F (2020). Penerapan Model RESPECTFUL dalam Pembelajaran Berasaskan Permainan Digital bagi Kursus Kaunseling Pebagai Budaya. Journal of ICT in Education,7(1), 1- 8.https://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index.php/JICTIE/article/view/3582
Schmidt, L. C., Hernandez, N. V., dan Ruocco, A. L. (2012). Research on Encouraging Sketching in Engineering Design. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Anal ysis and Manufacturing, 26, 303-315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0890060412000169.
School Curriculum and Assessment Authority. (1995). Design and technology in the National Curriculum. London: School Curriculum and Assessment Authority.
Seels, B.B., dan Richey, R.C. (1994). Instructional technology: The definition and domains of the field. Washington, DC: Association for Educational Communications and Technology.
Sekaran U. dan Bougie R. (2010). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. Ed. ke-5. New York: John Wiley dan Sons Ltd.
Serpil Özker, E. S. (2017). Important Of Sketching in The Design Process and Education. The Online Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 7, Issue 2.
Shadish, W.R., Cook, T.D., dan Campbell, D.T.(2002). Experimental and quasi Experimental designs for generalized causal inference (@th ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Shahriman Zainal Abidin, M. H. (2013). Seni Reka Perindustrian: Daripada Idea kepada Lakaran. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Shahriman Zainal Abidin, Marzuki Ibrahim,(2004). Kaedah Melakar untuk Diterjemahkan dalam Bentuk Lukisan Cadangan Seni Reka Bentuk, Laporan akhir, Institute Penyelidikan dan Pengkomersilan Uitm, Malaysia.
Shamsudin, Wan Nur Khalisah and Amin Nudin, Anith Liyana and Mohd Radzuan, Lili Eliana (2019). Buku kerja atau workbook lakaran idea pelajar / Wan Nur Khalisah Shamsudin, Anith Liyana Amin Nudin dan Lili Eliana Mohd Radzuan. Jurnal Inspirasi Seni Intelektual (I.S.I). pp. 64-70. ISSN 2637-0115
Sharifah Alwiah Alsagoff. (1981). Pengenalan pengajaran individu dengan tumpuan khas kepada modul pengajaran dan modul pembelajaran. Jurnal Pendidik dan Pendidikan. 3(1),54 –62.
Sidek Mohd Noah dan Jamaluddin Ahmad (2005). Pembinaan modul: Bagaimana membina modul latihan dan modul akademik. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia
Sidek Mohd Noah dan Jamaludin Ahmad. (2005). Pembinaan Modul: Bagaimana Membina Modul Latihan dan Modul Akademik. Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Sidek Mohd Noah, dan Jamaludin Ahmad. (2008). Pembinaan Modul: Bagaimana membina modul latihan dan modul akademik. Serdang: UPM
Sihes, A. J., Ibrahim, M. A. dan A. Wahab, Z. (2007). Pembinaan Perisian Multimedia Berasaskan Model Konstruktivisme Kitaran Pembelajaran Sains Lima Fasa. 73 Seminar Kebangsaan JPPG 2007: Teknologi Dalam Pendidikan. 18-20 November 2007. UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
Sloman SA (1996). The empirical case for two system of reasoning. Psychol Bull 119(1): 3- 22\
Smith G.R., Burnam M.A., Mosley C.L., Hollenberg J.A., Mancino M. dan Grimes W. 2006. Reliability and validity of the substance abuse outcomes module. Psychiatric Services 57: 1452-1460. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.10.1452.
Solso, R. L. Maclin, M. K, dan Maclin, O. H. (2005). Cognitive Psychology. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
Sulaiman Ngah Razali. (1997). Pedagogi Teori dan Praktik. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Suwa, M. and Tversky, B.(1997), What do architects and students perceive in their design sketches? A protocol analysis,source Design Studies 18, pp 385-403.
Suwa, M., Tversky, B., Gero, J. S., dan Purcell, A. T. (2001). Seeing into sketches: Regrouping parts encourages new interpretations. In J. S. Gero, B. Tversky, dan T. Purcell (Eds.), Visual and spatial reasoning in design II, key centre of design computing and cognition (pp. 207–219). Sydney: University of Sydney.
Suyanto, S. (2017). A Reflection on the Implementation of A New Curriculum in Indonesia : A Crucial Problem on School Readiness. In The 4th International Conference on Research, Implementation, and Education of Mathematics and Science (Vol. 100008, pp. 1–9). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4995218.
Taborda, E., Chandrasegaran, S. K., Kisselburgh, L., Reid, T., dan Ramani, K. (2012). Enhancing Visual Thinking in a Toy Design Course Using Freehand Sketching. Volume 7: 9th International Conference on Design Education; 24th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology. doi:10.1115/detc2012-71454
Tee, T. K., Fadzil, N., Md Yunos, J., Yee, M. H., Mohamad, M. M., dan Othman, W. (2019). Pembangunan Modul Strategi Pembelajaran Koperatif Bagi Bakal Pensyarah Kolej Vokasional. Online Journal for TVET Practitioners, 4(2), 11-29. Retrieved from https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/oj-tp/article/view/5088
Todd R. Kelley, Euisuk Sung, (2016). Sketching by design: teaching sketching to young learners, Int J Technol Des Educ, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht DOI 10.1007/s10798-016-9354-3.
Tovey, M., Porter, S., dan Newman, R. (2003). Sketching, concept development and automotive design. Design Studies, 24(2), 135–153. doi:10.1016/s0142- 694x(02)00035-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-694X(02)00035-2
Tufts, K. (2014). Custom Demo. Diambil kembali dari DNNSoftware.com: http:www.dnnsoftware.com
Tversky, B. (2002). What do sketches say about thinking?. In AAAI spring symposium, sketch understanding workshop, Stanford University, AAAI technical report SS-02- 08. 2002.
Tversky, B., dan Porter, S. (2002). Sketching, concept development and automotive design. Design Studies, 24, 135–153.
Tversky, B., Suwa. M., Agrawala, M., Heiser, J., Stolte, C., Hanrahan, P., et al. (2003). Sketches for design and design of sketches. In U. Lindemann (Ed.), Human behaviour in design (pp. 79–86). Heidelberg: Springer.
Ullman, D. G., Wood, S., dan Craig, D. (1990). The importance of drawing in the mechanical design process. Computer and Graphics, 14(2), 263–274.
Van der Lugt, R. (2005). How sketching can affect the idea generation process in design group meetings. Design Studies, 26(2), 101–122. doi:10.1016/j.destud.2004.08.003 .
Volk, K., Yip, W.M. and Lo, T.K., Hong Kong(2003). Pupils’ attitudes toward technology: The impact of Design and Technology programs. J. of Technology Educ., 15, 1, 48- 63.
Welch, M., Barlex, D., dan Lim, H. S. (2000). Sketching: Friend or foe to the novice designer? International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 10, 125–148.
Wilson, V dan Harris,M (2004). Creating Change? A Review of the Impact of Design and Technology in Schools in England , Journal of Technology Education Vol. 15 No. 2, Spring.
Wolf, Joachim and William G. Egelhoff (2002), A Reexamination And Extension OfInternational Strategy-Structure Theory, Strategic Management Journal 23, 181- 189.
Yahaya Othman, D. R. (2011). Kesan Aplikasi Perisian Cerita Interaktif Semasa Mengajarkan Kemahiran Bacaan dan Kemahiran Dalam Kalangan Murid Tahun 4 di Brunei Darussalam. Journal Pendidikan Bahasa Melayu (MyLEj).
Yoon Mee, LO (2020), Inovatif Pelaksanaan Kurikulum: Satu Tinjauan Persekitaran Pembelajaran Secara Konstruktivisme dalam Kalangan Guru Sains dan Teknologi Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Kawasan Lembah Kelang.Jurnal Penyelidikan Teknokrat II, [S.l.], n. JILID XXI. ISSN 2637-1065. Available at:
Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy Sets. Information and Control, 8, 338-353.
Zainal Abidin, Shahriman and Ibrahim, Marzuki (2004). Kaedah melakar untuk diterjemahkan dalam bentuk lukisan cadangan seni reka perindustrian / Shahriman Zainal Abidin dan Marzuki Ibrahim. [Research Reports] (Unpublished)
Zainuddin, S. H. A., dan Iksan, Z. H. (2019). Sketching Engineering Design in STEM Classroom: A Systematic Review. Creative Education, 10, 2775-2783. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2019.1012204
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |