UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About
Menu Icon

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :LB Theory and practice of education
Main Author :Aabar, Imad Mohammed
Title :The double oppression of African American women based on selected novels by Alice Walker
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi
Year of Publication :2021
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
    This study was conducted with the aim to portray the level in which the African American women were humiliated and dominated by the males, generally, and the whites, particularly, during and after the Civil Right Movement. Three research objectives were formed to achieve the aim. These research objectives were to investigate how the African American women were racially oppressed by the whites, to examine how the black American women suffered from patriarchal oppression by the black men and to examine the impact of racial and patriarchal oppression practiced against the black women. Four selected novels by Alice Walker were analysed to achieve these objectives. The theory employed in this study was the Black Feminist Critical Theory and additionally, this theory was chosen as the conceptual framework to analyse the themes in the selected novels that incorporated black feminist issues with racial matters. Black feminist thoughts also addressed the interconnection of class, gender and race. The findings revealed that most of Walker’s female characters had experienced racial and patriarchal oppressions. Further, the findings also revealed the double oppression of African American women characters who were dealing with the disloyalty of male. As a conclusion, this study is a critical attempt to highlight the features of black feminism and women’s oppression in particular the African American: female characters had undergone various sufferings from patriarchal American society. As an implication, this study sent a message and gave some voices to black women as well as provided them with pathways to obtain their freedom. Some contributions in terms of social problem issues were identified from this study: it explored the pregnancy and abortion as well as homicides that seemed to threaten African American women in particular.

References

Abrams, H. M. & Geoffery G. H. (2014). A Glossary of Literary Terms (10th edition).

California: Cengage Learning.

 

Alexander, M. (2012). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colour

Blindness. New York: The New York Press.

 

Alexander, A. L. (1995). She’s no lady, she’s a nigger: Abuses, stereotypes and realities

from the Middle Passage to Capital (and Anita) Hill. In Hill, A. F. & Jordan, E. C.

(Eds.), Race, gender and power in America: The legacy of the Hill-Thomas

hearings (pp. 3–25). New York: Oxford University Press.

 

Amrutha, K. (2017). Black Consciousness in Alice Walker’s Novels with Reference to

‘The Colour Purple’, ‘Meridian’ and Possessing ‘The Secret of Joy’. Research

Journal of English Language and Literature (AJELAL), 5(3), 254-256.

 

Anand, P. V. (2019). Black Feminism in Alice Walker’s ‘Possessing the Secret of

Joy’. IJELLH (International Journal of English Language, Literature in

Humanities), 7(6), 181-190.

 

Angelou, M. (2009). Gather Together in My Name. California: Random House Trade

Paperbacks.

 

Aydinoglu, N. (2013). Violence Against Women: A Comparative Analysis of The Colour

Purple By Alice Walker And Zehir Zikkim Hikayeler (Venomous Stories) By Ayla

Kutlu. Proceedings of International Conference on Education, Culture and

Identity, Sarajevo.

 

Barbara, C. (1980). Black Women Novelists: The Development of a Tradition.

 

Barnes, W.C. (2015)."The Colour Purple: A New Story for a Familiar Reader’’,

09.01.2015 http://blogs.library.duke.edu/magazine/2008/04. The Colour Purple, a

new story for a familiar reader.

 

Barnett, P. E. (1997). Figurations of Rape and the Supernatural in Beloved. Publications

of the Modern Language Association of America, 418-427.

 

Basiriya. R. (2017). Predicaments of blacks in the novel Meridian by Alice Walker.

International Journal of English Research. 3(2), 55–56.

 

Batobara, M. A. A., & Saleem, M. (2019). Gender, Class, And Identity in Alice Walker’s

‘The Colour Purple’ and Suzan-Lori Parks’ in ‘The Blood’. European Journal of

English Language and Literature Studies, 7(1), 16-27.

 

Beauvoir, S. d. (2000). Introduction" The Second Sex. Rpt. in French Feminism Reader.

 

Benjamin, L. (2005). The Black Elite: Still facing the colour line in the twenty-first

century. Michigan: Rowman & Littlefield.

 

Bennett, J. M. (1987). Women in the Medieval English Countryside: Gender and

Household in Brigstock Before The Plague. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 

Barrett, M. (2014). Women's oppression today: The Marxist/feminist encounter. London:

Verso.

 

Berlant, L. (2008). Race, Gender and Nation in The Colour Purple. Bloom’s Modern

Critical Interpretation. London: Yale University Press.

 

Benson, M., & Fox, G. L. (2004). NIJ Research in Brief: When Violence Hits Home:

How Economics and Neighbourhood Play a Role. Washington: National Institute of

Justice.

 

Betancourt, H., & Lopez, S. R. (1993). The Study of Culture, Ethnicity, and Race in

American Psychology. American Psychologist, 48(6), 629–637.

 

Birch, E. L. (2014). Black American Women’s writing: A Quilt of Many Colours. New

York: Routledge.

 

Blay, Y. A. (2008). All the ‘Africans’ are Men, all the “Sistas” are “American,” but Some

of US Resist: Realizing African Feminism(S) as an Africological Research

Methodology. Journal of Pan African Studies, 2(2), 58-73.

 

Braxton, J. M. (ed.) (1999). Maya Angelou's I know why the caged bird sings: A

casebook. Illinois: Oxford University Press.

 

Brewer, R. M. (1993). Theorizing race, class and gender: The new scholarship of black

feminist intellectuals and black women’s labour. In James, S. M. & Busia, A. P. A.

(Eds.), Theorizing black feminisms: The visionary pragmatism of black women (pp.

13–30). New York: Routledge.

 

Brewer, R. M. (2016). Theorizing race, class, and gender: The new scholarship of Black

feminist intellectuals and Black women’s labour. In Landry, B. (Ed.), Race, Gender

and Class (pp. 58-64). New Jersey: Routledge.

 

Brown, D.A. (2004). Fighting racism in the 21st century. Washington and Lee Law

Review, 61(4), 1485-1499.

 

Brown, Z. A. (2015). Peering into the Jezebel Archetype in African American Culture

and Emancipating Her from Hyper-Sexuality: Within and Beyond James Baldwin’s

‘Go Tell It on the Mountain’ and ‘Alice Walker’s The Colour Purple’.

Pennsylvania: Students Publication.

 

Brunell, L., & Burkett, E. (2016). The third wave of feminism. Encyclopaedia Britannica.

 

Burton, W. (2006). Burton’s Legal Thesaurus (4th. Edition). New York: McGraw -Hill

Education.

 

Butler, P. (2017). Chokehold: Policing black men and women in America. New York:

The New Press.

 

Carby, H. V. (1987). Reconstructing Womanhood: the Emergence of the Afro-American

Woman Novelist. New York: Oxford University Press.

 

Cardon, L. S. (2011). From Black Nationalism to the Ethnic Revival: “Meridian’s” Lynne

Rabinowitz. MELUS, 36(3), 159-185.

 

Cho, H. (2011). Racial differences in the prevalence of intimate partner violence against

women and associated factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(2), 344-363.

 

Christian, B.T. (1985). Black Feminist Criticism: Perspectives on Black Women Writers.

New York: Pergamon Press.

 

Christian, B. (1984). ‘Alice Walker: The Black Woman Artist as Wayward’. In Evans,

M. (Ed.), Black Women Writers (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation (pp. 457-477).

New York: Anchor/Doubleday.

 

Christian, B. T. and Walker, A. (1994). Everyday Use. New Brunswick: Rutgers

University Press.

 

Christian, B. T. (1994). ‘Alice Walker: The Black Woman Artist as Wayward’. In

 

Christian, B. T. (Ed.), Everyday Use (pp. 123-149). New Brunswick: Rutgers

University Press.

 

Cheung, K.K. (1988). Don’t Tell: Imposed Silences in The Colour Purple and The

Woman Warrior. PMLA 103(2), 162-174. doi: 10.2307/462432.

 

Cixous, H. (1997). Sorties: Out and out: Attacks/ways out/forays. In Schrift, A. D. (Ed.),

The logic of the gift: Toward an ethic of generosity (pp 148-173). New York:

Routldge.

 

Cogeanu, O. A. N. (2011). Inscriptions on the African body: Alice Walker’s ‘Possessing

the Secret of Joy’. Lingua culture, 2, 55-65.

 

Collins, P. H. (1993). Black feminist thought in the matrix of domination. In Lemert, C.

(Ed.), Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings (pp 615-625). New

York: Routledge.

 

Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics

of empowerment. New York: Routledge.

 

Collins, P. H. (1993). Sexual Politics of Black Womanhood. In Bart, P. B. & Moran, E.

G. (Eds.), Violence Against Women: The Bloody Footprints (pp 85-104). Thousand

Oak: Sage Publications.

 

Collins, P. H. (2000) (2nd Ed.). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and

the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge.

 

Collins, P. H. (2016). Black feminist thought as oppositional knowledge. Depart Crit

Qual Res, 5(3), 133-144.

 

Cooke, M. G. (1986). Afro-American Literature in the Twentieth Century: The

Achievement of Intimacy (Vol. 561). New York: Yale University Press.

 

Cowan, N., Adams, E. J., Bhangal, S., Corcoran, M., Decker, R., Dockter, C. E., & Lee,

N. (2019). Foundations of Arrogance: A Broad Survey and Framework for

Research. Review of General Psychology, 1089268019877138.

 

Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black

Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist

Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989(1), 139-167.

 

Davis, A.Y. (2003). Are Prisons Obsolete? New York: Seven Stories Press.

 

Davis, A. Y. (1997). Women and capitalism: Dialectics of oppression and liberation. In

James, J. (Ed.), The Angela Y. Davis Reader (pp. 161–192). Malden, MA:

Blackwell Publishers.

 

Davis, D. R., & Maldonado-Daniels, C. (2015). Shattering the glass ceiling: The

leadership development of African American women in higher

education. Advancing women in leadership Journal, 35, 48-64.

 

Delphy, C. (2016). Close to Home: A Materialist Analysis of Women's Oppression. New

York: Verso.

 

Dieke, I. (1999). (Ed). Critical Essays on Alice Walker. London: Greenwood Press.

 

Dunning, S. K. (2017). Walker, Alice. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature.

Evans, M. (Ed.). (1984). Black Women Writers (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation. New

York: Anchor Press/Doubleday.

 

Fabi, M. G. (1999). Sexual Violence and the Black Atlantic: On Alice Walker’s

Possessing the Secret of Joy. In Diedrich, M. & Gates Jr. H. L. (Eds.), Black

Imagination and the Middle Passage, (pp 228-40). New York: Oxford University

Press.

 

Farda, R. F. A. (2014). From Feminism to Womanism : The Image of Black Woman in

“The Colour Purple” by Alice Walker (Doctoral dissertation). Middle East

University, Jordon. Retrieve from:

https://meu.edu.jo/libraryTheses/5870c9509ea7c_1.pdf

 

Facio, A. (2013). What is patriarchy? Translated from the Spanish by Michael Solis.

 

Farda, R. F. & Zarrinjooee. (2014). From Feminism to Womanism : The Image of Black

Woman in “The Colour Purple” by Alice Walker.

 

Finfgeld-Connett, D. (2015). Intimate partner violence and its resolution among African

American women. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 2, 1-8.

 

Finfgeld-Connett, D. (2010). Generalizability and transferability of meta-synthesis

research findings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(2), 246–254.

 

Gates Jr, H. L., & Appiah, K. A. (1993). Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives. Past and

Present. New York: Amistad.

 

Gilbert, S. M. (2011). Gilbert and Gubar's The Madwoman in the Attic after Thirty

Years. Colombia: University of Missouri Press.

 

Gillum, T. (2009). Improving services to African American survivors of IPV: From the

voices of recipients of culturally specific services. Violence against Women, 15, 57-

80. doi:10.1177/1077801208328375

 

Gorsky, S. R. (1992). Femininity to feminism: Women and literature in the nineteenth

century. New York: Twayne Publishers.

 

Green, S. (2017). Violence Against Black Women: Many Types, Far-Reaching

Effects. Institute for Women’s Policy Research. Retrieved from:

https://iwpr.org/violence-black-women-many-types-far-reaching-effects/

 

Greer, G. (2008). The Female Eunuch. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics.

 

Griffin, C. (1996). Experiencing power: dimensions of gender, ‘race’ and class’. In

Hughes-Freeland & Charles, N. (Eds.), In Practising Feminism: Identity,

Difference, Power (pp. 180–201). London: Routledge.

 

Guillaumin, C. (1996). The practice of power and believe in nature. In Leonard, D. &

Adkins, L. (Eds.), Sex in Questions. French Materialist Feminism (72–108).

London: Taylor & Francis.

 

Hammonds, E. M. (1994). Black (W)holes and the geometry of black female sexuality,

differences. A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 6(2+3), 127-145.

 

Hardy, T. (2007). Tess of the D'Urbervilles (2nd ed.). Peterborough: Broadview Press.

 

Hasanthi. D. R. (2018) .The ideal black man in Alice Walker’s ‘The Third Life of Grange

Copeland’. Research Journal of English Language and Literature, 6(2), 103-111.

 

Hendrickson, R. M. (1999). Remembering the Dream: Alice Walker, Meridian and the

Civil Rights Movement. Melus, 24(3), 111-128.

 

Higginbotham, E. B. (1992). African-American women's history and the metalanguage of

race. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 17(2), 251-274.

 

Hine, D. C., & Thompson, K. (1999). A Shining Thread of Hope: The History of Black

Women in America. New York: Broadway Books.

 

Hogue, W. L. (1985). History, the Feminist Discourse, and Alice Walker's ‘The Third

Life of Grange Copeland’. Melus, 12(2), 45-62.

 

Holmes, C. M. (2016).The colonial roots of the racial fetishization of black

women. Black & Gold, 2(1), 1-11.

 

Hooks, B. (2000). Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. London: Pluto Press.

 

Isik, D. (2017). Feminism in Late 20th Century Literature: Black Feminism in Alice

Walker's The Colour Purple (Doctoral dissertation). Radboud University,

Netherlands. Retrieve from: https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/123456789/

4597/Isik%2c_D_1.pdf?sequence=1

 

Jaggar, A. M. (1988). Feminist Politics and Human Nature. Maryland: Rowman &

Littlefield.

 

James, V. U. (2000). Black Women Writers across Cultures: An Analysis of Their

Contributions. New York: International Scholars Publications.

 

Jiang, X., & Liu, J. (2019). The Analysis of Black Women’s Consciousness in The Colour

Purple. UK: Francis Academic Press. Retrieved from: https://webofproceedings.

org/proceedings_series/ESSP/ICESS%202019/ICESS19270.pdf

 

Jing, H. (2012). Sisterhood across Cultures with Reference to Chen Ran’s And Amy

Tan’s Fiction. Intercultural Communication Studies, XXI 21(2), 201-218.

Retrieved from

 

Jones, S. M. (2014). Presenting our bodies, laying our case: the political efficacy of grief

and rage during the civil rights movement in Alice Walker's Meridian. The

Southern Quarterly, 52 (1), 179-195.

 

Jordan-Zachery, J. S. (2007). Am I a black woman or a woman who is Black? A few

thoughts on the meaning of intersectionality. Politics & Gender, 3(2), 254-263.

 

Kanwar, S., & Khurana, V. (2017). Self and Insanity in Alice Walker’s ‘Possessing the

Secret of Joy’ (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Lovely Professional University,

India.

 

Kaplan, C. (1996). The Erotics of Talk: Women's Writing and Feminist Paradigms. New

York: Oxford University Press.

 

Kim, M. (2012). Making paper cranes: Toward an Asian American feminist theology.

Chalice Press.

 

King, D. K. (1988). Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a Black

feminist ideology. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14(1), 42-72.

 

King, W. (2014). “Prematurely Knowing of Evil Things”: The Sexual Abuse of African

American Girls and Young Women in Slavery and Freedom.” The Journal of

African American History, 99(3). 173-196.

 

Kingston, V. (2000). By The Light of My Father's Smile Alice Walker. The English

Review, 10(3), 9-9.

 

Kotak, N. (2015).Womanism: Black Feminist Theory with a Difference. Vol.3 (4). (Oct-

Dec).

 

Koynucu, F. (2014). ‘The Colour Purple’ by Alice Walker in term of feminist criticism.

Journal of History School (JOHS), 20, 429 - 439.

 

Kristeva, J. (1980). Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia. New York: Columbia

University Press.

 

Kuharic, R. (2017). Oppression of Women in Alice Walker's Works (unpublished

doctoral dissertation). University of Rijeka, Croatia.

 

Kuhne, D. (1999). African settings in contemporary American novels (Vol. 193).

London: Greenwood Press.

 

Kumar, E., Mummatchi, D. R., & Adjabui, M. (2014). Racialism, violence and cruelty in

Alice Walker’s works. International Journal of English Language and Translation

Studies, 1(4), 39-43.

 

Kumar, E., Mummatchi, D. R. (2014). Oppression and exploitation, feminization in Alice

Walker’s works. Language in India, 14(9), 163-172.

 

Kumar, S. (2018). Type of Literary Theories in English Literature. International Journal

of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS), 8(12).

 

Kutlu, A. (2003). Zehir Z?kk?m Hikayeler, Ankara: Bilgi Yay?nevi.

 

Lalbakhsh, P., Khoshnood, A., & Gholami, F. (2014). Juxtaposition of Women, Culture,

and Nature in Alice Walker’s ‘Possessing the Secret of Joy’. k@ ta, 16(2), 93-100.

 

Langton, L., & Truman, J. (2015). Criminal victimization, 2014. Bureau of Justice

Statistics, US Department of Justice.

 

Lauret, M. (2011). Alice Walker. London: Red Globe Press.

 

Lauret, M. (2002). Liberating Literature. Oxfordshire: Routledge.

 

Leder, P. (1999). Alice Walker's American Quilt: ‘The Colour Purple’ and ‘American

literary tradition’. Afro-American and African Studies, 189, 141-152.

 

Lee, K. A. (2006). In Alice Walker's The Third Life of Grange Copeland (Unpublished

doctoral dissertation). University of North Carolina, Asheville.

 

Lerner, G. (2005). The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History. Carolina:

University of North Carolina Press Books.

 

Lewis, J. (2017). Double Discrimination: An Analysis of Gender and Race’s Role in

Trauma. Sacred Heart University: Digital Common.

 

Link, T. C., & Oser, C. B. (2018). The role of stressful life events and cultural factors on

criminal thinking among African American women involved in the criminal justice

system. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45(1), 8-30.

 

Logan, T., Walker, R., Jordan, C. E., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2006). Women and

Victimization: Contributing Factors, Interventions, and Implications. Washington,

DC: American Psychological Association.

 

Locke, D.C., & Baily, D.F. (2013). Increasing Multicultural Understanding. Thousand

Oaks: SAGE Publications.

 

Luo, X. (2017). Study on Black Sexual Relations under the Impact of White Culture:

Taking the Colour Purple as an Example. Proceedings of International Conference

on Social Science and Technology Education, China.

 

Lynn, D. (2014). Socialist feminism and triple oppression: Claudia Jones and African

American women in American communism. Journal for the Study of

Radicalism, 8(2), 1-20.

 

Maitino, J. R., & Peck, D. R. (1996). Teaching American Ethnic Literatures: Nineteen

Essays. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

 

Majid, B. (2016). Search for Identity in Alice Walker’s The Colour Purple. The Criterion

an International in English (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of

Kashmir, India.

 

Mankotya, M., Kaur, R., & Anand, T. (2018). Trauma and psychological loss: a feminist

study of Alice Walker's ‘Possessing the Secret of Joy’. Language in India, 18(5),

248-259.

 

Manoharan, A. (2019). Female Identity and Patriarchy in possessing The Secret of Joy.

English Language and Literature. Baharthiar University, Coimbatore. India.

 

Manzoor, S., & Zaidi, N. (2015). Hardy’s attitude towards gender issues. Gomal

University Journal of Research, 31(2), 163-169.

 

Mastin, L. (2008). The Basics of Philosophy. Retrieved from

http://www.philosophybasics.com

 

McClaurin, I. (2001). Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics. Praxis and Poetics.

Rutgers University Press.

 

McLaughlin, E., Muncie, J., & Hughes, G. (Eds.). (2003). Criminological Perspectives:

Essential Readings. New Delhi: Serge publications.

 

Mehrabadi, M., & Pirnajmuddin, H. (2012). (Hi) story in Search of Author (ity):

Feminine Narration in JM Coetzee's Foe. Studies in Literature and Language, 5(1),

27.

 

Meyers, M. (2004). African American women and violence: Gender, race, and class in

the news. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 21(2), 95-118.

 

Mishra, R. K. (2013). Postcolonial feminism: Looking into within-beyond-to

differences. International Journal of English and Literature, 4(4), 129-134.

 

Millett, K. (2016). Sexual politics. Columbia University Press.

 

Mhandu, E. (2012). Transcending the Inauspicious Curse? Black Violence and the

Victim-focused Identity in Alice Walker's Works. American International Journal

of Contemporary Research, 2(10), 5-13.

 

Mirshojaei, M. (2016). Concepts of Identity in Alice Walker's Major Novels in the Light

of Post-Colonialism. International Academic Journal of Psychology and

Educational Studies, 3, 67-80.

 

Moore, M. R. (2009). God is (a) pussy: the pleasure principle and homo-spirituality in

Shug's ‘Blues woman theology’. Dialogue, 5, 77.

 

Morales, V. E. (2016). The Construction of Identity and Political Consciousness of a

Black Woman in Alice Walker’s Meridian (Degree dissertation). University of

Salamanca, Salamanca. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/26e0/

00a552b2e603e 3dea58e8bef3e6a9271b505.pdf

 

Morrison, T. (1990). Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imaginary. New

York: Vintage Books.

 

Muhamed, A. J. (2018). A pathway towards transformation: women in Alice Walker's

Novel ‘The Colour Purple’. Basic Education College Magazine For Educational

and Humanities Sciences, (41), 1993-1999.

 

Mumu, U. H. (2018). Learning to survive: African American women’s quest for their

rights during the civil rights movement (Doctoral dissertation). BRAC University,

Bangladesh.

 

Neimneh, S. (2014). Postcolonial Feminism: Silence and Storytelling in JM Coetzee’s

Foe. Journal of Language and Literature, 5(2), 2014.

 

O’Brien, J. (1994). Interview with Alice Walker. In Christian, B. T. & Barbara, T. (Eds.),

Everyday Use (pp 55-81). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

 

Offen, K. (1988). Defining feminism: A comparative historical approach. Signs: Journal

of Women in Culture and Society, 14(1), 119-157.

 

Oppermann, T. S. (1994). Feminist Literary Criticism: Expanding the Canon as Regards

the Novel, 1994. Retrieved from: http://members.tripod.com/war-light/

OPPERMANN.html-1/2/08.

 

Padhi, P. K. (2015). A study of Celie’s Emancipation in Alice Walker’s The Colour

Purple. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 4(2), 1-

5.

 

Perry, C., & Weaks-Baxter, M. (Eds.). (2002). The History of Southern Women's

Literature. Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press.

 

Pifer, L. (1992). Coming to Voice in Alice Walker's Meridian: Speaking Out for the

Revolution. African American Review, 26(1), 77-88.

 

Pifer, L., & Slusser, T. (1998). Looking at the Back of Your Head: Mirroring Scenes in

Alice Walker's ‘The Colour Purple’ and ‘Possessing the Secret of

Joy’. Melus, 23(4), 47-57.

 

Priya, K. (2014). Violence in Alice Walker's ‘The Colour Purple’. Journal of Humanities

and Social Science, 19(7), 51-54.

 

Pydah, M. (2016). The Language of Discord in the Novels of Alice Walker. International

Refereed e- Journal of Literary Explorations, 4(4), 346 -351.

 

Rahoul, H., & Saidi, F. Z. (2015). Aspects of racism and feminism in Mules and Men by

Zora Neale Hurston and ‘The Colour Purple’ by Alice Walker (Doctoral

dissertation). University of Tlemcen, Algeria.

 

Ramin, Z., & Roshnavand, F. N. (2017). African woman rises from the ashes: Alice

Walker’s mimicry of classic ethnography in ‘Possessing the Secret of

Joy’. Anafora: ?asopiszaznanost o knji?evnosti, 4(1), 73-96.

 

Ray, M. K., & Kundu, R. (2004). Studies in Women Writers in English. (Vol. 4). Tamil

Nadu: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors.

 

Rennison, C., & Planty, M. (2003). Nonlethal intimate partner violence: Examining race,

gender, and income patterns. Violence and victims, 18(4), 433-443.

 

Richie, B. E. (2000). A Black feminist reflection on the anti-violence movement. Signs:

Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 25 (4), 1133-1137.

Brennan, J. (Ed.). (2003). When Brer Rabbit Meets Coyote: African-Native American

Literature. Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

 

Riphagen, L. (2008). Marginalization of African-Americans in the social sphere of US

society. The Interdisciplinary Journal of International Studies, 5, 96 -121.

 

Ross, D. W. (1996). A fairy-tale life: The making of Celie in Alice Walker’s ‘The Colour

Purple’. In Maitin, J. R. & Peck, D. R. (Eds.), Teaching American Ethnic

Literatures: Nineteen Essays (pp.159-174). Albuquerque: University of New

Mexico.

 

Roy, S. (2016). Remapping Gender Stereotypes of Black Women: Reflections on Maya

Angelou's I Know What the Caged Bird Sings. International Journal of World

Research, 1, 93-95.

 

Sedehi, K. T., Talif, R., Yahya, W., Roselezam, W., &Kaur, H. (2015). Melancholic

Mem in the Third Life of Grange Copeland. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences

&

 

Shahida, M. C. (2005). The Colour Purple: A Study. Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot.

 

Shalini, F. (2014). Alice Walker’s struggle of Black Women for Gender Equality.

Research Scholar, Journal of Department of English, 2(2), 31-38.

 

Sharma, D., & Dwivedi, J. (2017). Insights of Feminist Epistemology in Some Selected

Novels of Alice Walker. Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 9(1),

79-91.

 

Singh, H., & Net, U. (2019). A thematic study of Alice Walker’s ‘The Colour

Purple’. Language in India, 19(1), 71-75.

 

Smith, B. (1992). Ain’t gonna let nobody turn me around. In R. Chrisman & R. L. Allan

(Eds.), Court of Appeal: The Black community speaks out on the racial and sexual

politics of Clarence Thomas vs. Anita Hill (pp 185–193). New York: Ballantine

Books.

 

Smith, M. A. (2018). Reshaping Beloved Community: The Experiences of Black Male

Felons and Their Impact on Black Radical Traditions. Michigan: Rowman &

Littlefield.

 

Smoak, M. S. (2014). The Melancholic Subject: Exploring Loss and Relationships in

African American and Asian American Fiction (Master's dissertation). East

Carolina University, Carolina. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10342/4396

 

Sokoloff, N. J., & Dupont, I. (2005). Domestic violence at the intersections of race, class,

and gender: Challenges and contributions to understanding violence against

marginalized women in diverse communities. Violence against women, 11(1), 38-

64.

 

Srisermbhok, A. (2016). An open learning through feminist writing for self-discovery and

intellectual development. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition

Research Network, 9 (1), 61-71.

 

Srisermbhok, A. (2016). Empowerment of women through literary imagination:

comparison of prominent 20th century male and female authors’ points of views

towards their protagonists’ failure and achievement. The New English

Teacher, 10(1), 87-100.

 

Stade, G. (1985). Womanist fiction and male characters. Partisan Review, 52(3), 264-

270.

 

Stein, K. F. (1986). Meridian: Alice Walker's Critique of Revolution. Black American

Literature Forum, 20(1/2), 129-141.

 

Strugli?ska, M. (2015). The representation of African American women in Alice

Walker’s ‘The Colour Purple’ and Toni Morrison’s ‘Beloved’. World Scientific

News, 7, 207-245.

 

Suresh, P. A. (2018). A critical study of women oppression on Alice Walker's major

novels. Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 13(4), 95-102.

 

Sussman, K. J. (2011). Politics, Aesthetics and Diverse. Sexualities in the work of, James

Baldwin, Alice Walker, and Toni Morrison, (Doctoral dissertation). University of

Edinburgh, Edinburgh. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/abcf/

0ba4308cd7595d44f191a523c55d0d3fad2c.pdf

 

Tanritanir, B. C., & Aydemir, Y. (2012). The suffers of black women in Alice Walker's

novels ‘The Colour Purple’ and ‘Meridian’ and Toni Morrison's novels ‘Beloved’

and ‘The Bluest Eye’. Journal of International Social Research, 5(23), 437-444.

 

Tanritanir, B. C. & Takva, S. (2017). Poverty and Unfulfilled Motherhood In Alice

Walker‘s Novels ‘The Colour Purple’ and ‘Meridian’. Electronic Turkish

Studies, 12(22).

 

Tanritanir. B. C. & Takva. S. (2017). Female solidarity in Alice Walker’s ‘The Colour

Purple’. International Journal of Social Science, 61(III), 117-123.

 

Taft, C. T., Bryant-Davis, T., Woodward, H. E., Tillman, S., & Torres, S. E. (2009).

Intimate partner violence against African American women: An examination of the

socio-cultural context. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(1), 50-58.

 

Tate, C. (1983). Black Women Writers at Work. Michigan: Continuum.

 

Tate, L. (1996). A Southern Weave of Women: Fiction of the Contemporary South.

Athens: University of Georgia Press.

 

Tjaden, P. G., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate

partner violence. Retrieved from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181867.pdf

 

Tyson, L. (2014). Critical theory today: A user-friendly guide. New Jersey: Routledge.

 

Vaidyanathan, G. (2012). Alice Walker, The Color Purple, Critical Study Rama Brothers,

ISBN 978-81-7581-316-8.India PVT.

 

Walker, A. (1986). Meridian. New York: Pocket Books.

 

Walker, A. (1976). Meridian. New York: Pocket Books.

 

Walker, A. (1985). The Colour Purple. New York: Pocket Books.

 

Walker, A. (1982). The Colour Purple. New York, NY: Mariner Books.

 

Walker, A. (1994). Everyday use. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

 

Walker, A. (1988). Living by the Word: Selected Writings, 1973-1987. New York:

Mariner Books.

 

Walker, A. (1970). The Third Life of Grange Copeland. New York: Pocket Books.

 

Walker, A. (1988). The third life of grange Copeland. London: Phoenix Paperback.

 

Walker, A. (2011). The third life of Grange Copeland. New York: Open Road Media.

 

Walker, A. (1992). Possessing the Secret of Joy. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

 

Walker, A. (2004). Alice Walker’s Novel Scores Big with Readers: Now is the Time to

Open Your Heart is a Deeply Moving Personal Story. Interview with Alice Walker.

Sacramento Observer. 05 May 2004.

 

Walker, A. (2005). The Same River Twice: Honoring the Difficult. London: Phoenix.

 

Walker, A. (2004). The Colour Purple. Essex: Orion Publishing

 

Walker, A. (2006). We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting for: Inner Light in a Time of

Darkness: Meditations. New York: The New Press.

 

Walker, A. (2011). Now is the Time to Open Your Heart. New York: Weidenfeld &

Nicolson.

 

Walker, A. (2012). Womanist-Buddhist Dialogue. Buddhist-Christian Studies, 32, 45.

 

Walker, A. (2012). By the light of my father's smile: A novel. New York: Weidenfeld &

Nicolson.

 

Walker, A., & Parmar, P. (1996).Warrior marks: female genital mutilation & the sexual

blinding of women. Canadian Woman Studies, 14(3), 125.

 

Walker, M. (1991). Down from the Mountaintop: Black Women’s Novels in the Wake of

the Civil Rights Movement. New Haven: Yale UP.

 

Wankhade, D. B. (2015). Alice Walker as novelist of colour consciousness and

multiracialism. Indian Streams Research Journals. 5 (1). 1-4.

 

Watkins, M. (1982). Some Letters Went to God. The New York Times, 25.

 

West, C. M. (2005). Domestic violence in ethnically and racially diverse families: the

“political gag order” has been lifted. In Sokoloff, N. & Pratt, C. (Eds.), Domestic

Violence at The Margins: Readings of Race, Class, Gender, and Culture (pp 157-

173). New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

 

Yahya, W. R., Aminian, M., & Rahman, E. A. (2010). Gender representation in Alice

Walker’s selected novels. International Journal of the Humanities, 8(1), 1-18.

 

Young, R. J. (2003). Postcolonialism: A very short introduction. Oxford University

Press. Oxford.

 

Zhang, X. & Ye, Y. (2018). On Black Female Consciousness in the Colour Purple.

Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences, Arts and

Humanities, China.

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.