UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
The purposes of the study were to analyse the essential oils composition,
phytochemicals, and antioxidant activity of selected species of the genus Litsea (L.
costalis, L. machilifolia and L. globularia), Beilschmiedia (B. kunstleri, B. insignis
and B. pahangensis) and Cryptocarya (C. impressa, C. infectoria and C. rugulosa)
from Lauraceae family. The essential oils were obtained via hydrodistillation
technique and their chemical compositions were determined by gas chromatography
(GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The phytochemicals
were obtained using chromatography techniques and their structures were confirmed
by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature. The antioxidant activity of
the essential oils and extracts was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging
assay. The study showed that the major components of L. costalis, L. machilifolia and
L. globularia essential oils were β-caryophyllene (12.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene
(29.5%) and β-caryophyllene (25.2%), respectively. Besides, α-longipinene (11.0%),
(E)-nerolidol (32.4%) and δ-cadinene were the major components from the essential
oils of B. kunstleri, B. insignis and B. pahangensis, respectively. As for C. impressa,
C. infectoria and C. rugulosa, the essential oils consisted of α-cadinol (40.7%), β-
caryophyllene (25.4%) and bicyclogermacrene (15.6%), respectively. The
dichloromethane and methanol extracts of B. insignis yielded seven phytochemicals
identified as vanillic acid, vanillin, benzyl benzoate, benzoic acid, betulin, β-sitosterol
and β-sitostenone. All essential oils displayed weak activity in DPPH radical
scavenging assay, while the L. costalis methanolic extract showed the strongest
activity (IC50 21.9 ppm) comparable to ascorbic acid (IC50 2.9 ppm). In conclusion,
the major composition of essential oils was sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, meanwhile
carboxylic acids and terpenes were successfully isolated from B. insignis extracts. The
implication of the study showed the essential oils and extracts of the genus Litsea,
Beilschmiedia and Cryptocarya have potential in pharmaceutical applications. |
References |
Adams, R.P. (2001). Identification of Essential Oil by Gas chromatographyquadrupole-mass spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream IL, USA.
Ahmad, F., Jantan, I., Bakar, B.A. & Ahmad, A.S. (2005). A comparative study of the composition of the leaf oils of three Litsea species from Borneo. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 17, 323-326.
Ahmad, F., Zaidi, M.A.S., Sulaiman, N. & Majid, F.A.A. (2015). Issues and Challenges in the Development of the Herbal Industry in Malaysia. Proceedings of the Persidangan Kebangsaan Ekonomi Malaysia Ke-10. September 18-20, 2015. Melaka: Fakulti Ekonomi dan Pengurusan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Ali, S., Kasoju, N., Luthra, A., Singh, A., Sharanabasava, H., Sahu, A. et al. (2008). Indian Medicinal Herbs as Sources of Antioxidants. Food Research International, 4, 1-15.
Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N.A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S.A. & Anwar, F. (2015). Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(8), 601-611.
Alsarhan, A.A., Sultana, N., Al-Khatib, A. & Kadir, M.R.A. (2014). Review on some Malaysian traditional medicinal plants with the rapeutic properties. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 10, 149-159.
Andrade, P.M.D., Melo, D.C.D., Alcoba, A.E.T., Junior, W.G.F., Pagotti, M.C., Magalhaes, L.G. et al (2017). Chemical composition and evaluation of antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of the essential oil from leaves of Cryptocarya aschersoniana Mez. (Lauraceae Juss.). Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 90(3), 2671-2678.
Arif, M.M., Raj, S.M., Jirovetz, L. & Shafi, M.P. (2008). Composition and antimicrobial analysis of the essential oil of Litsea laevigata Nees. (Lauraceae). Natural Product Communications, 3(7), 1069-1072.
Arunodaya, H.S., Krishna, V., Shashikumar, R. & Kumar, K.G. (2016). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of stem bark essential oil constituents of Litsea glutinosa C.B. Rob. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(12), 258-264.
Arya, V. & Yadav, J.P. (2011). Antioxidant properties of the methanol extracts of the leaves, seeds, and stems of Cassia occidentalis. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5, 547-556.
Atmani-Merabet, G., Belkhiri, A., Dems, M. A., Lalaouna, A., Khalfaoui, Z. & Mosbah, B. (2018). Chemical composition, toxicity, and acaricidal activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil from Algeria. Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, 31(2), 89-93.
Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D. & Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils - a review. Food Chemical Toxicology, 46, 446-475.
Banfield, J.E., Black, D.S., Collins, D.J., Hyland, B.M.P., Lee, J.J. & Pranowo, S.R. (1994). Constituents of some species of Beilschmiedia and Endiandra (Lauraceae): New endiandric acid and benzopyran derivatives isolated from Beilschmiedia oligandra. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 47, 587-607.
Baul, T.K., Hossain, M.M., Mezbahuddin, M. & Mohiuddin, M. (2011). Vegetative propagation of Litsea monopetala, a wild tropical medicinal plant: Effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on stem cuttings. Journal of Forestry Research, 22(3), 409-416.
Brophy, J.J., Forster, P.I. & Goldsack, R.J. (2016). Coconut Laurels: The leaves essential oils from four endemic Australian Cryptocarya species: C. bellendenkerana, C. cocosoides, C. cunninghamii and C. lividula (Lauraceae). Natural Product Communications, 11(2), 255-258.
Burkill, H.I. (1966). A Dictionary of Economic Pproducts of the Malay Peninsula, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operative: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Carvajala, M.A., Vergara, A.P., Santander, R. & Osorio, M.E. (2016). Chemical composition and anti-phytopathogenic activity of the essential oil of Beilschmiedia miersii. Natural Product Communications, 11(9), 1367-1372.
Caverri, C. & Ciccio, J.F. (2010). Essential oils from Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.) Hemsl. (Lauraceae) from Costa Rica. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 22(3), 259-262.
Chen, F.C., Peng, C.F., Tsai, I.L. & Chen, I.S. (2005). Antitubercular constituents from the stem wood of Cinnamomum kotoense. Journal of Natural Products, 68(9), 1318-1323.
Chen, J.J., Chou, E.T., Duh, C.Y., Yang, S.Z. & Chen, I.S. (2006). New cytotoxic tetrahydrofuran and dihydrofuran type lignans from the stem of Beilschmiedia tsangii. Planta Medica, 72, 351-357.
Chen, J.J., Chou, E.T., Peng, C.F., Chen, I.S., Yang, S.Z. & Huang, H.Y. (2007). Novel epoxyfuranoid lignans and antitubercular constituents from the leaves of Beilschmiedia tsangii. Planta Medica, 73, 567-571.
Cheng, M. & Cheng, Y. (1983). Compositions of the essential oils of Litsea kostermanin Chang, Litsea gerciae Vidal and Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 30(1), 59-62.
Choudhury, S.N., Singh, R.S. & Ghosh, A.C. (1996). Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob., A new source of essential oil from Northeast India. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 8, 553-556.
Choudhury,S., Ahmed, R., Barthel, A. & Leclercq, P.A. (1998). Composition of the stem, flower and fruit oils of Litsea cubeba Pers. from two locations of assam, India. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 10(4), 381-386.
Chouna, J.R., Nkeng-Efouet, P.A., Lenta, B.N., Devkota, K.P., Neumann, B., Stammler, H.G. et al. (2009). Antibacterial endiandric acid derivatives from Beilschmiedia anacardioides. Phytochemistry, 70, 684-688.
Chowdhury, J.U., Bhuiyan, M.N.I. & Nandi, N.C. (2008). Aromatic plants from Bangladesh: essential oils of leaves and fruits of Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Robinson. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 37(1), 81-83.
Cruz, S.M., Marroquin, M.N., Gaitan, I.C. & Caceres, A. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and ethanolic extracts of three species of Laurel (Litsea spp.) from Guatemala. Acta Horticulturae, 1030, 23-29.
Dai, D.N., Lam, N.T.T., Dung, N.A., Huong, L.T., Chau, D.T.M. & Ogunwande, I.A. (2019). Composition of essential oils from Litsea acutivena Hayata. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 10, 615-621.
Elshafie, H.S. & Camele, I. (2017). An overview of the biological effects of some mediterranean essential oils on human health. BioMed Research International, 9268468.
Fankam, A.G., Kuiate, J.R. & Kuete, V. (2014). Antibacterial activities of Beilschmiedia obscura and six other Cameroonian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant Gram negative phenotypes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14, 241-250.
Gogoi, R., Loying, R., Sarma, N., Munda, S., Pandey, S.K. & Lal, M. (2018). A comparative study on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, genotoxicity, antimicrobial activities and chemical composition of fruit and leaf essential oils of Litsea cubeba Pers from North-east India. Industrial Crops and Products, 125, 131-139.
Grosvenor, P.W., Gothard, P.K., McWilliam, N.C., Supriono, A. & Gray, D.O. (1995). Medicinal plants from Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Part 1: Uses. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 45(2), 75-95.
Guzmán-Gutierrez, S.L., Gomez-Cansino, R., García-Zebadua, J.C., Jimenez-Perez, N.C. & Reyes-Chilpa, R. (2012). Antidepressant activity of Litsea glaucescens essential oil: Identification of β-pinene and linalool as active principles. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 143(2), 673-679.
Hammida, S.A. & Ahmad, F. (2015). Chemotype of Litsea cubeba essential oil and its bioactivity. Natural Product Communications, 10(7), 1301-1304.
Havsteen, B.H. (2002). The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 96, 67-202.
Hiromichi, N., Iwakiri, M. & Kubota, T. (1978). The constituents of the essential oil from Litsea japonica (Thunb.) Juss., fruit. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 42(8), 1601-1603.
Ho, C.L., Lin, C.Y., Wang, E.I. & Su, Y.C. (2011). Composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf and twig essential oils of Litsea akoensis from Taiwan. Natural Product Communications, 6(6), 901-904.
Ho, C.L., Liao, P.C., Wang, E.I. & Su, Y.C. (2011). Composition and antimicrobial activity of the leaf and twig oils of Litsea acutivena from Taiwan. Natural Product Communications, 6(11), 1755-1758.
Ho, C.L., Liao, P.C., Wang, E.I.C. & Su, Y.C. (2011). Composition and antifungal activities of the leaf essential oil of Neolitsea parvigemma from Taiwan. Natural Product Communications, 6(9), 1357-1360.
Hsouna, A.B., Halima, N.B., Smaoui, S. & Hamdi, N. (2017). Citrus lemon essential oil: chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities with its preservative effect against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in minced beef meat. Lipids in Health and Disease, 16, 146-157.
Huang, Y.T., Chang, H.S., Wang, G.J., Cheng, M.J., Chen, C.H., Yang, Y.J. et al. (2011). Anti-inflammatory endiandric acid analogues from the roots of Beilschmiedia tsangii. Journal of Natural Products, 74, 1875-1880. Igdir, H.B., Rezai, M.R. & Hoseini, M. (2013). The packaging state of Iranian medicinal plants in view of their production exports. Advanced Crop Science, 3(2), 181-190.
Irulandi, K., Kumar, S.J., Arun, K.D., Rameshprabu, N. & Swamy, P.S. (2016). Leaf essential oil composition of two endemic Litsea Species from South India. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 52(1), 159-161.
Iwu, M.M. (1993). Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Jantan, I. & Hock, G.S. (1990). The essential oils of Cinnamomum mollissimum as natural sources of safrole and benzyl benzoate. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 2(3), 252-259.
Jeon, Y. & Lee, H. (2016). Chemical composition and acaricidal activities of essential oils of Litsea cubeba fruits and Mentha arvensis leaves against house dust and stored food mites. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 19(7), 1721-1728.
Jian-Qing, Y., Jia-Chuan, L., Xiu-Qiao, Z., Huai-Dong, Y., Dai-Zhi, T., Zhi-Xiong, L. et al. (2011), Anticancer, Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of Lycopus lucidus Turcz. var. hirtus Regel. Food Chemistry, 126, 1593-1598.
Jiang, Z., Akhtar, Y., Bradbury, R., Zhang, X. & Isman, M.B. (2009). Comparative toxicity of essential oils of Litsea pungens and Litsea cubeba and blends of their major constituents against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 4833-4837.
Jiau-Ching, H., Chiu-Ming, C. & Lie-Ching, R. (2004). Neolignans from the Parasitic Plants. Part 2. Cassytha filiformis. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 51, 221-223.
Jiménez-Pérez, N.C., Lorea-Hernandez, F.G., Jankowski, C.K. & Reyes-Chilpa, R. (2011). Essential oils in Mexican bays (Litsea spp., Lauraceae): Taxonomic assortment and ethno botanical implications. Economic Botany, 65(2), 178-189.
Jin, Y., Wu, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Sun, W., Dong, L. et al. (2018). Litsine A: A new aporphine alkaloid from the root barks of Litsea glutinosa. Records of Natural Products, 13(2), 167-171.
Johns, S.R., Lamberton, J.A., Sioumis, A.A. & Tweeddale, H.J. (1969). New aporphine alkaloids from Beilschmiedia podagrica. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 22, 1277-1281.
Juliawaty, L.D., Kitajima, M., Takayama, H., Achmad, S.A. & Aimi, N. (2000). A new type of stilbene-related secondary metabolite idenburgene from Cryptocarya idenburgensis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 48, 1726- 1728.
Kai, Y., Cheng, F.W., Chun, X.Y., Zhu, F.G., Rui, Q.S., Shan, S.G. et al. (2014). Bioactivity of essential oil of Litsea cubeba from China and its main compounds against two stored product insects. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 17, 459-466.
Kala, C.P. (2005). Ethnomedicinal botany of the Apatani in the Eastern Himalayan region of India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 1(11), 1-8.
Kerry-Nicholls, J.H. (1886). The origin, physical characteristics and manners and customs of the Maori race, from data derived during a recent exploration of the King Country. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 15, 187-209.
Khattree, R. & Naik, D.N. (2000). Multivariate data reduction and discrimination with SAS Software. SAS Institute Inc.
Khong, H.Y. (2006). The essential oils of some Litsea species. CSSR; 2006. Kitagawa, I., Minagawa, K., Zhang, R.S., Hori, K., Doi, M., Inoue, M. et al. (1992). Dehatrine, an antimalarial bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from the Indonesian medicinal plant Beilschmiedia madang, isolated as a mixture of two rotational isomers. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 41, 997-999.
Kochummen, K.M. (1989). In Tree Flora of Malaya: A Manual for Foresters. Longman, Selangor, Malaysia.
Kuete, V., Dzotam, J.K., Voukeng, I.K., Fankam, A.G. & Efferth, T. (2016). Cytotoxicity of methanol extracts of Annona muricata, Passiflora edulis and nine other Cameroonian medicinal plants towards multi-factorial drug-resistant cancer cell lines. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-12.
Kumar S., Shukla Y.N., Lavania U.C., Sharma A. & Singh A.K. (1997). Medicinal and aromatic plants: Prospects for India. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 19, 361-365.
Ladan, Z., Amupitan, J.O., Oyewale, O.A., Okonkwo, E.M., Ladan, E.O., Odjobo, B. et al. (2011). Chemical composition and biological activity of the volatile oils of Hyptis spicigera against Trypanosoma brucei found in Northern Nigeria. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 5, 53-58.
Lee, J.H., Lee, J.M., Chung, H. & Chang, P.S. (2007). Development of a method predicting the oxidative stability of edible oils using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Food Chemistry, 103, 662-669.
Li, X.W., Li, J., Huang, P.H., Wei, F.N., Cui, H.B. & van der Werff, H. (2008). Lauraceae. In: Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H., Hong, D. Y. (Eds.). Flora of China. Beijing, China: Science Press and St. Louis, MO, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
Lin, I.J., Lo, W.L., Chia, Y.C., Huang, L.Y., Cham, T.M., Tseng, W.S. et al. (2010). Isolation of new esters from the stems of Cinnamomum reticulatum Hay. Natural Product Research, 24, 775-780.
Lin, C.T., Chu, F.H., Tseng, Y.H., Tsai, J.B., Chang, S.T. & Wang, S.Y. (2007). Bioactivity investigation of Lauraceae trees grown in Taiwan. Pharmaceutical Biology, 45(8), 638-644.
Liu, T. & Yang, T. (2012). Antimicrobial impact of the components of essential oil of Litsea cubeba from Taiwan and antimicrobial activity of the oil in food systems. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 156, 68-75.
Liu, Y., Wang, H., Wei, S. & Cai, X. (2013). Characterisation of the essential oil from different aerial parts of Lindera chunii Merr. (Lauraceae). Natural Product Research, 27(19), 1804-1807.
Maciel, A.J., Lacerda, C.P., Danielli, L.J., Bordignon, S.A.L., Fuentefria, A.M. & Apel, A. (2019). Antichemotactic and antifungal action of the essential oils from Cryptocarya aschersoniana, Schinus terebinthifolia, and Cinnamomum amoenum. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 16, 1-10.
Meamarbashi, A. (2014). Instant effects of peppermint essential oil on the physiological parameters and exercise performance. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 4(1), 72–78.
Mehat, S.I. (2008). Chemical compositions of essential oil from six Litsea species. Thesis: Bachelor of Science. Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Malaysia.
Nasrullah, A.A., Zahari, A., Mohamad, J. & Awang, K. (2013). Antiplasmodial alkaloids from the bark of Cryptocarya nigra (Lauraceae). Molecules, 18(7), 8009-8017.
Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M. & Snader, K.M. (2000). The influence of natural products upon drug discovery. Natural Product Reports, 17, 215-234.
Nishida, W.S. (1999). Revision of Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae) in the Neotropics. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 86, 657-701.
Nishida, W.S. (2008). Taxonomic revision of Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea, 53, 345-383.
Nkeng-Efouet, P.A. (2012). Phytochemicals from Beilschmiedia anacardioides and their biological significance, phytochemicals - A global perspective of their role in nutrition and health. In Tech. Edited by Venketeshwer R.
Othman, W.N.N.W., Sivasothy, Y., Liew, S.Y., Mohamad, J., Nafiah, M.A., Ahmad, K. et al. (2017). Alkaloids from Cryptocarya densiflora Blume (Lauraceae) and their cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Phytochemistry Letters, 21, 230-236.
Ozen, T. (2010). Antioxidant activity of wild edible plants in the black sea region of Turkey. Grasas y Aceites, 61, 86-94.
Perry, L.M. (1980). Medicinal plants of East and Southeast Asia (Attributed Properties and Uses). The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London.
Pinto, J.J., Silva, G., Figueroa, I., Tapia, M., Urbina, A., Rodriguez, J.C. et al. (2015). Insecticidal activity of powder and essential oil of Cryptocarya alba (Molina) Looser against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. Cultural Research, 76(1), 48- 54.
Qin, Z., Feng, K., Wang, W., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Lu, J. et al. (2018). Comparative study on the essential oils of six Hawk tea (Litsea coreana Levl. var. lanuginosa) from China: Yields, chemical compositions and biological activities. Industrial Crops and Products, 124, 126-135.
Rajuddin, E. (2008). Phytochemicals and biological activities of Piper porphyrophllum N.E.Br., Piper magnibacum C.DC., Piper majusculum Ridl. and Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Thesis Doctor of Philosophy (Chemistry). Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Rali, T., Wossa, S.W. & Leach, D.N. (2007). Comparative chemical analysis of the essential oil constituents in the bark, heartwood and fruits of Cryptocarya massoy (Oken) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) from Papua New Guinea. Molecules, 12, 149-154.
Rath, C.C., Devi, S., Dash, S.K. & Mishra, R.K. (2008). Antibacterial potential assessment of jasmine essential oil against E.coli. Indian Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 70(2), 238-241.
Ravindra, K.N. & Sharanappa, P. (2019). Leaves and bark volatile composition and their antioxidant activity of Cryptocarya stocksii Meisn. - A vulnerable tree growing in India. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(9), 12307-12317.
Ricardo, M.A.G., Andreo, M.A., Cavalheiro, A.J., Gamboa, I.C., Bolzani, V.S. & Silva D.H.S. (2004). Bioactive pyrones and flavonoids from Cryptocarya ashersoniana seedlings. Arkivoc, 6, 127-136.
Salleh, W.M.N.H.W., Ahmad, F. & Khong, H.Y. (2014). Chemical compositions and biological activities of the essential oils of Beilschmiedia madang Blume (Lauraceae). Archives of Pharmacal Research, 38(4), 485-93.
Salleh, W.M.N.H.W., Ahmad, F., Khong, H.Y. & Zulkifli, R.M. (2015a). Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil of Beilschmiedia pulverulenta. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(2), 322-330.
Salleh, W.M.N.H.W., Ahmad, F., Khong, H.Y. & Zulkifli, R.M. (2015b). Chemical compositions and biological activities of essential oils of Beilschmiedia glabra. Natural Product Communications, 10(7), 1297-1300.
Salleh, W.M.N.H.W., Ahmad, F., Khong, H.Y. & Zulkifli, R.M. (2015c). Comparative study of the essential oils of three Beilschmiedia species and their biological activities. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51, 240-249.
Salleh, W.M.N.H.W., Ahmad, F. & Khong, H.Y. (2015d). Chemical compositions and biological activities of the essential oils of Beilschmiedia madang Blume (Lauraceae). Archives of Pharmacal Research, 38, 485-493.
Salleh, W.M.N.H.W., Ahmad, F., Khong, H.Y., Zulkifli, R.M. & Sarker, S.D. (2016a). Madangones A and B: Two new neolignans from the stem bark of Beilschmiedia madang and their bioactivities. Phytochemistry Letters, 15, 68- 173.
Salleh, W.M.N.H.W., Ahmad, F., Khong, H.Y., Zulkifli, R.M. & Sarker, S.D. (2016b). Madangones A and B: Two new neolignans from the stem bark of Beilschmiedia madang and their bioactivities. Phytochemistry Letters, 15, 68- 173.
Sangat, H.M. & Larashati, I. (2002). Some ethnophytomedical aspects and conservation strategy of several medicinal plants in Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 3(2), 231-235.
Scora, R.W. & Scora, P.E. (2001). Essential leaf oil of Persea subgenus Eriodaphne and closely related Perseoid genera. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 13, 37- 42.
Setzer, W.N. & Haber, W.A. (2007). Leaf essential oil composition of five species of Beilschmiedia from Monteverde, Costa Rica. Natural Product Communications, 2(1), 79-83.
She, Q., Li, W., Jiang, Y., Wu, Y., Zhou, Y. & Zhang, L. (2019). Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of Litsea cubeba essential oils in different months. Natural Product Research, 31, 1-4.
Son, L.C. Dai, D.N., Thang, T.D. & Huyen, D. (2014). Analysis of the essential oils from five Vietnamese Litsea species (Lauraceae). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 17(5), 960-971.
Sriramavaratharajan, V., Sudha, V. & Murugan, R. (2016). Characterization of the leaf essential oils of an endemic species Cinnamomum perrottetii from Western Ghats, India. Natural Product Research, 30(9), 1085-1087.
Su, Y. & Ho, C. (2013). Composition and in-vitro cytotoxic activities of the leaf essential oil of Beilschmiedia erythrophloia from Taiwan. Natural Product Communications, 8(1), 143-144.
Su, Y.C. & Ho, C.L. (2013). Composition, in-vitro anticancer, and antimicrobial activities of the leaf essential oil of Machilus mushaensis from Taiwan. Natural Product Communications, 8(2), 273-275.
Sulaiman, S.N. (2011). Alkaloids Isolated from Litsea grandis and Litsea lancifolia (Lauraceae). University of Malaya, Malaysia.
Sulaiman, S.N., Zahari, A., Liew, S.Y., Litaudon, M., Issam, A.M., Wahab, H.A., et al. (2018). Pahangine A and B, two new oxetane containing neolignans from the barks of Beilschmiedia glabra Kosterm (Lauraceae). Phytochemistry Letters, 25, 22-26.
Sun, C., Li, J., Wang, D., Yu, J., Wang, X. & Huang, L. (2015). Preparative separation of alkaloids from Litsea cubeba using combined applications of pH zone refining and high-speed counter-current chromatography. RSC Advances, 5, 75831-75837.
Suzuki, Y., Saito, Y., Goto, M., Newman, D.J., O’Keefe, B.R., Lee, K. et al. (2017). (−)-Neocaryachine, an antiproliferative pavine alkaloid from Cryptocarya laevigata, Induces DNA Double-Strand Breaks. Journal of Natural Products, 80(1), 220-224.
Talontsi, F.M., Lamshoft, M., Bauer, J.O., Razakarivony, A.A., Andriamihaja, B., Strohmann, C. et al. (2013). Antibacterial and antiplasmodial constituents of Beilschmiedia cryptocaryoides. Journal of Natural Products, 76, 97-102.
Tang, B., Tu, H., Long, H., Du, J., Guo, J., Liu, H. et al. (2016). A new N-methoxylcarbonyl benzylisoquinoline from Litsea cubeba. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 19(9), 941-945.
Tchoula, J.M. (2001). Inventaire Ethnobotanique des plantes medicinales du Noun (Ouest-Cameroun) utilisées pour soigner les infections fongiques et bactériennes. Mémoire de Maitrise de Biologie Végétale, Université de Dschang.
Thongtip, P., Atiphasaworn, P., Monggoot, S., Pansanit, A. & Pripdevech, P. (2017). In vitro antibacterial activity and essential oil composition of Litsea petiolata Hook.f. leaves. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 7(9), 94-98.
Vallverdú, C., Vila, R., Cruz, S.M., Cáceres, A. & Cañigueral, S. (2005). Composition of the essential oil from leaves of Litsea guatemalensis. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20, 415-418.
Wang, H. & Liu, Y. (2010). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from different parts of Litsea cubeba. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 7(1), 229-235.
Wang, L., Luo, Y.P., Yang, X.D., Zhao, J.F. & Li, L. (2010). Chemical constituents of Litsea pedunculata. Journal of Yunnan University, 32, 568-571.
Werff, H. (1996). Toward an improved classification of Lauraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 83, 409-418.
Wiart, C. (2006). Medicinal Plants of Asia and the Pacific. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, London, New York.
Williams, D.F. & Schmitt, W.H. (1994). Chemistry and technology of the domestics and toiletries industry. Blackie Academic and Professional, USA.
Williams, D.G. (1997). The chemistry of Essential oils. An introduction for Aromatherapists, Beauticians, Retailer and Students. Miccelle Press, England.
Wong, M., Lim, L., Ahmad, F. & Assim, Z. (2014). Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Litsea elliptica Blume and Litsea resinosa Blume (Lauraceae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(5), 386-392.
Wu, H., Zhang, M. & Yang, Z. (2019). Repellent activity screening of 12 essential oils against Aedes albopictus Skuse: Repellent liquid preparation of Mentha arvensis and Litsea cubeba oils and bioassay on hand skin. Industrial Crops and Products, 128, 464-470.
Xie, Z. & Yu, Y. (1996). The guide of national Chinese herbal medicine (I). People’s Medical Publishing House: Beijing, China.
Yang, P.S., Cheng, M.J., Peng, C.F., Chen, J.J. & Chen, I.S. (2009). Endiandric acid analogues from the roots of Beilschmiedia erythrophloia. Journal of Natural Products, 72, 53-58.
Yang, T., Liou, M., Hu, T., Peng, C. & Liu, T. (2013). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Litsea cubeba on cariogenic bacteria. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 25(2), 120-128.
Yang, Y., Jiang, J., Qimei, L., Yan, X., Zhao, J., Yuan, H. et al. (2010). The fungicidal terpenoids and essential oil from Litsea cubeba in Tibet. Molecules, 15(10), 7075-7082.
Zellner, B.A., Dugo, P., Dugo, G. & Mondello, L. (2010). Analysis of Essential Oils. Handbook of Essential Oils; Science, Technology, and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group.
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |