UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :
Main Author :Aquino, Leticia N.
Title :Comparing the kindergarten program of Fhilippines and Malaysia towards developing a program evaluation model
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
Year of Publication :2019
Notes :with cd\r\nPAKK
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
This  study  compared  the  Kindergarten  Program  (KP)  of  Philippines  and  Malaysia towards  the  development  of  a  program  evaluation  model  for  the  Philippines.  The  objectives  of  the  study  were  to  identify  the  laws  and  policies  that  guide  the  implementation of the Kindergarten Program; to describe the issues and challenges in the   implementation  of  the  program  in  terms  of  management,  curriculum,  teachers, instruction,  assessment, learning resources and instructional materials, learning space and  environment,  and   parental  and  community  involvement;  and  to  develop  a Kindergarten Program evaluation model  for the Philippines. This case study involves four public kindergarten schools that included four  principals/headmasters, 12 teachers, eight  parents  and  one  kindergarten  supervisor.  The   Discrepancy  Evaluation  Model (DEM) of Provus (1971) and Steinmetz (1983) and Stufflebeam’s (2003)  CIPP  model were used as framework to determine the desired standards in the actual implementation  of  KP.  The  instruments  were  semi-structured  interview  protocol  and  interview, documentary   and  observation  checklists.  Thematic  analysis  of  Creswell  (2012), through open, axial and  selective coding was performed which unveiled the findings on similarities and differences of  national laws, curriculum, managerial structure, teacher qualifications, teaching-learning process,  learning resources and space. Documentary and content analyses were also conducted to analyse  discussions on laws and policies for effective implementation of the program. The study yielded to  a conclusion that both Philippines and Malaysia strive to achieve SDG Target 4.2 on the universal  access to  early  childhood  education  by  all  children  and  aspire  to  provide  quality   program services. Recommendations of the study include program development, policy-making, teacher  development, management structure and teaching-learning environment. This benchmark study has  implications to government leaders, educational leaders, teachers, parents,  and  community leaders   to  work  hand  in  hand  for the  attainment  of  quality kindergarten program.  

References

Abbas,  M.Y.,  Othman,  M.,  &  Rahman,  P.Z.M.A.  (2012).  Pre-school  classroom

environment: Significant upon childrens’ play behaviour? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 

(ajE-Bs) 49, 47-65.

 

Abdelfattah, M. (2015). Realizing a progressive pedagogy: A comparative case study of  two  Reggio  

Emilia  preschools  in  San  Francisco.  Universal  Journal  of Educational   Research    3(12):   

1074-1086.       http://www.hrpub.org   DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2015.031217.

 

Acosta, A.S. & Acosta, I.C. (2016). Does teacher licensure matter? Basic education reform in the 

Philippine education system. International Journal of Education ISSN 1948-5476 2016, Vol. 8, No. 4.

 

Alikor, O. (2014). A critical analysis of the universal basic education policy in Nigeria: 

Consequences  of  the  extent  of  the  implementation  of  free  and  compulsory education. 

Unpublished dissertation. University of the Free State.

 

Aquino,  L.,  Nordin,  M.,  &  Mazlina  Che,  M.  (2017).  Comparing  the  kindergarten curriculum 

framework of the Philippines and Malaysia. International  Journal of Early Childhood Education 

Care. Vol. 6,  ISSN 228956/e  ISSN 2550-763 (27-40).

 

Aziz, N.F.  & Said,  I.  (2012).  The trends  and  influential  factors  of  children's  use  of 

outdoor  environments:  A  review.  Procedia-Social  and  Behavioral  Sciences, (ajE-Bs) 38, 

204-212.

 

Azlina, W. (2012). A pilot study: The impact of outdoor play spaces on kindergarten children. 

Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, (ajE-Bs) 38, 275-283.

 

Baikulova,  A.M.,  Ibrayeva,  M.K.,  Shalabayeva,  L.I.  et  al.  (2016).  The  system  of 

development programmes on pre-school and school education in the Republic of Kazakhstan. 

doi:10.1007/s10780-016-9288-4.

 

Barnett, S. & Carolan, M. (2013). Trends in state funded preschool in the United States: Findings 

from 10 years of policy surveys. National Institute for Early Education Research.   International 

Journal of Child Care and Education Policy. Korea

Institute of Child Care and Education Vol. 7, No. 1, 5-23.

 

Barnett, W. S., Carolan, M. E., Squires, J. H., Brown, K. C., & Horowitz, M. (2014). The state of 

preschool: State preschool yearbook. Rutgers, NJ: National Institute for    Early    Education    

Research.    Retrieved    October    18,    2015,    from: http://nieer.org/sites/nieer/files/ 

Yearbook2014_full2_0.pdf.

 

Barnett, W. S., Carolan,  M. E., Fitzgerald, J.,  & Squires, J. H. (2012).  The  state  of 

preschool  2012:  State  preschool  yearbook.  New  Brunswick,  NJ:  National Institute for Early 

Education Research.

 

Barokah, K., Hasnah T., & Anuar, A. (2012). Issues and trends in remedial education: What do the 

teachers say? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 47 (2012) 1597 – 1604.

 

Barsness, K. (2017). Are we doing kindergarten all wrong? Empowering Research for Educators. June 

2017, Volume 1, No. 1, Issue 1 Article 2.

 

Bassok, D. & Reardon, S.F. (2013). Academic redshirting in kindergarten: Prevalence, patterns, and 

implications. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 35(3), 283–297. 

http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1015022.

 

Beibei,  P.,  Brian  C.,  Chris  N.,  &  Xiaodong,  Z.  (2016).  Parents’  satisfaction  with 

kindergarten services in Beijing at a time of systemic expansion. Australasian Journal of Early 

Childhood. Volume 41, Number 1, March 2016.

 

Bertrand, J. (2012). Preschool programs: Effective curriculum. Comments on Melhuish & Barnes, Kagan 

& Kauerz, Schweinhart, & Leseman. MA Teachers College, Topic Editor: Edward Melhuish, Columbia 

University, USA December 2012, 2nd ed., 25-28.

 

Bernard, H., Wutich, A., & Ryan, G. (2017). Analyzing qualitative data: Systematic approaches (2nd 

ed), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA Google Scholar.

 

Blair,  S.L.  (2014).  Parental  involvement  and  children’s  educational  performance:  A 

comparison of Filipino and US parents.  Journal of Comparative Family Studies 45(3):351-+. June 

2014. DOI: 10.3138/jcts.45.3.351.

 

Bodrova, E., Germeroth,  C., & Leong, D. (2013). Play and self-regulation:  Lessons from Vygotsky. 

American Journal of Play 6:111–23.

 

Britto,  P.R.,  Engle,  P.L.,  &  Cuper,  C.M.  (2013).  Handbook  of  early  childhood development 

 research  and  its  impact  on  global  policy.  London:  Oxford University                        

Press.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199922994.001.0001.

 

Bruns, B. & Lugue, J. (2014). Great teachers: How to raise student learning in Latin America and 

the Caribbean, World Bank, Washington D.C.

 

Calub,  C.  (2015).  Overcoming  the  challenges  in  the  implementation  of  the  k-12 

curriculum: Towards a culture of excellence.

 

Çankaya,  Ö.  (2012).  Computer  games  in  preschool  education.  The  use  of  some mathematical  

 concepts   on   teaching.(Unpublished   master's   thesis).Atatürk University Educational Sciences 

Institute, Erzurum, Turkey.

 

Carjuzaa, J. & Kellough, R.D. (2013).  Teaching in the middle school (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, 

NJ: Pearson.

 

Cayabyab, M.J. (2013). PHL is Asia’s ‘worst performer’ in MDGs, says UN official. GMA     News     

Online.     Retrieved     January     21,     2014,     from     http:// 

www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/      300027/economy/business/phl-is-asias- worst 

performer-in-mdgs-says-un-official.

 

Center  on  Enhancing  Early  Learning  Outcomes.  (2014).  Fast  fact:  Information  and resources 

on developing state policy on kindergarten entry assessment (KEA). New Brunswick, NJ: Author. 

http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED555719.

 

Chang, A., Sandhofer, C. M., & Brown, C. S. (2011). Gender biases in early number exposure   to   

preschool-aged   children.   Journal   of   Language   and   Social Psychology, 30 (4), 440-450.

 

Cheng, P.W.D. & Wu, S.C. (2013). Serious learners or serious players? Revisiting the concept of 

learning through play in Hong Kong and German classrooms. In O.

F. Lillemyr, S. Dockett, & B. Perry (Eds.), Perspectives on play and learning: Theory and research 

on early years’ education (pp. 193-212). The Information Age Publishing Inc.

 

Chikwiri, E. & Musiyiwa, J. (2017). Challenges and gaps in children’s transition from early 

childhood development to grade one in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Educational Administration 

and Policy Studies.Vol.9(7), pp. 91-102.  DOI: 10.5897/IJEAPS2017.0510 Article Number: 228CD8765040 

ISSN 2141-6656.

Ching,  T.T.  (2017).  Enhancing  the  quality  of  kindergarten  program  in  Singapore: Policies 

and strategies in the 21st century. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy.

 

 

Cicconi, M. (2014). Vygotsky meets technology: Are invention of collaboration in the early 

childhood mathematics classroom. Early Childhood Education Journal, 42(1), 57-65.

 

Clarke, L. & Abbott, L. (2013). Hands on the iPad, heads in the cloud: Teaching and learning with 

iPads in a Belfast primary school. In R. McBride & M. Searson (Eds.),   Proceedings   of   Society  

 for   Information   Technology   &   Teacher

 

Education  International  Conference 2013 (pp. 3672-3680). Chesapeake,  VA: AACE.

Cook, K., Corr, L., & Breitkreuz, R. (2016). The framing of Australian childcare policy problems 

and their solutions. Critical social policy, 36(4), 1-22.

 

Corbin,  J.  &  Strauss,  A.  (2014).  Basics  of  qualitative  research:  Techniques  and 

procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Google Scholar.

 

Corraliza, J.A., Collado, S., & Bethelmy, L. (2012). Nature as a moderator of stress in urban  

children.  Procedia-Social  and  Behavioral  Sciences,  (ajE-Bs)  38,  253- 263.11.

 

Cortázar, A. (2015). Long-term effects of public early childhood education on academic achievement 

in Chile. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 32 (2015), 13-22. http://www.sciencedirect.com.

 

Creswell, J.W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among the five approaches 

(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Creswell,   J.W.   (2009).   Research   design:   qualitative,   quantitative,   and   mixed 

approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publication.

 

DepEd Central Office Report. (2017). Enhanced basic education information system. Kindergarten   

data   in   public   elementary  schools   school   year   2014-2015. Generated based on DepEd Data 

Based System Report. August 17, 2017.

 

DepEd K to 12 Basic Education Program, March 2012.

 

DepEd Order No. 7, s. 2015. Hiring guidelines for teacher I positions for school year (SY) 

2015-2016. Philippines.

 

DepEd Order No. 8, s. 2015. Policy guidelines on classroom assessment for the K to 12 basic 

education program. Philippines.

 

DepEd Order No. 16. s. 2012. Guidelines on the implementation of the mother tongue- based 

multilingual education (MTB-MLE). Philippines.

 

Department Order No. 21, s. 2012. Policies and guidelines on the implementation of the universal 

kindergarten education program.

 

DepEd Order No. 22. s. 2015. Hiring guidelines for the remaining teaching positions effective 

school year (SY) 2015-2016.

 

DepEd Order No. 32, s. 2012. Implementing rules and regulations of Republic Act (RA) No. 10157 

otherwise known as the kindergarten education act.

 

DepEd Order No. 43, s. 2013. Implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of Republic Act No. 10533 

otherwise known as the enhanced basic education act of 2013.

 

DepEd Order No. 47, s. 2016. Omnibus policy on kindergarten education.Philippines.

 

De  Ree,  J.  (2016).  How  much  teachers  know  and  how  much  it  matters  in  class: Analyzing 

3 rounds of subject-specific test score data of Indonesian students and  teachers.  Policy Research 

 Working  Paper  No.  WPS  7556.  World  Bank, Washington, DC.

 

Diokno, B. (2018). On increasing the salaries of teachers. Department of Budget and Management-DBM 

Secretary. Press briefing on January 17, 2018.

 

Duncan,  G.J.  &  Magnuson,  K.  (2013).  Investing  in  preschool  programs.  Journal  of Economic 

Perspectives, 27(2), 109-132. doi: 10.1257/jep.27.2.109.

Dzulkifli,  D. (2014). Cilisos Media Sdn. Bhd. Copyright @ 2014. All rights reserved. Early  

childhood  care  and  education  (ECCE)  policy  implementation  review  2007.

(2008). Curriculum Development Centre. Ministry of Education, Malaysia.

 

Ebbeck, M. & Chan, Y.Y.Y. (2011). Instituting change in early childhood education: Recent 

developments in Singapore. Early Childhood Education Journal, 38(6), 457–463.

 

Education for All (EFA) Global Education Monitoring Report. (2015). Education for all 2000-2015: 

Achievements and challenges. UNESCO Publishing 7, Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France. 

ISBN 978-92-3-100085-0.

 

Education for All (EFA) National Review Report: Philippines. (2015). UNESCO. World Education Forum. 

efa2015reviews@unesco.org.

 

Education Services Australia (2011). Australian Professional Standards for Teachers. Retrieved     

February     2011     from     http://www.aitsl.edu.au/docs/default- 

source/apst-resources/australian_professional_standard_      for_teachers_final. pdf.

 

Emir,  Ö.M.  (2011).  The  effects  of  children's  programs  on  child  behavior  of  60-72 

months, (Unpublished master's thesis), Afyon Kocatepe University, Institute of Social Sciences, 

Afyon.

 

Espinosa, J. (2013). Journey of a novice kindergarten teacher. UMI Number:  3589606.

 

Executive  Order  Number  201,  s.  2016.  Modifying  the  salary  schedule  for  civilian 

government personnel and authorizing the grant of additional benefits for both civilian and 

military and uniformed personnel.

 

Faas,   S.   (2016).   Kulturelle   bildung   im   kindergarten.   Didaktisch-konzeptionelle 

Anmerkungen zur gestaltung vorschulischen lernens. Sozialmagazin, 41(2), 42- 49.

 

Faas, Stefan, Wu, Shu-chen, & Geiger, Steffen. (2017). The importance of play in early childhood 

education: A critical perspective on current policies and practices in Germany and Hong Kong.   

Global Education Review, 4 (2), 75-91.

 

Farhanan,  N.,  Azhari,  N.,  Qamaruzaman,  N.,  Fazli,  A.,  Bajunid,  I.,  &  Hassan,  A. (2015). 

The quality of physical environment in workplace child care centers. Procedia- Social and 

Behavioral Sciences.

 

Fees, B.S., Hoover, L., & Zheng, F. (2014).  Chinese kindergarten teachers’ perceived changes  in  

their  teaching  philosophies  and  practices:  A  case  study  in  a university-affiliated  

program  IJEC  (2014)  46:  231.  doi:10.1007/s13158-014-

0109-6).

 

Froebel, F. (1967a). Outline of a plan for founding and developing a kindergarten. In I.

M. Lilley (Ed.), Friedrich Froebel: A selection from his writing. (pp. 117-119). New       York:    

   Cambridge       University       Press.       Retrieved       from 

http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?     Article     =     1110$     & context=sferc.

 

Froebel, F. (1967b). Pedagogics of the kindergarten.  In I. M. Lilley (Ed.), Friedrich Froebel:  A  

selection  from  his  writings  (pp.  92-117).  New  York:  Cambridge University     Press.      

Retrieved      from      http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=1110$& 

$context=sferc.

 

Funnell,  S.C.  &  Rogers  R.J.  (2011).  Purposeful  program  theory:  Effective  use  of theories 

 of  change  and  logic  models.  ISBN:  978-0-470-93989-5  February 2011 Jossey-Bass 576 Pages. 

Copyright @ 2000-2018 by John Willey & Sons, Inc., or related companies.

 

Gananathan, R. ICEP (2011). Implications of full day kindergarten program policy on early childhood 

pedagogy and practice 5: 33. doi:10.1007/22886729-5-233. International Journal of Child Care and 

Education Policy November 2011, Volume 5, Issue 2, pp 33–45.

 

Glewwe, P. Hanushek, E., Humpage, S., & Ravina, R. (2011). School resources and educational 

outcomes in developing countries: A review of the literature from 1990 to 2010. National Bureau of 

Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.

 

Global  Child  Development  Group  (2011).  Child  development  series:  Executive summary.      

The      Lancet.      Kingston:      Global      Child      Development 

Group.www.globalchilddevelopment.org

 

Goldstein, P., Warde, B. & Peluso, P. (2013). Children’s readiness gains in publically funded,  

community-based  pre-kindergarten  programs  for  4  year  olds  and

 

preschool for 3 year olds. Child youth care forum 42: 507. doi:10.1007/s10566- 013-9215-0.

 

Guce,  J.J.  (2012).  Attitudes  of  grade  school  and  kindergarten  teachers  of  Sta.  Ana 

elementary  school  towards  the  new  kindergarten    curriculum.  Unpublished thesis. Philippine 

Normal University, Manila.

 

Gullo,  D.  &  Hughes,  K.  (2010).  Reclaiming  kindergarten:  Part  I.  Questions  about theory  

and  practice.  Early  Childhood  Education  Journal  (2011)  38:323–328 DOI   

10.1007/s10643-010-0429-6.   Published   online:   9   November   2010 Springer Science+Business 

Media, LLC 2010.

 

Halimah, B. A. M., Eow, Y. L., & Chuah, B. E. (2016). Continuous teacher education process  in  

school.  Journal  of  Research,  Policy  &  Practice  of  Teachers  & Teacher Education. Vol. 6, 

No. 2, pp. 33-44.

 

Hargreaves,  A.  &  Shirley,  D.  (2011).  The  far  side  of  educational  reform.  Ottawa, 

Ontario, CAN: Canadian Teachers’ Federation.

 

Haug, K.H. & Storø, J. ICEP. (2013). Kindergarten – a universal right for children in Norway. 

International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy. 7:1. Doi: 10.1007/2288-6729-7-2-1   

November   2013,   Volume   7,   Issue   2,   pp1-13.

http://link.  Springer.com/article/10.1186/s40723-015-0016-9-December  2015,

9:13.

 

Hawkinson Ann-Marie, Faria Nora Bouacha, Dong Hoon Lee, & Ivan Metzger. (2017). American institutes 

for research. Midwest Early Childhood Education Research Alliance.

 

Hazrina  Haja,  Bava  Mohidin,  Alice  Sabrina  Ismail,  &  Hidayati  Ramli.  (2015). Effectiveness 

 of  kindergarten  design  in  Malaysia.  Procedia  -  Social  and Behavioral  Sciences  202    (  

2015  )    47  –  57,  Elsevier.  Available  online  at www.sciencedirect.com.

 

Heckman,  J.J.  (2011).  The  economics  of  inequality:  The  value  of  early  childhood 

education. American Educator, 35(1), 31-35, 47.

 

Holloway, D., Green, L., & Livingstone, S. (2013). Zero to eight. Young children and their        

internet        use.        LSE,        London:        EU        Kids        Online. 

http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/52630/1/Zero_to_eight.pdf.

 

Howell,  N.  (2014).  Difficult  times  ahead:  The  challenges  facing  Saudi  Arabia. Retrieved   

    from       http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/indian- 

ocean/1825-difficult-times-ahead-the-challenges-facingsaudi-arabia.html

 

Hu, B.Y. & Li, K. (2012). The quality rating system of Chinese preschool education: Prospects and 

challenges. Childhood Education, 88(1), 14–22.

 

Hu, B.Y., Zhou, Li K., & Sherron K.R. (2014). Examining program quality disparities between  urban  

and  rural  kindergartens  in  China:  Evidence  from  Zhejiang, Journal    of    Research    in    

Childhood   Education,    28:4,    461-483,   DOI: 10.1080/02568543, 2014.944720.

 

Ibrahim  Yasar  Kazu  &  Abdulgafur  Is.  (2018).   Journal  of  Education  and  Training Studies 

Vol. 6, No. 3; March. ISSN 2324-805X   E-ISSN 2324-8068 Published by Redfame Publishing URL: 

http://jets.redfame.com.

 

Ihmeideh, F. & Al-Maadadi, F. (2018). Towards Improving Kindergarten Teachers’ Practices Regarding 

the Integration of ICT into Early Years Settings. The Asia

-Pacific  Education  Researcher;  Manila  Vol.  27,  Issue  1,    (Feb  2018):  65-

78. DOI:10.1007/s40299-017-0366-x

 

Ilagan,   K.   (2011).   Stories   tagged   “special   education”.   Philippine   Center   for 

Investigative Journalism. https://pcij.org/tag/special-education/.

 

 

Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA No. 9442. An act amending Republic Act No. 7277, otherwise 

known as the magna carta for persons with disability.

 

 

Ivrendi, A. & Isikoglu, E.N. (2015). Play in a Turkish cultural context. J.L. Roopnarine,

M. M Patte, J.E. Johnson ve D. Kuschner (Ed.), International perspectives on children's play icinde 

(210-221). New York: Open University Press.

 

Jain,  C.,  Mariani  M.N.,  Nor  Mashitah,  M.R,  Che’Mah  Yusof,  Abdullah  Kadir,  & Shahrul 

Nizam Salim. (2012). The preschool curriculum implementation versus problems.                       

                  Universiti                                         Malaya 

file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/New%20folder/preschool%20vs%20 problems.pdf.

 

Jamil Hazri, Nordin Razak, Reena Raju, & Abdul Rashid Mohamed. (2019). Teacher professional  

development  in  Malaysia:  Issues  and  challenges.  CICE  Series Center for Internship and 

Community Engagement. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.

 

Jang, L., Moore, L., & Lin, Y. (2014). Parents’ perspectives in childcare quality and satisfaction 

in Taiwan. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 3(5), 3-19.

 

Jia-Yiing, H. (2016). English remedial instruction to enhance low-achieving students’ vocabulary. 

Issues in Language Studies. Vol. 5  No. 1. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan              Idris          

    and              SMK              Kapit              Sarawak. 

http://www.ils.unimas.my/images/pdf/v5n1/ILS_v5n1_HO.pdf.

 

Karoglu, H. & Ünüvar, P. (2017). Children's development characteristics and social skills  level  

of  pre-school  children  Mehmet  Akif  Ersoy  Üniversitesi  Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi 

ISSN:1302-8944 Year: 2017, 43, 231-254.

 

Kidd, D. (2014).  Licensed to matter.  Licensed to create. RSA  Action and Research Center.         

         London,                  UK.                  Retrieved                  from 

http://www.dylanwiliam.org/Dylan_Wiliams_website/DW_publications_files/ Licensed                    

                                                        %20to%20create%20-

%20Ten%20essays%20on%20improving%20teacher%20quality

%20(RSA%202014).pdf.

 

Kindergarten Curriculum Guide. (2016). Standards and competencies for five-year-old Filipino 

children. K to 12 basic education curriculum.

 

Kindergarten  Teacher’s  Guide.  (2017).  Printed  in  the  Philippines  by Department  of 

Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd – BLR).

 

Knight,  J.  &  Morshidi,  S.  (2011).  The  complexities  and  challenges  of  regional education  

    hubs:      focus      on      Malaysia      by      high      education.62: 

593.doi:10.1007/s10734-011-9467-2

 

Kol, S. (2012). Computer assisted instruction (CAI) of six year olds to gain time and their effects 

on concepts of space, (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Selcuk University, Institute of Social 

Sciences, Konya, Turkey.

 

K to 12 Education in Southeast Asia. (2012). Regional comparison of the structure, content,   

organization   and   adequacy   of   basic   education.   Department   of Education and SEAMEO 

INNOTECH ISBN 978-971-0487-57-8.

K to 12 Kindergarten curriculum guide May 2016.

 

K to 12 Toolkit. (2012). SEAMEO-INNOTECH. Resource guide for teacher educators, school 

administrators and teachers

 

Küçükoglu, B. (2013). Okul öncesi egitime yönelik bilgisayar destekli ögretim tasarimi 

(Yayinlanmamis  yüksek  lisans  tezi).  Bahçesehir  Üniversitesi  Fen  Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 

Istanbul, Türkiye.

 

Laws of Malaysia. Act 550. Education Act 1996. Incorporating all amendments up to 1 January 2006.

 

Laws of Malaysia. Act 611. Child Act 2001.

 

Laws of Malaysia. Education Act 1961 (had been amended to Education Act 1996).

 

Leinonen,  J.  &  Venninen,  T.  (2012).  Designing  learning  experiences  together  with 

children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, (ajE-Bs) 45, 466-474.

 

Lenovo Education. (2012). Going mobile: Strategic best practices for K-12 IT leaders [White         

                  paper].                           Retrieved                           from 

http://www.eschoolnews.com/files/2013/05/Going-Mobile-Strategic-Best- 

Practices-for-K12-IT-Leaders.pdf.

 

Leow, C. & Wen, X. (2017). Is full day better than half day? A propensity score analysis of the 

association between head start program intensity and children’s school performance in kindergarten. 

Early Education and Development, 28(2), 224- 239. DOI: 10.1080/10409289.2016.1208600.

 

Li, H., Rao, N., & Tse, S.K. (2012). Adapting Western pedagogies for Chinese literacy instruction: 

Case studies of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Singapore preschools. Early Education and Development, 

23(4), 603–621.

 

Llenaresas, H., Bercasio, R.R., & Oyales, J.M. (2015). Model K to 12- aligned teacher education 

program for pre-school. International  Journal of Arts  & Sciences; Cumberland Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 

469-480.

Lynch, M. (2015). More play, please! The perspective of kindergarten teachers on play in the 

classroom. Spring. American Journal of Play, volume 7, number 3.

 

Madhubala Bava Harji, Kavitha Balakrishnan, & Krishnanveni Letchumanan. (2016). SPIRE   project:   

Parentalinvolvement   in   young   children’s   ESL   reading development.English Language 

Teaching;  Vol.  9, No. 12; 2016  ISSN 1916- 4742   E-ISSN 1916-4750. Canadian Center of Science 

and Education.

 

Mahaley, D. (2013). Teaching and learning with the iPad: A 3 year review. Retrieved from      

http://www.emergingedtech.com/2013/07/teaching-and-learning-with- the-ipad-a-3-year-review/.

 

Majzub, R.M. (2013). Critical issues in preschool education in Malaysia. Faculty of Education.   

Universiti   Kebangsaan   Malaysia   43600   UKM   Bangi,   Recent Advances  in  Educational  

Technologies.  ISBN:  978-1-61804-155-5  Selangor Malaysia.

 

Malaysia  Education  Blueprint  (MEB)  2013-2025.  (2013).  Putrajaya:  Ministry  of Education 

Malaysia. ISBN 976-963-3444-54-0.

 

Malaysia  Education  Blueprint  (MEB)  2013-2025.  (2012).  Malaysia  Ministry  of Education.       

        Retrieved        from        http://www.moe.gov.my/userfiles/ 

file/PPP/Preliminary-Blueprint-Eng.pdf.

 

Malaysia  Ministry  of  Education.  (2010).  Dokumen  kurikulum  standard  prasekolah kebangsaan. 

Kuala Lumpur: Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum.

 

Malaysia Ministry of Education. (2012). Education in Malaysia – Standard of education excellence. 

Education Planning and Research Development.

 

Malaysia Ministry of Education. (2013). Statement of Intent 2013-2018. Wellington: Ministry         

        of                 Education.                 Retrieved                 from 

http://www.education.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Ministry/Publications/Statem 

ents-ofintent/StatementOfIntent2013.pdf.

 

Malaysia  Ministry  of  Education.  (2014).  Elemen  KBAT  dalam  kurikulum.  Kuala Lumpur: 

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia.

 

Malaysia Ministry of Education. (2015). Kurikulum standard prasekolah kebangsaan.

Putrajaya: Bahagian pembangunan kurikulum.

 

Malaysia Ministry of Education. (2016). Kurikulum standard prasekolah kebangsaan. pendidikan   

prasekolah.   Dokumen   standard   kurikulum   dan   pentaksiran. kementerian pendidikan Malaysia.

 

Malaysia Ministry of Education. (2017). Kurikulum standard prasekolah kebangsaan.

Pendidikan prasekolah. Dokumen standard kurikulum dan pentaksiran semaka.

 

Malaysia Newsletter. (2014). Childhood Matters 2014 Highlights. The Early Childhood Care & 

Education Council Vol. 3.

 

Malaysian Qualifications Agency. (2014). 14th Floor, Bock B. Menara PKNS PJ No. 17,  Jalan  Yong  

Shook  Lin  46050  Petaling  Jaya  Selangor  Darul  Ehsan. www.mqa.gov.my.

 

Manuel, M.F. & Gregorio, E. (2011). Legal frameworks for early childhood governance in the 

Philippines, International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy.

 

Maroto, M.L. & Brannon, R.N. (2012). Summary of background data on the ECCE workforce: Challenges 

and opportunities: A workshop report.

 

Matei, A. & Ghenta, M. (2017). Quality of the ECEC Workforce in Romania: Empirical Evidence  from  

Parents’  Experiences.  Social  Policies  Department  National Scientific Research Institute for 

Labour and Social Protection.

 

Mathers,  S.,  Eisenstadt,  N.,  Sylva,  K.,  Soukakou,  E.,  &  Ereky-Stevens,  K.  (2014). Sound  

foundations:  A  review  of  the  research  evidence  on  quality  of  early

 

childhood education and care for children under three– Implications for policy and practice. 

Oxford, UK/London, University of Oxford/the Sutton Trust.

 

McEwan, P. (2013). Improving learning in primary schools of developing countries: A meta-analysis 

of randomized experiments. Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA.

 

Miles, B., Huberman, A., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis (3rd ed.), Sage 

Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA Google Scholar.

 

Milli     Egitim     Bakanligi-MEB.     (2013).     Okul     Öncesi     egitim     Programi. 

http://ttkb.meb.gov.tr/program2.aspx/program2.aspx?islem=1&kno=202.

 

Ministry  of  Education.  (2012).  Preliminary  report:  Malaysia  Education  Blueprint 2013-2025. 

Putrajaya: Ministry of Education, Malaysia.

 

Ministry   of   Education.   (2012b).   Nurturing   early   learners:   A   curriculum   for 

kindergartens in Singapore. Ministry of Education: Republic of Singapore.

 

Ministry of Education. (2004). National Preschool Curriculum, Malaysia. Montessori, M. (1907). Casa 

dei bambini—Italian for “children’s house”.

 

Morelock, J. (2011). Mobile devices in Canby SD: Meeting the needs of every student. Retrieved      

  from        http://wiki.canby.k12.or.us/groups/        ipodusergroup/ 

weblog/6a110/attachments/daa48/ipodachievementdata 20092010.pdf.

 

Muelle, C.M. (2013). The history of kindergarten: From Germany to the United States. Florida 

International University, USA. Retrieved from http://digital commons. fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? 

article=1110$ &context=sferc.

 

Mustafa, Lily Muliana. (2016). Relationship between service quality dimensions and parents’ 

satisfaction in KEMAS preschool. Unpublished dissertation. Faculty of Management and Economics 

Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia.

 

Mustafa, Lily Muliana & Azman, M.N.A. (2013). Preschool Education in Malaysia: Emerging  Trends  

and  Implications  for  the  Future.  American  Journal  of Economics. Vol. 3 No. 6, pp. 347-351. 

doi: 10.5923/j.economics.20130306.15.

 

 

National Association for the Education of Young Children. (2014). Revised guidance for assessment. 

NAEYC early childhood programs standards and accreditation criteria.             Retrieved          

   from             http://www.naeyc.org/academy/ files/academy/file/RevisedGuidance. 

April2014.pdf.

 

NAEYC. (2009). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving    children 

   from    birth    through    age    8.    http://www.naeyc.org/ 

files/naeyc/file/positions/position%20 statement%20Web.pdf.

 

NAEYC.  (2003).  Position  statement:  Early  childhood  curriculum,  assessment,  and program      

   evaluation.Retrieved        December        15,        2017         from 

https://www.naeyc.org/sites/default/files/globallyshared/downloads/PDFs/reso 

urces/posiion-statements/pscape.pdf.

 

NAEYC.  (2009).  Where  we  stand  on  school  readiness.  Washington,  DC.  Retrieved from 

http://www.naeyc.org/files/naeyc/file/positions/Readiness.pdf.

 

Newton,    X.,    Poon,    R.,    Nunes,    N.,    &    Stone,    E.    (2013).    Research    on 

teacher education programs: Logic model approach. Evaluation and Program Planning, 36 (2013), 88 - 

96. http://www.sciencedirect.com.

 

Nidhi K., Cristina L., & Shreyasi, J. (2010). The effects of school-based management in  the  

Philippines:    An  initial  assessment  using  administrative  data.  Policy Research Working 

Paper.

 

Nihat  Sad,  S. & Gürbüztürk,  O.  (2013). Primary school students’ parents’ level of involvement 

into their children’s education.   Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice,  13(2)  Educational  

Consultancy  and  Research  Center.  Retrieved fromwww.edam.com.tr/estp.

 

Nik Farhanah N.A., Nurulhusna, Q., Anniz Fazli, I.B., & Azman H. (2015). The quality of physical 

environment in workplace childcare centers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 202 (2015) 

15-23.

 

Oishimaya,   S.N.   (2018).   The  richest   and   poorest   countries   of   Southeast   Asia. 

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-richest-and-poorest-countries-of- southeast-asia.html.

 

Omnibus Policy on Kindergarten Education. (2016). Department Order (DO) Number 47, s.2016. 

Department of Education. Republic of the Philippines.

 

Organization  for  Economic  Cooperation  and  Development  OECD.  (2012).  Starting strong  III:A  

 quality  toolbox  for  early  childhood  education  and  care.OECD Publishing.      Retrieved      

http://www.oecd.org/edu/school/      startingstrong 

qualitytoolboxforearlychildhoodeducationandcare.htm#2.

 

Parker, E., Atchison, B., & Workman, E. (2016). State pre-k funding for 2015-16 fiscal year: 

National trends in state preschool funding. Education Commission of the

 

States     50-State     Review.     Retrieved     from          http://www.ecs.org/ec- 

content/uploads/01252016_Prek-K_Funding_report4.pdf.

 

Pashiardis, G., & Pashiardis, P. (2011). Investigating teachers’ excellence in Cyprus. In

P. Anastasiades, P. Calogiannakis, K. Karras, & C. C. Wolhuter (Eds.), Teacher Education in Modern 

Era: Trend and Issues (pp. 59–71). Greece: University of Crete.

 

Pawilen, G.T. (2012). A Model for Developing Curriculum Standards for Preschool Teachers.

 

 

Pearson, E. (2015). Moving forward with early childhood care and education (ECCE) post-2015 in the 

Asia Pacific Region: An analysis of global and national policy goals. ICEP 9:13 DOI 

10.1186/s40723-015-0016-9.

 

Peraturan-Peraturan  Taman  Asuhan  Kanak-Kanak  (2012)  or  Child  Care  Centre Regulations 2012.

 

Philippine Education Note. (2016). Increasing investment to improve basic education outcomes in the 

Philippines. World Bank Group and Australian Aid. June 2016, No. 1.

 

Philippine Education Note. (2016). Assessing systems for hiring and deploying teachers in the 

Philippines. World Bank Group and Australian Aid. June 2016, No. 2.

 

Philippine  Education  Note.  (2016).  Developing  a  proficient  and  motivated  teacher workforce 

in the Philippines. World Bank Group and Australian Aid. June 2016, No. 3.

 

Philippine  Education  Note.  (2016).  Building  better  learning  environments  in  the 

Philippines. World Bank Group and Australian Aid. June 2016, No. 4.

 

Philippine Education Note. (2016). Providing schools with enough resources to deliver quality 

education in the Philippines. World Bank Group and Australian Aid. June 2016, No. 6.

 

Philippine Education Note. (2016). Assessing the role played by local government in supporting   

basic   education   in   the   Philippines.   World   Bank   Group   and Australian Aid. June 2016, 

No. 7.

 

Philippine  Education  Note.  (2016).  Understanding  the  drivers  of  public  school performance  

 and   efficiency  in   the   Philippines.   World   Bank   Group   and Australian Aid. June 2016, 

No. 8.

 

Philippine Senate. The kindergarten act. Senate Bill 2700, (2011).

 

Phillips, D.A. & Meloy, M.E. (2012). High-quality school-based pre-k can boost early learning for 

children with special needs and exceptional children, 78(4), 471- 490.

 

Pianta, R., Howes, C., Burchinal, M., Bryant, D., Clifford, R., & Early, et al., (2005). Features  

of  pre-kindergarten  programs,  classrooms,  and  teachers:  Do  they predict  observed  classroom 

 quality  and  child-teacher  interactions?  Applied Developmental Science, 9(3), 144-159.

 

Pillen, M., Beijaard, & Den Brok, P. (2013). Professional identity tensions of beginning teachers.  

Teachers  and  teaching:  Theory  and  practice,  19,  660-678.  doi: 10.1080/13540602.2013.827455.

 

Powell, S.D. (2015). Your introduction to education: Explorations in teaching (3rd ed.).

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

 

Price, S., Jewitt, C., & Crescenzi, L. (2015). The role of iPads in pre-school children’s mark 

making development. Journal Computers & Education, 87, 131–141.

 

Provus,  M.N.  (1969).  Discrepancy  evaluation  model.  Pittsburgh:  Pittsburgh  Public Schools.

 

Provus, M.N. (1971). Discrepancy evaluation. Berkeley, CA: McCutcheon. Puthucheary, J. ( 2016). 

Committee of supply debate-speech by minister of state Dr.

Janil                Puthucheary.                Singapore:                Ministry                

of

Education.https://www.moe.gov.sg/news/speeches/moe-fy-2016-committee-of 

supplydebate-speech-by-minister-of-state-dr-janil-puthucheary.   Accessed   20

June 2016.

 

Qian,  Y.  (2013).  The  study  on  early  childhood  education  policy.  Nanjing:  Nanjing Normal 

University Press.

 

RA 7277 – Magna Carta of Disabled Persons

 

Rabaah, A., Doaa, D., & Asma, A. (2016). Early childhood education in Saudi Arabia: Report. World 

Journal of Education Vol. 6, No. 5; 2016.

 

Ramberg,  M.R.  (2014).  What  makes  reform  work?—School  based  conditions  as predictors  of  

teachers’  changing  practice  after  a  national  curriculum  reform. International Education 

Studies, 7 (2), 46-65.

 

Ray,   K.   &   Smith,   M.C.   (2010).   The   kindergarten   child:   What   teachers   and 

administrators need to know to promote academic success in all children.  Early Childhood Education 

Journal 38: 5. doi:10.1007/s10643-010-0383-3.

 

Reeves, J.L., Gunter, G.A., & Lacey, C. (2017). Mobile learning in pre-kindergarten: Using student 

feedback to inform practice. Educational Technology & Society, 20 (1), 37–44.

 

Regional ECCE Policy Forum (Seoul, Korea 10-12 September 2013). A speech of Mr. Tang.               

                        file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/New%20folder/ 

ADG_Speech_for_ECCE_Policy_Forum_Korea_Final    4_sep_2013_.pdf

 

Remigio, D. (2009). An evaluation of the kindergarten program of day care centers of San  Mateo,  

Isabela.  Thesis.  Philippine  Normal  University,  Isabela  Campus, Alicia, Isabela.

 

Repko-Erwin, M.  (2017). Was kindergarten left behind? Examining US kindergarten as the new first 

grade in the wake of no child left behind. Global Education Review, 4(2), 58-74.

 

Republic Act 9003 known as Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

 

Republic  Act  No.  10157.  Kindergarten  education  act.  An  act  institutionalizing  the 

kindergarten program into the basic education system and appropriating funds 

thereforhttp://www.gov.ph/2012/01/20/republic-act-no-10157/.

 

Republic Act No. 10410. The Early Years Act (EYA) of 2013.

 

Republic Act No. 10533. Enhanced basic education act of 2013.An act enhancing the Philippine   

basic   education   system   by   strengthening   its   curriculum   and increasing the number of 

years for basic education, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes  

http://www.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10533/.

 

Republic Act No. 10912. Continuing Professional Development Act of 2016 or (CPD) Law.An   act   

mandating   and   strengthening   the   continuing   professional development  program  for  all  

regulated  professions,  creating  the  continuing professional  development  council,  and  

appropriating  funds  therefor,  and  for other related purposes. 

https://www.united-architects.org/cpd/cpd-law/.

 

Republic Act No. 7277. An act providing for the rehabilitation, self-development and self- reliance 

of disabled persons and their integration into the mainstream of society and for other purposes.

 

Republic Act No. 7836. Philippine teachers professionalization act of 1994. An act to strengthen  

the  regulation  and  supervision  of  the  practice  of  teaching  in  the Philippines and 

prescribing a licensure examination for teachers and for other purposes.

 

Republic Act No. 8980. ECCD Act on a national system for early childhood care and 

development.http://library.pcw.gov.ph/sites/default/files/republic-act-8980.pdf

 

Republic of the Philippines, DBM Department of Budget and Management. (2018).

 

Richards, W. (2015). Remedial instruction program. Georgia’s School Superintendent.

 

Rudasill,  K.M.,  Hawley,  L.R.,  LoCasale-Crouch,  J.,  &  Buhs,  E.S.  (2017).  Child 

temperamental regulation and classroom quality in head start: Considering the role of cumulative 

economic risk. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109(1), 118- 130. 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/edu0000123.

 

Rueda,  R.  &  Stillman,  J.  (2012).  The  21st  century  teacher:  A  cultural  perspective.

Journal of Teacher Education, 63(4), 245-243.

 

Ruohotie-Lyhty, M. (2013). Struggling for a professional identity: Two newly qualified language 

teachers' identity narratives during the first years at work. Teaching and Teacher Education, 30, 

120-129. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2012.11.002

 

Sadrina, Ramlee, M. & Muhammad, I. (2018). The evaluation of project-based learning in  Malaysia:  

Propose  a   new   framework  for   polytechnics  system.  jurnal pendidikan   vokasi   volume   8, 

  no   2,   June   2018   (143-150)       online: http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jpv.

 

Sahlberg, P. (2015). Finnish lessons 2.0. What can the world learn from educational chance in 

Finland? (2nd ed.). New York; London: Teachers College.

 

Salamat,   C.   (2013).   Evaluating   the   implementation   of   a   thematic   kindergarten 

curriculum. Unpublished thesis. College of Education UP Diliman, QC. MA in Education  Curriculum  

Studies  in  the  Division  of  curriculum  and  Instruction College of education.

 

Salary Standardization Law of 2015 (SSL 2015). Fourth final tranche 2019.

 

Saldana,  J.  (2016).  The  coding  manual  for  qualitative  researchers  (3rd  ed.),  Sage 

Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Google Scholar.

 

Sapungan, G. &   Sapungan,   R.   (2014).  Parental involvement in child’s education: Importance, 

barriers and  benefits.  Asian Journal of Management Sciences  & Education, 3(2).

 

SEAMEO INNOTECH. (2012). K to 12 in Southeast Asia:  Regional  comparison of the structure, 

content, organization and adequacy of basic education. Quezon City: Philippines.

 

Shaeffer, S. Prospects. (2016). The demand for and the provision of early childhood services since 

2000: Policies and strategies.doi:10.1007/s11125-016-9376-3

 

Shahbazi, S. & Salinitri, G. (2015). Full day early learning kindergarten program team: 

perspectives from the principal. Early Childhood Education Journal.

 

Shields, K.A., Cook, K.D., & Greller, S. (2016). How kindergarten entry assessments are used in 

public schools and how they correlate with spring assessments (REL 2017–182).  Washington,  DC:  

U.S.  Department  of  Education,  Institute  of Education  Sciences,  National  Center  for  

Education  Evaluation  and  Regional Assistance, Regional  Educational  Laboratory Northeast  &  

Islands. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs.

 

Simon, N. (2016).    Challenges pre-school teachers face in the implementation of the early 

childhood curriculum in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Journal of Education and  Practice.    

www.iiste.org  ISSN  2222-1735  (Paper)      ISSN  2222-288X (Online) Vol.7, No.1. 2016.

 

Sims, M. (2013). The importance of early years education. In D. Pendergast & S. Garvis (Eds.), 

Teaching early years: Curriculum, Pedagogy and Assessment. (pp. 20 - 32). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen 

and Unwin.

 

Sims,  M.  &  Waniganayake,  M.  (2015).  The  performance  of  compliance  in  early childhood: 

Neoliberalism and nice ladies. Global Studies in Early Childhood, 5(3), 333-345. 

https://doi.org/10.1177/2043610615597154.

 

Snow,  K.  (2013).  Research  news  you  can  use:  Debunking  the  play  vs.  learning dichotomy.  

Washington,  D.C.:  National  Association  for  the  Education  of Young  Children.  Retrieved  

from:    https://www.naeyc.org/content/research- news-youcan-use-play-vs-learning. Spillane.

 

Social Weather Survey (2012). June 17 press release from the Department of Education from   the   

official   gazette,   retrieved   from   http://www.gov.ph/tag/K-12/on September 21, 2012.

 

Stedron, J. & Berger, A. (2014). NCSL technical report: State approaches to school readiness  

assessment.Denver,  CO:  National  Conference  of  State  Legislators. Retrieved                   

February                   16,                   2012,                   from 

http://www.ncsl.org/documents/Educ/KindergartenAssessment.pdf.

 

Steiner,  R.  (1919).  Waldorf  early  childhood  association  of  North  America.  (2014). 

Organizational   Membership:   WECAN   Teacher   Education   Membership

 

Handbook.       Retrieved       from       http://www.waldorfearlychildhood.org/ 

membership_org.php.

 

Steinmetz, A. (1976). The discrepancy evaluation model. Measurement in education. No. 2, 7. I~. 

Copyright 1977, National Council on Measurement in Education, Washington, D.C. Reprinted with 

permission.

Steinmetz,  A.  (1983).The  discrepancy  evaluation  model.  In:  Evaluation  Models.

Evaluation in Education and Human Services, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht.

 

Stufflebeam, D.L. (2003). Institutionalizing evaluation in schools. In T. Kellaghan &

D. L. Stufflebeam (Eds.), The international handbook of educational evaluation (Chapter 34). 

Boston: Kluwer.

 

Sun, J., Rao, N. & Pearson, E. (2015). Policies and strategies to enhance the quality of early  

childhood  educators.  Background  paper  for  EFA  Global  Monitoring Report 2015.

 

Suter, W.N. (2012). Introduction to educational research: A critical thinking approach.

Los Angeles, CA, etc.: SAGE.

 

Sutton,  J.  &  Austin,  Z.  (2015).  Qualitative  research:  data  collection,  analysis,  and 

management. Can J Hosp Pharm, 68 (3) (2015), pp. 226-231View Record in Scopus Google Scholar.

 

Taleb, Tagreed Fathi Abu. (2013). Requirements of high-quality kindergarten programs according to 

Jordanian parents: An exploratory study.

 

Tan, C.I., Ewe, A., & Othman, A. (2011). Fostering 1Malaysia concept in Malaysian preschools.     

Insititut     Pendidikan     Guru     Kampus     Tuanku     Bainun 

(file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/1Malaysian%20concept.pdf).

 

The Star ePaper. 2016. Improving preschool standards. September 18, 2016 Issue on 

Education.https://www.thestar.com.my/news/education/2016/09/18/improving

-preschool-standards/#qVugMZbdP03wKe2A.99 The 1987 Philippine Constitution

The 1987 Philippine Constitution. Article II, Section 17. The State shall give priority to 

education.

 

The  1987  Philippine  Constitution.  Article  II,  Section  12.  Special  Requirements  of 

Disabled Persons.

 

The 1987 Philippine Constitution. Article XIV, Section 1. Accessibility of education to all.

 

Toribio,  I.  (2012).  Attitude  of  grade  school  and  kindergarten  teachers  towards  the 

implementation  of  mother  tongue-based  language  in  education.  Unpublished Thesis. Philippine 

Normal University. Manila, Philippines.

 

Tozer,  C.C.  (2012).  The  development  of  team  relationships  in  teacher  and  early childhood 

educator (ECE) integrated staff teaching teams in full-day, every day kindergarten Doctoral 

dissertation, University of Toronto.

 

Tubal, M.C. (2017). The organizational structure in the Philippine education system. 

https://www.slideshare.net/michaeltubal/the-organizational-structure-in-the- 

philippine-education-system.

 

UNESCO (2012). Expanding equitable early childhood care and education is an urgent need. Policy 

paper 03. Prepared for the EFA Global Monitoring Report. Paris: UNESCO.

 

UNESCO   IBE   2016.Print   ISSN   0033-1538   Online   ISSN   1573-9090.   Springer

Netherlands.

 

UNESCO (2006). Strong foundations, early childhood care and education, EFA Global Monitoring Report 

2007.

UNESCO  2014c.  EFA  Global  Monitoring Report  2013/14:  Teaching  and  Learning.

Paris, UNESCO.

 

United         Nations,         SDG         2015-2030.         https://www.un.org/sustainable 

development/education/

UK Department for Education. (2010). The importance of teaching: The schools white paper 2010. 

London: Crown.

 

USA TODAY. (2015). Head start or false start. David J. Armor. September  issue.

 

U.S. DOE Department of Education. (2013). Increasing access to high-quality early childhood  

education  in  Missouri.  The  White  House.  Office  of  the  Press Secretary.                     

                       Retrieved                                            from 

http://www2.ed.gov/about/inits/ed/earlylearning/increasing- access/mo.pdf.

 

Vellymalay, S.K.N. (2012). Parental involvement at home: Analyzing the influence of parents’ socio- 

economic status. Studies in Sociology of Science, 3(1), 1-6.

 

Vizconde,  C.  (2015).  Issues,  concerns  and  prospects:  teacher  training  institutions’ views 

on K-12. Luz y Saber Volume 9,  Issue 1 and 2, June-December 2015 ISSN 1908-9147.

 

Weikart,  D.  (1970).  “HighScope”  early  childhood  education  approach  for  headstart students.

 

Weyer, M. (2016). 3 things lawmakers can do now for our youngest learners: it’s never too early to 

start teaching a child. State Legislatures. December 2016 issue.

 

White, R.E. (2012). The power of play: A research summary on play and    learning. St. Paul, MN: 

Minnesota Childrenâ?AZÃ?DÃt’s Museum, p. 5-8. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed. 

gov/fulltext/EJ792945.pdf.

 

Whitebook, M., Mclean, C., & Austin, L.J.E. (2016). Early childhood workforce index. University    

of    Berkeley.    Retrieved    from    http://cscce.berkeley.edu/files/ 2016/Early 

Childhood-Workforce-Index 2016.pdf.

 

Wong, L. (2012). Committee of supply debate: speech by Mr. Lawrence Wong, Minister of State for 

Education, on better pre-schools, stronger tertiary institutions, more education    opportunities   

 for    all.    Singapore:    Ministry    of    Education. 

http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/speeches/2012/03/08/fy2012-committee-of- supply-debate-mos-wong.php. 

Accessed 27 Nov 2015.

 

World Bank. (2012). Tanzania early childhood development. Washington,   DC, World Bank. (SABER 

Country Report).

 

World  Bank.  (2013).  Tanzania  Early  Childhood  Development.  Washington,      DC, World Bank. 

(SABER Country Report).

 

World  Bank  &  AusAID.  (2013).  School-based  management  in  the  Philippines:  An empirical 

investigation. World Bank and AusAID, Manila.

 

Wortham,  S.C.  (2013).  Common  characteristics  and  unique  qualities  in  preschool 

programs:Global   perspectives   in   early   childhood   education.   Dordrecht: Springer. 

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4972-6.

 

Xin, G. & Pengcheng, W. (2017). A comparative study of pre-service education for preschool   

teachers   in   China   and   the   United   States.   Current   Issues   in Comparative Education 

(CICE) Volume 19, Issue 2, pp. 84-110.

 

Yagnamurthy,  S.  (2011).  Parents  involvement  in  the  education  of  their  children: 

Indicators  of  level  of  involvement.  International  Journal  about  Parents  in Education  

Copyright  2011  by European  Research  Network  about  Parents  in Education     2010,     Vol.    

 5,     No.1,     36-45     ISSN:     1973     –     3518.

http://www.ernape.net/ejournal/index.php/IJPE/article/viewFile/114/74.

 

Yamauchi, F. & Parandekar, S. (2014). School resource and performance inequality: Evidence from the 

Philippines. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6748, Word Bank, Washington D.C.

 

Yin, R.K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods. (5th ed.). London: Sage Publication.

 

Yin, R.K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. The Guilford Press, New York, NY. 

Google Scholar.

 

Ying,  Q.T. (2018). Exploring Issues On Teaching And Learning In Malaysian Private Preschools. DOI: 

10.22452/mojem.vol. 6 No 2.4.

 

Yoon, H. S. (2015). Assessing children in kindergarten: The narrowing of language, culture  and  

identity in  the  testing  era.  Journal  of  Early  Childhood  Literacy, 15(3), 364-393.

 

Yu,  Y.P.  (2013).  Society  and  the  quality  of  early  childhood  education.  People’s 

Education, 1(3-4), 11-12.

 

Zamrus  R.  &  Mokelas  A.  (2000).  Malaysia  Curriculum  planning,  development  and reform.  

Globalization  and  Living  Together:  The  Challenges  for  Educational Content in Asia (CBSE-IBE, 

p 136).

 

Zhou, J. (2012). Comparative study of international early childhood education policy.

Shanghai: Press of East China Normal University.

 

Zigler, E., Barnett, W. S., & Gilliam, W. (Eds.) (2011). The Pre-K debates: Current controversies 

and issues. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.

 

Zimmerman, D. (2012). 8 Essential characteristics of project based learning. Retrieved April     1, 

    2013,     from     http://www.behrmanhouse.com/blog/8-essential- 

characteristics-of-project-based-learning.htm.

 

Zulkifli, M. (2010).  Committee of supply debate: 4th reply by senior parliamentary secretary Mr 

Masagos Zulkifli on enhancing opportunities for all. Singapore: Ministry of Education. 

http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/ speeches/2010/03/10/fy- 2010-committee-of-supply-de-3.php. Accessed 27 

Nov 2015.

 

https://www.topuniversities.com/where-to-study/asia/malaysia/guide

 

(http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/).

 

http://www.ibe.unesco.org/curriculum/Asia%20Networkpdf/MALAYSIA.pdf

 

http://library.pcw.gov.ph/sites/default/files/republic-act-8980.pdf

 

file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/DOCUMENTS/malaysia%20blueprint%202013- 2025.pdf

 

https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/sdg-goal-4

 

https://cilisos.my/are-malaysian-teachers-paid-enough-we-talked-to-6-teachers-to-find-out/

 

file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/NEW%20RELATED%20LITERATUREnow/Educa

 

tion%20Policies%20and%20Practices%20in%20Malaysia.pdf

(w.w.w. deped.gov.ph).

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.