UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
Keseimbangan postur merupakan satu proses yang kompleks. Berkeupayaan untuk
bergerak tanpa bantuan merupakan asas pengawalan keseimbangan. Kawalan
keseimbangan merosot apabila umur seseorang semakin meningkat dan boleh
menyebabkan risiko terjatuh. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji keberkesanan
Program Latihan Keseimbangan (PLK) dalam peningkatan kawalan keseimbangan
statik, dinamik dan tahap kefungsian keseimbangan bagi mencegah risiko terjatuh
dalam kalangan warga tua. Kajian ini berbentuk eksperimen benar menggunakan
praujian dan pascaujian dengan kumpulan kawalan. Seramai 78 orang warga tua yang
berumur 65-85 tahun mengambil bahagian secara sukarela dalam kajian ini. Mereka
diagihkan secara rawak kepada tiga kumpulan iaitu Kumpulan Eksperimen (EG),
Kumpulan Plasebo (PG) dan Kumpulan Kawalan (CG). EG menerima intervensi PLK,
PG menerima intervensi Program Latihan Plasebo dan CG tidak menerima sebarang
intervensi, tetapi mengekalkan aktiviti normal. Intervensi bagi EG dan PG dijalankan
selama enam minggu, tiga sesi seminggu selama lebih kurang sejam. Instrumen kajian
ialah Sistem Pemarkahan Ralat Keseimbangan yang menguji keseimbangan statik,
Ujian Keseimbangan Y yang menguji keseimbangan dinamik dan Skala
Keseimbangan Berg yang menguji tahap kefungsian keseimbangan dan ketiga-tiga
instrumen pengukuran tersebut memperoleh kebolehpercayaan uji-ulang-uji yang
tinggi (ICC=0.772-0.903). Berdasarkan keputusan analisis melalui MANOVA,
dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa EG berjaya memperoleh peningkatan kawalan
keseimbangan statik [F(4,148)=14.620, p=0.000], kawalan keseimbangan dinamik
[F(6,146)=12.286, p=0.000] dan tahap kefungsian keseimbangan [F(12,140)=2.027,
p=0.026] secara signifikan berbanding dengan PG dan CG. Intervensi PLK selama
enam minggu ini adalah berkesan untuk meningkatkan kawalan keseimbangan statik,
kawalan keseimbangan dinamik dan tahap kefungsian keseimbangan dalam kalangan
warga tua. Disarankan para pegawai kesihatan, pengurus rumah kebajikan warga tua
dan organisasi kesihatan boleh mengguna pakai intervensi PLK bagi meningkatkan
kawalan keseimbangan warga tua serta dapat mengurangkan risiko terjatuh. |
References |
Ahmad Shukri Abdul Hamid, & Norliza Mokhtar. (2018). Malaysia menuju negara tua: Apakah yang boleh dipelajari daripada pengalaman negara Jepun. Human Sustainability Procedia, 406-419. Diperoleh dari http://repo.uum.edu.my/26610 /1/INSAN%202018%20406%20419.pdf
Abrahamová, D., & Hlavacka, F. (2008). Age-related changes of human balance during quiet stance. Physiological Research, 57(6), 957-964. Diperoleh dari https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18052683/
Adelman, A. M., Daly, M. P., & Weiss, B. D. (Eds.). (2001). 20 Common problems in geriatrics, volume 971. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.
Ageberg, E., Roberts, D., Holmstromand, E., & Friden, T. (2003). Balance in singlelimb stand in healthy subjects-reliability of testing procedure and the effect of short-duration submaximal cycling. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 4(14). Diperoleh dari https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.11 86/1471-2474-4-14
Al-Aama, T. (2011). Falls in the elderly: Spectrum and prevention. Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien, 57(7), 771-776. Diperoleh dari https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135440/pdf/0570771.pdf
Alcock, L., O’Brien, T. D., & Vanicek, N. (2018). Association between somatosensory, visual and vestibular contributions to postural control, reactive balance capacity and healthy ageing in older women. Health Care for Women International, 39(12), 1366-1380. doi:10.1080/07399332.2018.1499106
Allison, L. K., Kiemel, T., & Jeka, J. J. (2018). Sensory-challenge balance exercises improve multisensory reweighting in fall-prone older adults. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 42(2), 84-93. doi:10.1097/NPT.00000000000002 14
Amick, R. Z., Chaparro, A., Patterson, J. A., & Jorgensen, M. J. (2015). Test-retest reliability of the sway balance mobile application. Journal of Mobile Technology in Medicine, 4(2), 40-47. doi:10.7309/jmtm.4.2.6
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C., & Razavieh, A. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Assländer, L., Hettich, G., & Mergner, T. (2015). Visual contribution to human standing balance during support surface tilts. Human Movement Science, 41, 147- 164. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.02.010
Azarpaikan, A., & Torbati, H. T. (2018). Effect of somatosensory and neurofeedback training on balance in older healthy adults: A preliminary investigation. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 30(7), 745-753. doi:10.1007/s40520-017- 0835-3
Badke, M. B., Shea, T. A., Miedaner, J. A., & Grove, C. R. (2004). Outcomes after rehabilitation for adults with balance dysfunction. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85(2), 227-233. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2003.06.006
Bahagian Pembangunan Kesihatan Keluarga, Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. (2015). Kit penjagaan warga tua. Diperoleh dari http://fh.moh.gov.my/v3/index. php/pages/orang-awam/kesihatan-warga-emas-1
Balanda, K, & MacGillivray, H. (1988). Kurtosis: A critical review. The American Statistician, 42(2), 111-119. doi:10.2307/2684482
Baranzini, F., Diurni, M., Ceccon, F., Poloni, N., Cazzamalli, S., Costantini, C., ... Callegari, C. (2009). Fall-related injuries in a nursing home setting: Is polypharmacy a risk factor. BMC Health Services Research, 9(228). Diperoleh dari https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-9- 228
Beedie, C. J., & Foad, A. J. (2009). The placebo effect in sports performance. Sports Medicine, 39(4), 313-329. doi:10.2165/00007256-200939040-00004
Bell, D. R., Guskiewicz, K. M., Clark, M. A., & Padua, D. A. (2011). Systematic review of the Balance Error Scoring System. Sports Health, 3(3), 287-295. doi:10.1177/1941738111403122
Bell, E., & Bryman, A. (2007). The ethics of management research: An exploratory content analysis. British Journal of Management, 18(1), 63-77. doi:10.1111/j. 1467-8551.2006.00487.x
Beninato, M., Portney, L. G., & Sullivan, P. E. (2009). Using the international classification of functioning, disability and health as a framework to examine the association between falls and clinical assessment tools in people with stroke. Physical Therapy, 89(8), 816-825. doi:10.2522/ptj.20080160
Berg, K. O., Wood-Dauphinee, S. L., Williams, J. I., & Maki, B. (1992). Measuring balance in the elderly: Validation of an instrument. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 83(Suppl.2), S7-11. Diperoleh dari https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14 68055/
Bergen, G., Stevens, M. R., & Burns, E. R. (2016). Falls and fall injuries among adults aged ≥65 years-United States, 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(37), 993-998. Diperoleh dari https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/ wr/mm6537a2.htm
Betker, A. L., Desai, A., Nett, C., Kapadia, N., & Szturm, T. (2007). Game-based exercises for dynamic short-sitting balance rehabilitation of people with chronic spinal cord and traumatic brain injuries. Physical Therapy, 87(10), 1389-1398. doi:10.2522/ptj.20060229.
Bilik, O., Damar, H. T., & Karayurt, O. (2017). Fall behaviors and risk factors among elderly patients with hip fractures. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 30(4), 420-427. doi:10.1590/1982-0194201700062
Bird, M. L., Pittaway, J. K., Cuisick, I., Rattray, M., & Ahuja, K. D. (2013). Agerelated changes in physical fall risk factors: Results from a 3 year follow-up of community dwelling older adults in Tasmania, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(11), 5989–5997. doi:10.3390/ ijerph10115989
Bogle Thorbahn, L. D., & Newton, R. A. (2011). Use of the Berg Balance Test to predict falls in elderly persons. Physical Therapy, 76(6), 576-583. doi:10.1093/ ptj/76.6.576
Bohannon, R. W., Wang, Y. C., & Gershon, R. C. (2015). Two-minute walk test performance by adults 18 to 85 years: Normative values, reliability, and responsiveness. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96(3), 472- 477. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.014.10.006
Bouillon, L. E., & Baker, J. L. (2011). Dynamic balance differences as measured by the Star Excursion Balance Test between adult-aged and middle-aged women. Sports Health, 3(5), 466-469. doi:10.117/1941738111414127
Brach, J. S., Simonsick, E. M., Kritchevsky, S., Yaffe, K., & Newman, A. B. (2004). The association between physical function and lifestyle activity and exercise in the health, aging and body composition study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(4), 502-509. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52154.x
Brand, N., Geenen, R., Oudenhoven, M., Lindenborn, B., Van Der Ree, A., Cohen- Kettenis, P., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2002). Brief report: Cognitive functioning in children with Tourette's syndrome with and without comorbid ADHD. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(2), 203-208. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/27.2.203
Brauer, S. G., Woollacott, M., & Shumway-Cook, A. (2001). The interacting effects of cognitive demand and recovery of postural stability in balance-impaired elderly persons. The Journals of Gerontology Series A, 56(8), M489-M496. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.8.M489
Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Bryman, A., Becker, S., & Sempik, J. (2008). Quality criteria for quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research: A view from social policy. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(4), 261-276. doi:10.1080/13645570 701401644
Butler, R. J., Southers, C., Gorman, P. P., Kiesel, K. B., & Plisky, P. J. (2012). Differences in soccer players’ dynamic balance across levels of competition. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(6), 616-620. doi:10.4085/1062-6050/47.5.14
Buurman, B. M., van Munster, B. C., Korevaar, J. C., de Haan,. R. J.,& de Rooij, S. E. (2011). Variability in measuring (instrumental) activities of daily living functioning and functional decline in hospitalized older medical patients: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 64(6), 619-627. doi:10.10 16/j.jclinepi.2010.07.005
Byrne, B. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts. applications, and programming (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Canbek, J., Fulk, G., Nof, L., & Echternach, J. (2013). Test-retest reliability and construct validity of the tinetti performance-oriented mobility assessment in people with stroke. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 37(1), 14-19. doi:10. 1097/NPT.0b013e318283ffcc
Carter, N. D., Khan, K. M., Mallinson, A., Janssen, P. A., Heinonen, A., Petit, M. A., & McKay, H. A.(2002). Knee extension strength is a significant determinant of static and dynamic balance as well as quality of life in older communitydwelling women with osteoporosis. Gerontology, 48(6), 360-368. doi:10.1159/00 0065504
Chakravarty, E. F., Hubert, H. B., Krishnan, E., Bruce, B. B., Lingala, V. B., & Fries, J. F. (2012). Lifestyle risk factors predict disability and death in healthy aging adults. The American Journal of Medicine, 125(2), 190-197. doi:10.1016/j.amjme d.2011.08.006
Cho, S. I., & An, D. H. (2014). Effects of a fall prevention exercise program on muscle strength and balance of the old-old elderly. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(11), 1771–1774. doi:10.1589/jpts.26.1771
Choi, J. H. (2019). Effects of elastic band exercise using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on strength and dynamic balance of adults with ankle instability. Medico Legal Update, 19(2), 628-634. doi:10.37506/mlu.v19i2. 848
Choy, N. L., Brauer, S., & Nitz, J. (2003). Changes in postural stability in women aged 20 to 80 years. The Journals of Gerontology Series A, 58(6), M525-M530. doi:10.1093/gerona/58.6.M525
Chua, Y. P. (2006). Kaedah dan statistik penyelidikan: Buku 1. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: McGraw-Hill.
Cicchetti, D. V. (2001). The precision of reliability and validity estimates re-vidited: Distinguishing between clinical and statistical significance of sample size requirements. Journal of Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(5), 695- 700. doi:10.1076/jcen.23.5.695.1249
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). London, UK: Routledge.
Conn, V. S., Valentine, J. C., & Cooper, H. M. (2002). Interventions to increase physical activity among aging adults: A meta-analysis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(3), 190-200. doi:10.1207/S15324796ABM2403_04
Conradsson, M., Lundin-Olsson, L., Lindelöf, N., Littbrand, H., Malmqvist, L., Gustafson, Y., & Rosendahl, E. (2007). Berg Balance Scale: Intrarater test-retest reliability among older people dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities. Physical Therapy, 87(9), 1155-1163. doi:10.2522/ptj.20 060343
Craig, J. J., Bruetsch, A. P., Lynch, S. G., Horak, F. B., & Huisinga, J. M. (2017). Instrumented balance and walking assessments in persons with multiple sclerosis show strong test-retest reliability. Journal of Neuro Engineering and Rehabilitation, 14(43). Diperoleh dari https://jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com /articles/10.1186/s12984-017-0251-0
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Editorial: Mapping the field of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(2), 95-108. doi:10.1177/1558689808330 883
Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity. Psychological Science, 12(2), 163-170. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00328
Davis, J. C., Robertson, M. C., Ashe, M. C., Liu-Ambrose, T., Khan, K. M., & Marra, C. A. (2010). International comparison of cost of falls in older adults living in the community: A systematic review. Osteoporosis International, 21(8), 1295-1306. doi:10.1007/s00198-009-1162-0
De Jong, M. R., Van der Elst, M., & Hartholt, K. A. (2013). Drug-related falls in older patients: Implicated drugs, consequences, and possible prevention strategies. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, 4(4), 147-154. doi:10.1177/204 2098613486829
Deger, T. B., Saraç, Z. F., Savas, E. S., & Akçiçek, S. F. (2019). The relationship of balance disorders with falling, the effect of health problems, and social life on postural balance in the elderly living in a district in Turkey. Geriatrics, 4(2), 37- 46. doi:10.3390/geriatrics4020037
Desai, A., Goodman, V., Kapadia, N., Shay, B. L., & Szturm, T. (2010). Relationship between dynamic balance measures and functional performance in communitydwelling elderly people. Physical Therapy, 90(5), 748-760. doi:10.2522/ptj.2009 0100
DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
DeVon, H. A., Block, M. E., Moyle-Wright, P., Ernst, D. M., Hayden, S. J., Lazzara, D. J., ... Kostas-Polston, E. (2007). A psychometric toolbox for testing validity and reliability. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39(2), 155-164. doi:10.1111/j. 1547-5069.2007.00161.x
Dietz, W. H. (1997). Periods of risk in childhood for the development of adult obesity: What do we need to learn. The Journal of Nutrition, 127(9), 1884S-1886S. doi:10. 1093/jn/127.9.1884S
Distefano, L. J., Blackburn, J. T., Marshall, S. W., Padua, D. A. (2009). Gluteal Muscle Activation During Common Therapeutic Exercises. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 39(7), 532–540. doi:10.2519/jospt.2009. 2796
Dite, W., & Temple, V. A. (2002). Development of a clinical measure of turning for older adults. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 81(11), 857-866. doi:10.1097/00002060-200211000-00010
Docherty, C. L., McLeod, T. C. V., & Shultz, S. J. (2006). Postural control deficits in participants with functional ankle instability as measured by the Balance Error Scoring System. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 16(3), 203-208. doi:10.109 7/00042752-200605000-00003
Dodd, K., Hill, K., Haas, R., Luke, C., & Millard, S. (2003). Retest reliability of dynamic balance during standing in older people after surgical treatment of hip fracture. Physiotherapy Research International, 8(2), 93-100. doi:10.1002/pri.27 6
Downs, S., Marquez, J., & Chiarelli, P. (2013). The Berg Balance Scale has high intra-and inter-rater reliability but absolute reliability varies across the scale: A systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy, 59(2), 93-99. doi:10.1016/S1836- 9553(13)70161-9
Dunsky, A., Zeev, A., & Netz, Y. (2017). Balance performance is task specific in older adults. BioMed Research International, 2017. doi:10.1155/2017/6987017
Dyer, C. A. E., Taylor, G. J., Reed, M., Dyer, C. A., Robertson, D. R., & Harrington, R. (2004). Falls prevention in residential care homes: A randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing, 33(6), 596-602. doi:10.1093/ageing/afh204
Farah Aziz. (2019, September 25). Kurangkan risiko terjatuh bagi warga emas. BH Online. Diperoleh dari https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2019/09/603 088/had-usia-persaraan-kekal-60-tahun
Ferbian Milas Siswanto, & Alex Pangkahila. (2014). Pelatihan fisik seimbang meningkatkan aktivitas stem cell endogen untuk anti penuaan. Sport and Fitness Journal, 2(1), 1-9. Diperoleh dari https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/sport/article /view/8368
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. (3rd ed.).London, UK: Sage.
Fleiss, J. L. (1986). Design and analysis of clinical experiments. New York, NY: John Wiley &Sons.
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2010). How to design and evaluate research in education. (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Fricke, T. R., Tahhan, N., Resnikoff, S., Papas, E., Burnett, A., Ho, S. M., ... Naidoo, K. S. (2018). Global prevalence of presbyopia and vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling. Ophthalmology, 125(10), 1492-1499. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.0 13
Fuller, G. (2000). Falls in the elderly.American Family Physician, 61(7), 2159-2174. Diperoleh dari https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10779256/
Fuziah Paimin. (2012). Pening. Diperoleh dari http://www.myhealth.gov.my/pening/
Gadkaree, S. K., Sun, D. Q., Li, C., Lin, F. R., Ferrucci, L., Simonsick, E. M., & Agrawal, Y. (2016). Does sensory function decline independently or concomitantly with age: Data from the Baltimore longitudinal Study of aging. Journal of Aging Research, 2016. doi:10.1155/2016/1865038
Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. (2012). Educational research competencies for analysis and applications (10th ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson Education.
Ghafouri, M., McIlroy, W. E., & Maki, B. E. (2004). Initiation of rapid reach-andgrasp balance reactions: Is a pre-formed visuospatial map used in controlling the initial arm trajectory. Experimental Brain Research, 155(4), 532-536. doi:10.100 7/s00221-004-1855-8.
Giagazoglou, P., Amiridis, I. G., Zafeiridis, A., Thimara, M., Kouvelioti, V., & Kellis, E. (2009). Static balance control and lower limb strength in blind and sighted women. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(5), 571-579. doi:10.1007/ s00421-009-1163-x
Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Gillespie, W. J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L. M., & Lamb, S. E. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012(9), 1-420. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3.
Goldspink, D. F. (2005). Ageing and activity: Their effects on the functional reserve capacities of the heart and vascular smooth and skeletal muscles. Ergonomics, 48(11-14), 1334-1351. doi:10.1080/00140130500101247
Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Plisky, P. J., & Kiesel, K. B. (2012). Upper Quarter Y Balance Test: Reliability and performance comparison between genders in active adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(11), 3043-3048. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182472fdb
Gouveia, O. A. (2013). Biostatistics decoded. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Graci, V., Van Dillen, L. R. & Salsich, G. B. (2012). Gender differences in trunk, pelvis and lower limb kinematics during a single leg squat. Gait & Posture, 36(3), 461-466. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.04.006
Gremeaux, V., Hannequin, A., laroche, D., Deley, G., Duclay, J.,& Casillas, J. M. (2012). Reproducibility, validity and responsiveness of the 200-metre fast walk test in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. Clinical Rehabilitation, 26(8), 733-740. doi:10.1177/0269215511427750
Gribble, P. A., & Hertel, J. (2003). Considerations for normalizing measures of the star excursion balance test. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,7(2), 89-100. doi:10.1207/S15327841MPEE0702_3
Guo, Y., Phillips, B. E., Atherton, P. J., & Piasecki, M. (2020). Molecular and neural adaptations to neuromuscular electrical stimulation: Implications for ageing muscle. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 193(2021). doi:10.1016/j.mad. 2020.111402
Hair, F., Barry, B., Arthur, H., & Philip, S. (2003). Essential of busuness research method. Denver, CO: Wiley.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hamideh Razavi. (2017). A comparison between static and dynamic stablity in postural sway and fall risks. Journal of Ergonomics, 7(1). doi:10.4172/2165- 7556.1000186
Hansen, C., Cushman, D., Chen, W., Bounsanga, J., & Hung, M. (2017). Reliability testing of the balance error scoring system in children between the ages of 5 and 14. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 27(1), 64-68. doi:10.1097/jsm.00000000 00000293
Hardy, R., Cooper, R., Sayer, A. A., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Cooper, C., Deary, I. J., ... Starr, J. M. (2013). Body mass index, muscle strength and physical performance in older adults from eight cohort studies: The HALCyon programme. PloS One, 8(2), e56483-e56495. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056483
Hayden, J. A., van der Windt, D. A., Cartwright, J. L., Cote, P., & Bombardier, C. (2013). Assessing bias in studies of prognostic factors. Annals of Internal Medicine, 158(4), 280-286. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-4-20130219000009
Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2015). Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(3), 66-67. Diperoleh dari https://www. researchgate.net/publication/280840011_Validity_and_reliability_in_quantitative _research
Hertel, J., Braham, R. A., Hale, S. A., & Olmsted-Kramer, L. C. (2006). Simplifying the star excursion balance test: Analyses of subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 36(3), 131- 137. doi:10.2519/jospt.2006.36.3.131
Hertel, J., Miller, S., & Denegar, C. (2000). Intratester and intertester reliability during the star excursion balance tests. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 9(2), 104-116. doi:10.1123/jsr.9.2.104
Holm, I., Fosdahl, M. A., Friis, A., Risberg, M. A., Myklebust, G., & Steen, H. (2004). Effect of neuromuscular training on proprioceptio, balance, muscle strength, and lower limb function in female team handball players. Clinical Journalof Sport Medicine, 14(2), 88-94. doi:10.1097/00042752-200403000-00006
Hopkins, W. G. (2000). Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Medicine, 30(1), 1-15. doi:10.2165/00007256-200030010-00001
Howe, T. E., Rochester, L., Neil, F., Skelton, D. A., & Ballinger, C. (2011). Exercise for improving balance in older people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11(11), 1-302. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004963.pub3
Hrysomallis, C. (2011). Balance ability and athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 41(3), 221-232. doi:10.2165/11538560-000000000-00000
Hrysomallis, C., McLaughlin, P., & Goodman, C. (2006). Relationship between static and dynamic balance tests among elite Australian footballers. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9(4), 288-291. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.05.021
Hsu, W. L., Scholz, J. P., Schoner, G., Jeka, J. J., & Kiemel, T. (2007). Control and estimation of posture during quiet stance depends on multijoint coordination. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97(4), 3024-3035. doi:10.1152/jn.011 42.2006
Hunt, T. N., Ferrara, M. S., Bornstein, R. A., & Baumgartner, T. A., (2009). The reliability of the modified balance error scoring system. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine,19(6), 471-475. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181c12c7b
Huxham, F., Goldie, P. A., & Patla, A. E. (2001). Theoretical consideration in balance assessment. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 47(2), 89-100. doi: 10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60300-7
Idland, G., Pettersen, R., Avlund, K., & Bergland, A. (2013). Physical performance as long-term predictor of onset of activities of daily living (ADL) disability: A 9- year longitudinal study among community-dwelling older women. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics, 56(3), 501-506. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.12.005
Iverson, G. L., Kaarto, M. L., & Koehle, M. S. (2008). Normative data for the balance error scoring system: Implications for brain injury evaluations. Brain Injury, 22(2), 147-152. doi:10.1080/02699050701867407
Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat. (2017). Dasar warga emas negara. Diperoleh dari http://www.jkm.gov.my/jkm/index.php?r=portal/left&id=WjFUdFBURTV0Zis0 N0NxYm05Qk9XQT09
Jacobson, B. H., Thompson, B., & Wallace, T. (2011). Independent static balance training contributes to increased stability and functional capacity in communitydwelling elderly people: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 25(6), 549-556. doi:10.1177/0269215510392390
Jahn, K., Zwergal, A., & Schniepp, R. (2010). Gait disturbances in old age: Classification, diagnosis, and treatment from a neurological perspective. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 107(17), 306-315. doi:10.3238/ arztebl.2010.0306.
Jonsson, E. (2006). Effects of healthy aging on balance: A quantitative analysis of clinical tests. Huddinge, Sweden: Karolinska Institet. Diperoleh dari https://open archive.ki.se/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10616/39028/thesis.pdf
Kaesler, D. S., Mellifont, R. B., Kelly, P. S., & Taaffe, D. R. (2007). A novel balance exercise program for postural stability in older adults: A pilot study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 11(1), 37-43. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2006. 05.003
Kahle, N. L., & Gribble, P. A. (2009). Core stability training in dynamic balance testing among young, healthy adults. Athletic Training and Sports Health Care, 1(2), 65-73. doi:10.3928/19425864-20090301-03
Kanekar, N., & Aruin, A. S. (2014). The effect of aging on anticipatory postural control. Experimental Brain Research, 232(4), 1127-1136. doi:10.1007/s00221- 014-3822-3
Karimi, M. T., & Solomonidis, S. (2011). The relationship between parameters of static and dynamic stability tests. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 16(4), 530-535. Diperoleh dari https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3214 359/
Karlsson, M. K., Magnusson, H., von Schewelov, T., & Rosengren, B. E. (2013). Prevention of falls in the elderly: A review. Osteoporosis International, 24(3), 747-762. doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2256-7
Karthikeyan, G., Sheikh, S. G., & Chippala, P. (2012). Test-retest reliability of short form of berg balance scale in elderly people. Global Advanced Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 1(6), 139-144. Diperoleh dari https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269092894_Test-retest_reliability_of_ short_form_of_berg_balance_scale_in_elderly_people
Kausler, D. H., Kausler, B. C., & Krupsaw, J. A. (2007). The essential guide to aging in the twenty-first century: Mind, body, and behavior (3rd ed.). Colombia, MO: University of Missouri Press.
Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat (2018). Laporan statistik: Kebajikan masyarakat. Diperoleh dari www.jkm.gov.my
Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat (2019). Dasar warga emas negara. Diperoleh dari https://www.kpwkm.gov.my/kpwkm/uploads/files/ Dokumen/Dasar/Dasar%20Warga%20Emas_2011.pdf
Kim, T., Choi, S. D., & Xiong, S. (2020). Epidemiology of fall and its socioeconomic risk factors in community-dwelling Korean elderly. PloS One, 15(6), 1-14. doi:10. 1371/journal.pone.0234787
Kimberlin, C. L., & Winterstein, A. G. (2008). Validity and reliability of measurement instruments used in research. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 65(23), 2276-2284. doi:10.2146/ajhp070364
Kita, K. (2010). Musculoskeletal rehabilitation and bone: Static balance exercise for preventing falls and fractures. Clinical Calcium, 20(4), 567-575. doi:clica100456 7575
Kong, H., Bang, D., & Shin, W. (2015). Effects of balance training on different support surface on balance and gait in patients with chronic stroke. Journal Korean Society Physical Medicine, 10(3), 275-283. doi:10.13066/kspm.2015.10. 3.275
Kwan, M. M. S., Close, J. C., Wong, A. K. W., & Lord, S. R. (2011). Falls incidence, risk factors, and consequences in Chinese older people: A systematic review. Journal of The American Geriatrics Society, 59(3), 536-543. doi:10.111 1/j.1532-5415.2010.03286.x
Lacour, M., Bernard-Demanze, L., & Dumitrescu, M. (2008). Posture control, aging, and attention resources: Models and posture-analysis methods. Clinical Neurophysiology, 38(6), 411-421. doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2008.09.005
Langley, F. A., & Mackintosh, S. F. (2007). Functional balance assessment of older community dwelling adults: A systematic review of the literature. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 5(4), 13. Diperoleh dari https:// nsuworks.nova.edu/ijahsp/vol5/iss4/13/
Lee, A. C., & Ong, K. B. (2012). The test-retest reliability of Y Balance Test as dynamic balance measure on Malaysia primary school children. Journal of Teaching and Education, 1(7), 331-337. Diperoleh dari http://www.universitypu blications.net/jte/0107/html/VIE271.xml
Lök, N., & Akin, B. (2013). Domestic environmental risk factors associated with falling in elderly. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42(2), 120-128. Diperoleh dari https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3595650/
Lord, S. R., & Ward, J. A. (1994). Age-associated differences in sensori-motor function and balance in community dwelling women. Age and Ageing, 23(6), 452-460. Diperoleh dari https://scihub.wikicn.top/10.1093/ageing/23.6.452
Lord, S. R., Sherrington, C., Menz, H. B., & Close, J. C. T. (2007). Falls in older People: Risk Factors and Strategies for Prevention (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lord, S. R., Ward, J. A., Williams, P., & Anstey, K. J. (1994). Physiological factors associated with falls in older community-dwelling women. Journal of The American Geriatrics Society, 42(10), 1110-1117. doi:10.1111/j.15325415.1994. tb06218.x
Mahlknecht, P., Kiechl, S., Bloem, B. R., Willeit, J., Scherfler, C., Gasperi, A., ... Seppi, K. (2013). Prevalence and burden of gait disorders in elderly men and women aged 60–97 years: A population-based study. PloS One, 8(7). doi:10.13 71/journal.pone.0069627
Malabu, U. H., Vangaveti, V. N., & Kennedy, R. L. (2014). Disease burden evaluation of fall-related events in the elderly due to hypoglycemia and other diabetic complications: A clinical review. Clinical Epidemiology, 6, 287-294. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S66821
Marlini Sahul Hamid. (2020). Evolusi penduduk di Malaysia. Diperoleh dari www.dosm.gov.my
Mayson, D. J., Kiely, D. K., LaRose, S. I., & Bean, J. F. (2008). Leg strength or velocity of movement: Which is more influential on the balance ofmobility limited elders. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 87(12), 969- 976. doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e31818dfee5
Means, K. M., Rodell, D., & O’Sullivan, P. S. (2005). Balance, mobility, and falls among community-dwelling elderly persons. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84(4), 238-250. doi:10.1097/01.phm.0000151944. 22116.5a
Merriman, H., & Jackson, K. (2009). The effects of whole-body vibration training in aging adults: A systematic review. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 32(3), 134-145. doi:10.1519/00139143-200932030-00009
Mertens, D. M. (2015). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Michael, Y. L., Keast, E. M., Chaudhury, H., Day, K., Mahmood, A., & Sarte, A. F. (2009). Revising the senior walking environmental assessment tool. Preventive Medicine, 48(3), 247-249. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.12.008
Millán-Calenti, J. C., Tubío, J., Pita-Fernández, S., González-Abraldes, I., Lorenzo, T., Fernández-Arruty, T., & Maseda, A. (2010). Prevalence of functional disability in activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and associated factors, as predictors of morbidity and mortality. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 50(3), 306-310. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2009.04.017
Mimi Mohaffyza Mohamad, Nor Lisa Sulaliman, Lai, C. S., & Kahirol Mohd Salleh. (2015). Measuring the validity and reliability of research instruments. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 204, 164-171. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.129
Miyamoto, S. T., Lombardi Júnior, I., Berg, K. O., Ramos, L. R., & Natour, J. (2004). Brazilian version of the Berg Balance Scale. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 37(9), 1411-1421. doi:10.1590/S0100879X2004000900017
Mohd Hairol Rasli (2017). Penuaan: Kondisi, implikasi dan rehabilitasi. Diperoleh dari http://www.kk.usm.my/index.php/news-media/142penuaankondisiimplikasidan- rehabilitasi
Mohd Majid Konting. (2000). Kaedah penyelidikan pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Muehlbauer, T., Besemer, C., Wehrle, A., Gollhofer, A,. & Granacher, U. (2012). Relationship between strength, power and balance performance in seniors. Gerontology, 58(6), 504-512. doi:10.1159/000341614
Mueller, G., Schumacher, P., Holzer, E., Pallauf, M., & Schulc, E. (2017). The interrater reliability of the observation instrument for assessing pain in elderly with dementia: An investigation in the long-term care setting. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 25(3), E173-E184. doi:10.1891/1061-3749.25.3.E173
Nakagawa, L., & Hoffman, M. (2004). Performance in static, dynamic, and clinical tests of postural control in individuals with recurrent ankle sprains. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 13(3), 255-268. doi:10.1123/jsr.13.3.255
Nashner, L. M. (2014). Practical biomechanics and physiology of balance. In G. P. Jacobson, P. N. Shepard, K. Barin, K. Janky & D. L. McCaslin (Eds.), Balance function assessment and management (3rd ed., pp. 87-104). Venderbilt, TN: Plural Publishing.
Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., ... Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 39(8), 1435-1445. doi:10.1249/mss.0 b013e3180616aa2
Newstead, A. H., Hinman, M. R., & Tomberlin, J. A. (2005). Reliability of the Berg Balance Scale and balance master limits of stability tests for individuals with brain injury. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 29(1), 18-23. doi: 10.1097/01.npt.0000282258.74325.cf
Nolan, J. S., Remilton, L. E., & Green, M. M. (2008). The reliability and validity of the elderly mobility scale in the acute hospital setting. Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 6(4), 1-7. Diperoleh dari https://nsuworks.nova. edu/ijahsp/vol6/iss4/5/
Nor Afifi Razaob, Tang, P. S. F., Masne Kadar, & Noorashikin Samin. (2016). Kebolehpercayaan alat penilaian kefungsian mobiliti di kalangan warga emas di Malaysia. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 14(1), 47-54. Diperoleh dari http://jo urnalarticle.ukm.my/9729/
Norén, A. M., Bogren, U., Bolin, J., & Stenström, C. (2001). Balance assessment in patients with peripheral arthritis: Applicability and reliability of some clinical assessments. Physiotherapy Research International, 6(4), 193-204. doi:10.1002/ pri.228
Norhafzan Jaafar. (2019, September 3). Had usia persaraan kekal 60 tahun. BH Online. Diperoleh dari https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2019/09/603088/had -usia-persaraan-kekal-60-tahun
Norman, J. F., Adkins, O. C., Norman, H. F., Cox, A. G., & Rogers, C. E. (2015). Aging and the visual perception of exocentric distance. Vision Research, 109(Pt A), 52-58. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.02.007
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Olmsted, L. C., & Hertel, J. (2004). Influence of foot type and orthotics on static and dynamic postural control. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 13(1), 54-66. doi:10 .1123/jsr.13.1.54
Paillard, T., Lafont, C., Costes-Salon, M. C., Rivi`ere, D., & Dupui, P. (2004). Effects of brisk walking on static and dynamic balance,locomotion, body composition, and aerobic capacity in ageing healthy active men. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(7), 539-546. doi:10.1055/s-2004-820948
Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS Survival Manual:A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windowa (10th ed.). New South Wales, Australia: Allen danUnwin.
Paterno, M. V., Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., & Hewett, T. E. (2004). Neuromuscular training improves single-limb stability in young female athletes. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 34(6), 305-316. doi:10.2519/jospt.2004. 34.6.305
Pau, M., Porta, M., Coghe, G., Corona, F., Pilloni, G., Lorefice, L., ... Cocco, E. (2017). Are static and functional balance abilities related in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 15, 1-6. doi:10.10 16/j.msard.2017.04.002
Pfortmueller, C. A., Kunz, M., Lindner, G., Zisakis, A., Puig, S., & Exadaktylos, A. K. (2014). Fall-related emergency department admission: Fall environment and settings and related injury patterns in 6357 patients with special emphasis on the elderly. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1-6. doi:10.1155/2014/256519
Pirker, W., & Katzenschlager, R. (2017). Gait disorders in adults and the elderly: A clinical guide. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 129(3-4), 81-95. doi:10.1007/s 00508-016-1096-4
Plisky, P., Rauh, M. J., Kaminski, T. W., & Underwood, F. B. (2006). Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 36(12), 911-919. doi:10.2519/jospt.2006.2244
Portney, L. G., & Watkins, M. P. (2015). Foundations of clinical research: Applications to practice (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Prentice Hall Health.
Powden, C. J., Dodds, T. K., & Gabriel, E. H. (2019). The reliability of The Star Excursion Balance Test and Lower Quarter Y Balance Test in healthyadults: A systematic review. The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy,14(5), 683-694. Diperoleh dari https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31598406/
Quach, L., Galica, A. M., Jones, R. N., Procter-Gray, E., Manor, B., Hannan, M. T., & Lipsitz, A. (2011). The nonlinear relationship between gait speed and falls: The maintenance of balance, independent living, intellect, and zest in the elderly of Boston study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(6), 1069-1073. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03408.x
Rasool, J., & George, K. (2007). The impact of single-leg dynamic balance training on dynamic stability. Physical Therapy in Sport, 8(4), 177-184. doi:10.1016/j.pts p.2007.06.001
Riemann, B. L., Guskiewicz, K. M., & Shields, E. W. (1999). Relationship between clinical and forceplate measures of postural stability. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 8(2), 71-82. doi:10.1123/jsr.8.2.71
Rival, C., Ceyte, H., & Olivier, I. (2005). Developmental changes of static standing balance in children. Neuroscience Letters, 376(2), 133-136. doi:10.1016/j.neulet. 2004.11.042
Roberts, P., & Priest, H. (2006). Reliability and validity in research. Nursing Standard, 20(44), 41-46. doi:10.7748/ns2006.07.20.44.41.c6560
Roig, M., Eng, J. J., MacIntyre, D. L., Road, J. D., FitzGerald, J. M., Burns, J., & Reid, W. D. (2011). Falls in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An observational cohort study. Respiratory Medicine, 105(3), 461-469. doi:10.10 16/j.rmed.2010.08.015
Rose, D. J. (2010). Fallproof: A comprehensive balance and mobility training program. Stanningley, UK: Human Kinetics.
Rosso, A. L., Studenski, S. A., Chen, W. G., Aizenstein, H. J., Alexander, N. B., Bennett, D. A., ... Rosano, C. (2013). Aging, the central nervous system, and mobility. The Journals of Gerontology Series A, 68(11), 1379-1386. doi:10.1093/ gerona/glt089
Rousson, V., Gasser, T., & Seifert, B. (2002). Assessing intrarater, interrater and testretest reliability of continuous measurements. Statistics in Medicine, 21(22), 3431-3446.doi:10.1002/sim.1253
Rozdan Mazalan. (2019 November 23). Kemurungan punca warga emas hilang keseimbangan, mudah jatuh. BH Online. Diperoleh dari https:www.bharian.com. my/wanita/sihat/2019/11/631221/kemurungan-punca-warga-emas-hilang-keseim bangan-mudah-jatuh
Rubenstein, L. Z. (2006). Falls in older people: Epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age and Ageing, 35(Suppl 2), ii37-ii41. doi:10.1093/ ageing/afl084
Saad, S., Carter, G. W., Rothenberg, M., & Israelson, E. (1999). Testingand assessment: An employer's guide to good practices. Diperoleh dari https://files. eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED447310.pdf
Sakinah Harith, Suzana Shahar, Noor Aini Mohd Yusof& Poi, P. J. H. (2010). Faktor risiko dan pengurusan kesihatan warga emas yang mengalami malpemakanan di hospital. Diperoleh dari https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233531691
Sakita, M., Murakami, S., Saito, T., & Kumagai, S., (2015). Falls and fall prevention in elderly people: Summary of recent reviews. Japanese Journal of Health Promotion and Physical Therapy, 4(4), 161-169. doi:10.9759/hppt.4.161
Salavati, M., Negahban, H., Mazaheri, M., Soleimanifar, M., Hadadi, M., Sefiddashti, L., ... Feizi, A. (2012). The persian version of the berg balance scale: Inter and intra-rater reliability and construct validity in elderly adults. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(20), 1695-1698. doi:10.2109/09638288.2012.660604
Scott, S. (2008). ABLE bodies balance training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasiexperimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Shaffer, S. & Harrison, A. (2007). Aging of the somatosensory system: A translation perspective. Physical Therapy, 87(2), 194-207. doi:10.2522/ptj.20060083
Shalini Sanmargaraja. (2012). Penyediaan fasiliti di rumah warga tua: Kajian kes di Bandaraya Ipoh dan Johor Bahru (Tesis Sarjana, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia). Diperoleh dari http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/id/eprint/2938/
Shimada, H., Obuchi, S., Kamide, N., Shiba, Y., Okamoto, M., & Kakurai, S. (2003). Relationship with dynamic balance function during standing and walking. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82(7), 511-516. doi: 10.1097/01.PHM.0000064726.59036.CB
Short, K. R., & Nair, S. K. (2000). The effect of age on protein metabolism. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 3(1), 39-44. doi:10.1097/00 075197-200001000-00007
Shrout, P. E. (1998). Measurement reliability and agreement in psychiatry. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 7(3), 301-317. doi:10.1177/096228029800700306
Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. (2000). Attentional demands and postural control: The effect of sensory context. Journals of Gerontology-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 55(1), M10. doi:10.1093/gerona/55.1.m10
Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. H. (2012). Motor control: Translating research into clinical practice (4th ed.). New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Shumway-Cook, A., Patla, A. E., Stewart, A., Ferrucci, L., Ciol, M. A., & Guralnik, J. M. (2002). Environmental demands associated with community mobility in older adults with and without mobility disabilities. Physical Therapy, 82(7), 670-681. Diperoleh dari https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/82/7/670/2857653?login=true
Shupert, C., & Horak, F. (2016). Balance and falls in the older adult. Diperoleh dari https://vestibular.org/sites/default/files/page_files/Documents/Balance%20and% 20Falls_88.pdf
Sihvonen, S. E. (2004). Postural balance and aging: Cross-sectional comparative studies and a balance training intervention. Pekka Olsbo, Marja-Leena Tynkkynen: University of Jyväskylä. Diperoleh dari: https://www.researchgate. net/publication/277845072
Sihvonen, S. E., Sipilä, S., & Era, P. A. (2004). Changes in postural balance in frail elderly women during a 4-week visual feedback training: A randomized controlled trial. Gerontology, 50, 87-95. doi:10.1159/000075559
Silsupadol, P., Siu, K. C., Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M.H. (2007). Training of balance under single and dual-task conditions in older adult with balance impairment. Physical Therapy, 86(2), 269-281. Diperoleh dari https://academic. oup.com/ptj/article/86/2/269/2805115
Sorond, F. A., Cruz-Almeida, Y., Clark, D. J., Viswanathan, A., Scherzer, C. R., De Jager, P., ... Ferrucci, L. (2015). Aging, the central nervous system, and mobility in older adults: Neural mechanisms of mobility impairment. Journals of Gerontology Series A, 70(12), 1526-1532. doi:10.1093/gerona/glv130
Sousa, N., Mendes, R., Abrantes, C., Sampaio, J., & Oliveira, J. (2013). Is onceweekly resistance training enough to prevent sarcopenia. Journal American Geriatric Society, 61(8), 1423-1424. doi:10.1111/jgs.12387
Speers, R. A., Kuo, A. D., & Horak, F. B. (2002). Contributions of altered sensation and feedback responses to changes in coordination of postural control due to aging. Gait & Posture, 16(1), 20-30. doi:10.1016/s0966-6362(02)00003-6
Steadman, J., Donaldson, N., & Kalra, L. (2003). A randomized controlled trial of an Enhanced balance training program to improve mobility and reduce falls in elderly patients. Journal American Geriatric Society, 51(6), 847-52. doi:10.1046/ j.1365-2389.2003.51268.x
Stenhagen, M., Ekström, H., Nordell, E., & Elmståhl, S. (2014). Accidental falls, health-related quality of life and life satisfaction: A prospective study of the general elderly population. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 58(1), 95- 100. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2013.07.006
Sterling, D. A., O’Connor, J. A., & Bonadies, J. (2001). Geriatric falls: Injury severity is high and disproportionate to mechanism. The Journal of Trauma, 50(1), 116- 119. doi:10.1097/00005373-2001u000-00021
Susco, T. M., Valovich McLeod, T. C., Gansneder, B. M., & Shultz, S. J. (2004). Balance recovers within 20 minutes after exertion as measured by the balance error scoring system. Journalof Athletic Training, 39(3), 241-246. Diperoleh dari https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522146/
Suzuki, T., Kim, H., Yoshida, H., & Ishizaki, T. (2004). Randomized controlled trial of exercise intervention for the prevention of falls in community-dwelling elderly Japanese women. Journal of Bone and Minera Metabolism, 22(6), 602-611. doi:10.1007/s00774-004-0530-2
Szturm, T., Sakhalkar, V., Boreskie, S., Marotta, J. J., Wu, C., & Kanitkar, A. (2015). Integrated testing of standing balance and cognition: Test–retest reliability and construct validity. Gait & Posture, 41(1), 146-152. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014. 09.023
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
Tacconi, C., Mellone, S., & Chiari, L. (2011). Smartphone-based applications for investigating falls and mobility. Diperoleh dari https://eudl.eu/pdf/10.4108/icst. pervasivehealth.2011.246060
Tanji, H., Anderson, K. E., Gruber-Baldini, A. L., Fishman, P. S., Reich, S. G., Weiner, W. J., & Shuman, L. M. (2008). Mutuality of the marital relationship in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 23(13), 1843-1849. doi:10.1002/mds.2 2089
Thornton, E. W., Sykes, K. S., & Tang, W. K. (2004). Health benefits of Tai Chi exercise: Improved balance and blood pressure in middle-aged women. Health Promotion International, 19(1), 33-38. Diperoleh dari https://academic.oup.com/ heapro/article/19/1/33/782090?login=true
Thorpe, J. L., & Ebersole, K. T. (2008). Unilateral balance performance in female collegiate soccer athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1429-1433. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31818202db
Tinetti, M. E., Baker, D. I., Gottschalk, M., Garrett, P., McGeary, S., Pollack, D., & Charpentier, P. (1997). Systematic home-based physical and functional therapy for older persons after hip fracture. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78(11), 1237-1247. doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90338-5
Tinetti, M. E., Fried, T. R., & Boyd, C. M. (2012). Designing health care for the most common chronic condition-multimorbidity. Journal of the American Medical Association, 307(23), 2493-2494. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5265
Tinetti, M. E., Speechley, M., & Ginter, S. (1988). Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community.The New England Journal of Medicine, 319(26), 1701-1707. doi:10.1056/NEJM198812293192604
Tuunainen, E., Rasku, J., Jäntti, P., & Pyykkö, I. (2014). Risk factors of falls in community dwelling active elderly. Auris, Nasus, Larynx, 41(1), 10-16. doi:10.10 16/j.anl.2013.05.002
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2020). World population ageing 2020 highlights: Living arrangements of older persons. New York, NY: United Nations Publication. Diperoleh dari https://w ww.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/un desa_pd-2020_world_population_ageing_highlights.pdf
United Nations. (1982). Report of the word assembly on aging in Vienna. Diperoleh dari https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/documents/Resources/VIPEEEnglish.
Valovich McLeod, T. C., Barr, W. B., McCrea, M., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2006). Psychometric and measurement properties of concussion assessment tools in youth sports. Journal of Athletic Training, 41(4), 399-408. Diperoleh dari https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC1752194/
Varma, V. R., Hausdorff, J. M., Studenski, S. A., Rosano, C., Camicioli, R., Alexander, N. B., ... Cailson, M. C. (2016). Aging, the central nervous system, and mobility in older adults: Interventions. The Journals of Gerontology Series A, 71(11), 1451-1458. doi:10.1093/gerona/glw080
Visvanathan, R., Macintosh, C., Callary, M., Penhall, R., Horowitz, M., & Chapman, I. (2003). The nutritional status of 250 older Australian recipients of domiciliary care services and its association with outcomes at 12 months. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51(7), 1007-1011. doi:10.1046/j.13652389.2003.51 317.x
Wang, C. Y., Sheu, C. F., & Protas, E. J. (2009). Test-retest reliability and measurement errors of six mobility tests in the community-dwelling elderly. Asian Journal of Gerontologyand Geriatrics, 4(1), 8-13. Diperoleh dari https://researchoutput.ncku.edu.tw/en/publications/test-retest-reliability-and-mea surement-errors-of-six-mobility-te
Wang, J., Sun, X., & Yang, Q. X. (2017). Early aging effect on the function of the human central olfactory system. Journals of Gerontology Series A, 72(8), 1007- 1014. doi:10.1093/gerona/glw104
Wang, T. J. (2004). Concept analysis of functional status. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 41(4), 457-462. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2003.09.004
Wittink, H., Engelbert, R., & Takken, T. (2011). The dangers of inactivity, exercise and inactivity physiology for the manual therapist. Manual Therapy, 16(3), 209- 216. doi:10.1016/j.math2011.01.006
Woo, N., & Kim, S. H. (2014). Sarcopenia influences fall-related injuries in community-dwelling older adults. Geriatric Nursing, 35(4), 279-282. doi:10.10 16/j.gerinurse.2014.03.001
World Health Organization. (1982). Report on the World Assembly On Ageing, Vienna. Diperoleh dari https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/documents/Resour ces/VIPEE-English.pdf
World Health Organization. (2008). WHO global report on falls prevention in older age. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Diperoleh dari https://app s.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43811/9789241563536_eng.pdf?sequence= 1&isAllowed=y
World Health Organization. (2011). Global health and ageing. Diperoleh dari https:// www.who.int/ ageing/publications/global_health.pdf
World Health Organization. (2018). Ageing and health. Diperoleh dari https://www. who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and health#
Yaggie, J. A., & Campbell, B. M. (2006). Effects of balance training on selected skills. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(2), 422-428. doi:10. 1519/R-17294.1
Yoshida, S. (2007). A global report on falls prevention, epidemiology of falls. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Diperoleh dari https://www.who.int/ ageing/projects/1.Epidemiology%20of%20falls%20in%20lder%20age.pdf
Zhang, C., Sun, W., Yu, B., Song, Q., & Mao, D. (2014). Effects of exercise on ankle proprioception in adult women during 16 weeks of training and eight weeks of detraining. Research in Sports Medicine, 23(1), 1-12. doi:10.1080/15438627.20 14.915835
Zikmund, W. G. (2003). Business research methods. (7th ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Thomson South Western. Diperoleh dari https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvn sjt1aadkposzje))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1699195
Zisberg, A., Shadmi, E., Gur-Yaish, N., Tonkikh, O., & Sinoff, G. (2015). Hospitalassociated functional decline: The role of hospitalization processes beyond individual risk factors. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 63(1), 55-62. doi:10.1111/jgs.13193
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |