Ahern, N. R., Kiehl, E. M., Sole, M. L., & Byers, J. (2006). A review of instruments
measuring resilience. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 29(2), 103–125.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01460860600677643
Alexander, A. C., Obong’o, C. O., Chavan, P., Vander Weg, M. W., & Ward, K. D.
(2017). Applying the Problem Behavior Theory to adolescent drug use among a
cross-sectional sample of boys participating in a Community-Based Youth
Organization. Substance Use and Misuse, 53(4), 610–621.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1349802
Amandru, S., Bantu, E., Mwebi, B., Okwara, M. & Onderi, H. (2014). Adolescent
resilience, social support and drug abuse a case of Koboko district, West Nile,
Uganda. Journal of Educational Research and Reviews, 3(4), 35-44.
American Psychological Association (2020 April 30). Stratified sampling. Retrieved
from https://dictionary.apa.org/stratified-sampling
Anderson, J. C., Funk, J. B., Elliott, R., & Smith, P. H. (2003). Parental support and
pressure and children's extracurricular activities: Relationships with amount of
involvement and affective experience of participation. Journal of Applied
Developmental Psychology, 24(2), 241-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0193-
3973(03)00046-7
Angkurawaranon, C., Jiraporncharoen, W., Likhitsathian, S., Thaikla, K., Kanato, M.,
Perngparn, U., … Aramrattana1, A. (2018). Trends in the use of illicit substance
in Thailand: Result from national household surveys. Drug and Alcohol Review.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12689
Arnekrans, A. K., Calmes, S. A., Laux, J. M., Roseman, C. P., Piazza, N. J., Reynolds,
J. L. Harmening, D., & Scott, H. L. (2018). College students’ experiences of
childhood developmental traumatic stress: resilience, first-year academic
performance, and substance use. Journal of College Counseling, 21.
Askeland, K. G., Bøe, T., Breivik, K., Greca, A. M. L., Sivertsen, B., & Hysing, M.
(2020). Life events and adolescent depressive symptoms: protective factors
associated with resilience. Protective factors associated with resilience, 15(6).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234109
Bae, K., Kwon, N. ji, & Han, E. (2018). A review on the abuse of three NPS (synthetic
cannabinoids, kratom, poppers) among youths in Asia. Forensic Science
International, 292, 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.09.008
Barger, J., Vitale, P., Gaughan, J. P., & Feldman-Winter, L. (2017). Measuring
resilience in the adolescent population: A succinct tool for outpatient adolescent
health. Journal of Pediatrics, 189, 201–206. e3.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.06.030
Bonde, J. P. E. (2008). Psychological factor at work and risk of depression: a systematic
review of the epidemiological evidence. Occupational Environmental
Medication, 65(7), 438-445.
Boyas, J. F., Kim, Y. J., Moon, S. S., Ruiz, E., & Gaines, K. (2017). Drug and alcohol
use and its relationship to self-rated health: An ecological examination among
Latino and non-Hispanic White adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review,
73, 454–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.11.020
Braucsh, A. M. & Deeker, K. M. (2013). Self-esteem and social support as moderators
of depression, body image, and disordered eating for suicidal ideation in
adolescents. Journal Abnormal Child Psychology.
Burnett, H. J., Witzel, J. K., Allers, K. & McBride, D. C. (2016). Understanding the
relationship of trauma, substance use, and resilience among religiously affiliated
university students. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 25(3), 317-334.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10656219.2016.1237906
Chan, Y. F., Sidhu, G. K., Lim, P. C., & Wee, E. H. (2016). Students' perceptions of
substance abuse among secondary school students in Malaysia. Social Sciences &
Humanities, 24(2), 555–572.
Chen, K. T., Chen, C. J., Fagot-Campagna, A., and Narayan, K. M. V. (2016). Tobacco,
betel quid, alcohol, and illicit drug use among 13- to 35-year-olds in I-Lan, Rural
Taiwan: Prevalence and Risk Factors. American Journal of Public Health, 91:
1130-1133
Chongrattanakon, N., Thepthien, B. on, & Hong, S. A. (2018). Prevalence and psychosocial
determinants of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) juice cocktail consumption
among youth in Surat Thani Province, Thailand. Journal of Substance Use, 23(2),
144–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2017.1378735
Church, M. C. (2004). The conceptual and operational definition of quality of life: A
systematic review of the literature (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University).
Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4269889.pdf
Cohen, R. J., Swerdlik, M. E., & Sturman, E. D. (2013). Psychological testing and
assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement (8th ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill
Collishaw, S., Maughan, B., Natarajan, L., et al. (2010). Trends in adolescent emotional
problems in England: a comparison of two national cohorts twenty years apart.
Journal Child Psychology Psychiatry, 51:885–894.
Cox, R. B., Criss, M. M., Harrist, A. W., & Zapata-Roblyer, M. (2017). Are negative
peer influences domain specific? Examining the influence of peers and parents on
externalizing and drug use behaviors. Journal of Primary Prevention, 38(5), 515–
536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-017-0488-1
Coyle, S., Demaray, M. K., Malecki, C. K., Tennant, J. E. & Klossing, J. (2017). The
associations among sibling and peer-bullying, social support and internalizing
behaviors. Child Youth Care Forum, 46, 895-922. DOI 10.1007/s10566-017-
9412-3
Crossman, A. (2020 March 19). Understanding Purposive Sampling. ThoughtCo.
Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/purposive-sampling-3026727
Das, P. K., & Patnaik, S. (2007). Parental support and development of peer social status
among children in India. Illinois Child Welfare, 2006-2007 (3), 1 - 2.
Davidson-Arad, B. & and Navaro-Bitton, I. (2015). Resilience among adolescents in
foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 59, 63–70.
DeVellis, R.E (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd edn).
Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
Donovan, J. E., & Molina, B. S. G. (2014). Antecedent predictors of children’s
initiation of sipping/tasting alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental
Research, 38(9), 2488– 2495. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12517
Doolan, D. & Froelicher, E. S. (2009). Using an existing data set to answer new research
questions: a methodological review. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice
23(3):203-215.
Earvolino-Ramirez, M. (2007). Resilience: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum: An
Independent Voice for Nursing, 4 (2): 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-
6198.2007.00070.x
Elamouri, F. M., Musumari, P. M., Techasrivichien, T., Farjallah, A., Elfandi, S.,
Alsharif, O. F., … Kihara, M. (2018). “Now drugs in Libya are much cheaper than
food”: A qualitative study on substance use among young Libyans in postrevolution
Tripoli, Libya. International Journal of Drug Policy, 53, 23–31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.026
Esmaeelzadeh, S., Moraros, J., Thorpe, L., & Bird, Y. (2018). Examining the
association and directionality between mental health disorders and substance use
among adolescents and young adults in the U.S. and Canada - a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(12), 543.
doi:10.3390/jcm7120543
Fernandez, M. E., Daset, L., Vanderplasschen, W., Ball, C. D. C., Damme, L. V. &
Vindevogel S. (2017). Risk and protective factors for alcohol use among schoolgoing
adolescents in Montevideo (Uruguay). Drugs and Alcohol Today, 17(1),
12-22. DOI 10.1108/DAT-01-2016-0002
Fitzgerald, A., Maguire, J., & Dooley, B. (2016). Substance misuse and behavioral
adjustment problems in irish adolescents : Examining contextual risk and social
proximal factors substance misuse and behavioral adjustment problems in Irish
adolescents : examining contextual risk and social proximal facto, (August).
https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1197938
Fuentes, M. C., Garcia, O. F., & Garcia, F. (2020). Protective and risk factors for
adolescent substance use in Spain: self-esteem and other indicators of personal
well-being and ill-being. Sustainability, 12(15), 5962. doi:10.3390/su12155962
Foster, C. E., Horwitz, A., Thomas, A., Opperman, K., Gipson, P., Burnside, A., …
King, C. A. (2017). Connectedness to family, school, peers, and community in
socially vulnerable adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review,
81(February), 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.08.011
Gattamorta, K. A., Varela, A., McCabe, B. E., Mena, M. P., & Santisteban, D. A.
(2016). Psychiatric symptoms, parental attachment, and reasons for use as
correlates of heavy substance use among treatment-seeking Hispanic adolescents.
Substance Use and Misuse, 52(3), 392–400.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1229338
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and
reference (10th edition). Boston: Pearson.
Granrud, M. D., Steffenak, A. K. M., & Theander, K. (2017). Gender differences in
symptoms of depression among adolescents in Eastern Norway: Results from a
cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health,
140349481771537. doi:10.1177/1403494817715379
Greger, H. K., Myhre, A. K., Klöckner, C. A., & Jozefiak, T. (2017). Childhood
maltreatment, psychopathology and well-being: The mediator role of global selfesteem,
attachment difficulties and substance use. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70,
122–133. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.012
Grigsby, T. J. H., Forster, M., Soto, D. W., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., & Unger, J. B.
(2014). Problematic substance use among Hispanic adolescents and young adults:
Implications for prevention efforts. Substance Use & Misuse, 49(8), 1025–1038.
https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.852585
Guilera, G., Pereda, N., Paños, A. & Abad, J. (2015). Assessing resilience in
adolescence: The Spanish adaptation of the Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire.
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. DOI 10.1186/s12955-015-0259-8
Hair, J., F., Black, W., C., Babin, B., J., Anderson, R., E., Tatham, R., L. (2010).
Multivariate data analysis. 7th ed. New York: Pearson
Health Link British Columbia (2018). Substance use. Retrieved from
https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/substance-use
Hill, D., & Mrug, S. (2015). School-level correlates of adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and
marijuana use. Substance Use and Misuse, 50(12), 1518–1528.
https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2015.1023449
Hilmie, M., H. (2018, February 15). AADK kesan 2,100 murid, pelajar terbabit dadah.
Berita Harian. Retrieved from
https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/kes/2018/02/389019/aadk-kesan-2100-
murid-pelajar-terbabit-dadah
Hodder, R. K., Freund, M., Bowman, J., Wolfenden, L., Campbell, E., Dray, J., …
Wiggers, J. (2017). Effectiveness of a pragmatic school-based universal resilience
intervention in reducing tobacco, alcohol and illicit substance use in a population
of adolescents: cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 7(8).
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016060
Hodder, R. K., Freund, M., Bowman, J., Wolfenden, L., Gillham, K., Dray, J., &
Wiggers, J. (2016). Association between adolescent tobacco, alcohol and illicit
drug use and individual and environmental resilience protective factors. BMJ
Open, 6(11). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012688
Ismail, R., Ahmad, N. A., Ibrahim, F., & Nen, S. (2017). Pengaruh faktor individu,
keluarga dan persekitaran sosial terhadap tingkah laku penyalahgunaan bahan
dalam kalangan remaja. Akademika, 87(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.17576/akad-
2017-8701-01
Ismail, Z., Ismail, W. I., Nabil, M., & Nazar Mohd, Z. (2016). Knowledge of inhalant
abuse among selected nonresidential secondary school students in Kepala Batas,
Penang. Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 3(2), 50–56.
Jackson, J. M., Seth, P., DiClemente, R. J., & Lin, A. (2015). Association of depressive
symptoms and substance use with risky sexual behavior and sexually transmitted
infections among African American female adolescents seeking sexual health
care. American Journal of Public Health, 105(10), 2137–2142.
Jessor, R. (1987). Problem-behavior theory, psychosocial development, and adolescent
problem drinking. British Journal of Addiction, 82, 331-342.
Jessor, R. (1993). Successful adolescent development among youth in high-risk
settings. American psychologist, 48, 117-126.
Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A
longitudinal study of youth. New York, NY, USA: Academic Press.
Jessor, R., & Turbin, M. S. (2014). Parsing protection and risk for problem behavior
versus pro-social behavior among US and chinese adolescents. Journal of Youth
and Adolescence, 43(7), 1037–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0130-y
Jew, C. L., Green, K. E., & Kronger, J. (1999). Development and validation of a
measure of resiliency. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and
Development, 32(2): 75.
Johnston, M., P. (2014). Secondary data analysis: a method of which the time has come.
Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries (QQML) 3:619 –626.
Jordan, C. J., & Andersen, S. L. (2017). Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk
for the transition to dependence. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 29–
44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.10.004
Karaman, G. N. (2013). Predicting the problem behavior in adolescents. Egitim
Arastirmalari, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 52, 137-154.
Ketchell, M. (2019). Why Uganda’s English language policy is failing rural children.
Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-ugandas-english-languagepolicy-
is-failing-rural-children-124823
Khalid, S., & Kausar, R. (2016). Protective factors, drug use and depression in young
drug users. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 26(2), 1–21.
Komorowski, M., Marshall, D., C., Salciccioli, J., D., Crutain, Y. (2016). Secondary
analysis of electronic health records. Switzerland: Springer International
Publishing
Kurt, D. G., & Ergene, T. (2017). Prediction of risk behaviours among Turkish
adolescents. Education and Science, 42(189), 137–152.
https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.6354
Laerd Dissertation (n.d.). Face validity. Retrieved March 3, 2020, from
http://dissertation.laerd.com/face-validity.php
Latiff, A. C., Rathakrishnan, B., Jarimal@Safri, N., Rusdy, S. N. F. S., & Lajuma, S.
(2017). Perkaitan antara perapatan ibubapa dan rakan sebaya dengan penglibatan
remaja. Southeast Asia Psychology Journal, 5, 12–21.
Lee, C. S. & Goldstein, S. E. (2015). Loneliness, stress, and social support in young
adulthood: does the source of support matter? Journal Youth Adolescence. DOI
10.1007/s10964-015-0395-9
Lee, C. G., Seo, D.-C., Torabi, M. R., Lohrmann, D. K., & Song, T. M.
(2017). Longitudinal Trajectory of the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and
Substance Use From Adolescence to Young Adulthood. Journal of School
Health, 88(1), 9–14. doi:10.1111/josh.12574
Limura, S. & Taku, K. (2017). Gender differences in relationship between resilience
and Big Five Personality Traits in Japanese adolescents. Psychology Reports,
0(0), 1-12. DOI: 10.1177/0033294117741654
Lipowski, M., Lipowska, M., Jochimek, M., & Krokosz, D. (2016). Resiliency as a
factor protecting youths from risky behaviour: Moderating effects of gender and
sport. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(2), 246–255.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1024755
Marotta, P. L., & Voisin, D. R. (2017). Testing three pathways to substance use and
delinquency among low-income African American adolescents. Children and
Youth Services Review, 75, 7–14.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.02.009
Mazur, J., Kowalewska, A., Zawadzka, D., Dzielska, A., & Wais, K. (2016). External
evaluation of the school and academic achievements in relation to alcohol drinking
and delinquent behaviour among secondary school students. Alcoholism and Drug
Addiction, 29(4), 183–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alkona.2016.10.002
McNeely, C. & Falci, C (2004). School connectedness and the transition into and out
of health-risk behavior among adolescents: a comparison of social belonging and
teacher support. Journal School Health, 74 :284– 292
Mead, S., Hilton, D., & Curtis, L. (2001). Peer support: A theoretical perspective.
Psychiatr Rehabil J, 25 (2): 131-41.
Melkman, E. (2015). Risk and protective factors for problem behaviors among youth
in residential care. Children and Youth Services Review, 51, 117–124.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.02.004
Mohammad Nasir, (2006). Kesan kaunseling kelompok terhadap penyesuaian remaja
berisiko (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia:
Bangi.
Mohammad Nasir et al. (2013). Remaja berisiko mengambil dadah: Langkah
pengesanan dan pencegahan awal. Laporan penyelidikan geran Agensi Antidadah
Kebangsaan yang tidak diterbitkan, UPSI: Tg Malim
Moljord, I. E. O., Moksnes, U. K., Espnes, G. A., Hjemdal, O., Eriksen, L. (2014).
Physical activity, resilience, and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Mental
Health and Physical Activity. doi: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2014.04.001.
Moore, T., & McArthur, M. (2014). If only I, they, we had done things differently:
Young people talk about school difficulties and crime. Children and Youth
Services Review, 44, 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.06.015
Mota, C. P., Costa, M., & Matos, P. M. (2016). Resilience and Deviant Behavior
Among Institutionalized Adolescents: The relationship with significant adults.
Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 33(4), 313–325.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-015-0429-x
Nachiappan, S. (2015). Analisis faktor penyumbang terhadap penyalahgunaan dadah
dan usaha pemulihan dari segi kognisi di Pusat Pengasih Malaysia. Educatum-
Journal of Social Science, 1, 34–39.
National Anti-Drug Agency (2017). Statistics of the initial reasons for using drugs
2010-2016. Retrieved from https://www.adk.gov.my/en/public/drugs-statistics/
Noorazura, A. R. (2017, February 12). Kes jenayah juvana di Kota Setar
membimbangkan. Berita Harian. Retrieved from
https://www.bharian.com.my/node/247261
Noret, N., Hunter, S. C. & Rasmussen, S. (2020). The role of perceived social support
in the relationship between being bullied and mental health difficulties in
adolescents. School Mental Health, 12, 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-
019-09339-9
Ndugwa, R. P., Kabiru, C. W., Cleland, J., Beguy, D., Egondi, T., Zulu, E. M., & Jessor,
R. (2011). Adolescent problem behavior in nairobi’s informal settlements:
Applying problem behavior theory in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Urban
Health, 88(2), 298–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-010-9462-4
Noor, N. M., Hassan, N. C., & Zain, S. (2018). Penyalahgunaan inhalan di kalangan
remaja: Peranan pendidikan dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang. International
Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 3(14), 7–21.
Oldehinkel, A. J. & Bouma, E. M. (2011). Sensitivity to the depress genic effect of
stress and HPA-axis reactivity in adolescence: a review of gender differences.
Neurosc Biobehav Revi, 35:1757–1770.
Palamar, J. J., Griffin-Tomas, M., & Ompad, D. C. (2015). Illicit drug use among rave
attendees in a nationally representative sample of US high school seniors. Drug
and Alcohol Dependence, 152, 24–31
Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using
SPSS for Windows version 15. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Pandian, R. D., & Lakshmana, G. (2017). Risk and resilience factors for substance use
among street adolescents: Assessment and development of an integrative model.
Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 11(3), 216–233.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12127
Patil, P. (2018 March 24). What is Exploratory Data Analysis? Towards Data Science.
Retrieved from https://towardsdatascience.com/exploratory-data-analysis-
8fc1cb20fd15
Perkins, B. K. (2006). Where we learn: The CUBE survey of urban school climate.
New York: National School Boards Association.
Perreira, K. M., Marchante, A. N., Schwartz, S. J., Isasi, C. R., Carnethon, M. R.,
Corliss, H. L., … Delamater, A. M. (2018). Stress and resilience: key correlates
of mental health and substance use in the Hispanic community health study of
Latino youth. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-018-0724-7
Persike, M. & Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2012). Competence in coping with stress in
adolescents from three regions of the world. Journal Youth Adolescence, 41 (7):
867-879. DOI:10.1007/s10964-011-9719-6
Polit, D. F. & Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence
for nursing practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.
Poudel, A., Gurung, B. & Khanal, G. P. (2020). Perceived social support and
psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: the mediating role of selfesteem.
BMC Psychology, 8(43). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1
Rathakrishnan, B. (2013). Hubungan tingkah laku seksual berisiko dan penyalahgunaan
bahan dengan masalah kesihatan mental dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah
menengah: Satu kajian pelbagai etnik di Sabah. Journal of Psychology & Human
Development, 1(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-015-
2442-6
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2011). Introduction to Psychometric Theory.
Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Razali, A., & Madon, Z. (2016). Issues and challenges of drug a ddiction among
students in Malaysia. Society For Science and Education, 3(8), 77–89.
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.38.2126.
Ren, P., Qin, X., Zhang, Y. & Zhang, R. (2018). Is social support a cause or
consequence of depression? a longitudinal study of adolescents. Frontiers in
Psychology, 9(1634). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01634
Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. R. (2013). Major Depressive Disorder. In American
Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from
https://images.pearsonclinical.com/images/assets/basc-
3/basc3resources/DSM5_DiagnosticCriteria_MajorDepressiveDisorder.pdf
Rovis, D., Bezinovic, P., & Basic, J. (2015). Interactions of school bonding, disturbed
family relationships, and risk behaviors among adolescents. Journal of School
Health, 85(10), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12296
Rugulies, R., Bultmann, U., Aust, B., & Burr, H. (2006). Psychosocial work
environment and incidence of severe depressive symptoms: Prospective findings
from a 5-year follow-up of the Danish Work Environment Cohort Study.
American Journal of Epidemiology, 163, 877-887.
Ryce, P., Sirin, S. R., Rogers-Sirin, L., Sin, E. J., & Palmeri, J. (2020). The Role of
Internalizing Mental Health Problems in Substance Use Trajectories for Minority
Adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health and
Addiction. doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00298-w
Sanders, J., Munford, R., Thimasarn-anwar, T., Liebenberg, L., & Ungar, M. (2015).
Child abuse & neglect: The role of positive youth development practices in
building resilience and enhancing wellbeing for at-risk youth ?. Child Abuse &
Neglect, 42, 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.02.006
Santiago, A. M., Lee, E. L., Lucero, J. L., Foundation, K., Develop-, U., Berg, K., …
Lansing, E. (2017). How living in the ‘ hood affects risky behaviors among Latino
and African American youth. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the
Social Sciences, 3(2), 170–209. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2017.3.2.08.
Sarban, S. (2015, March 1). Zahid: Some drugs addicts as young as seven years old.
The Star Online. Retrieved from
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/03/01/still-public-enemy-no-1-
zahid-some-drug-addicts-as-young-as-seven-years-old/
Shah, M., M. (2015). Implikasi kajian risiko dan pelindung penyalahgunaan dadah
dalam kalangan remaja dan belia terhadap program pencegahan dadah. Jurnal
Antidadah Malaysia, 9 (2015): 2231-9387.
Schuler, M. S., Vasilenko, S. A., & Lanza, S. T. (2015). Age-varying associations
between substance use behaviors and depressive symptoms during adolescence
and young adulthood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 157, 75–82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.005
Schwinn, T. M., Schinke, S. P., Hopkins, J., & Thom, B. (2016). Risk and protective
factors associated with adolescent girls’ substance use: Data from a nationwide
Facebook sample. Substance Abuse, 37(4), 564–570.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2016.1154495
Seil, K. S., Desai, M. M., & Smith, M. V. (2014). Sexual orientation, adult
connectedness, substance use, and mental health outcomes among adolescents:
Findings from the 2009 New York city youth risk behavior survey. American
Journal of Public Health, 104(10), 1950–1956.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302050
Siennick, S. E., Widdowson, A. O., Woessner, M. K., Feinberg, M. E., & Spoth, R. L.
(2017). Risk factors for substance misuse and adolescents’ symptoms
of depression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(1), 50–56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.08.010
Singh, D., Müller, C. P., Mansor, B. K., & M., V. S. (2015). Social functioning of
kratom (mitragyna speciosa) users in Malaysia. ASHRAE Transactions, 100(2),
1081–1087. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2015.1012610
Singh, D., Müller, C. P., & Vicknasingam, B. K. (2014). Kratom (mitragyna speciosa)
dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in regular users. Clinical
Research, 139, 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.017
Skogen, J. C., Sivertsen, B., Lundervold, A. J., Stormark, K. M., Jakobsen, R., &
Hysing, M. (2014). Alcohol and drug use among adolescents: And the cooccurrence
of mental health problems. Ung@hordaland, a population-based study.
BMJ Open, 4(9). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005357
Smiley, R. K. (2011). Model development for measurement of resilience in adolescents.
(Doctoral dissertation, T Kansas City, Missouri). Retrieved from
https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/10957/SmileyMod
DevMea.pdf?sequence=1
Smith, E. (2008). Using secondary data in educational and social research. New York:
McGraw-Hill Education.
Sontag, L. M. & Graber, J. A. (2010). Coping with perceived peerstress: Gender
specific and common pathways to symptoms ofpsychopathology. Developmental
Psychology, 46, 1605–1620
Springer, D. W. (1998). Validation of the Adolescent Concerns Evaluation (ACE):
Detecting indicators of runaway behavior in adolescents. Social Work Research,
22(4).
Sterrett, E. M., Dymnicki, A. B., Henry, D., Byck, G. R., Bolland, J., & Mustanski, B.
(2014). Predictors of co-occurring risk behavior trajectories among economically
disadvantaged african-american youth: contextual and individual factors. Journal
of Adolescent Health, 55(3), 380–387.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.02.023
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2014). The NSDUH
report, recent declines in adolescent inhalant use. Retrieved from
http://www.samhs a.gov/data/sites /defau lt/files / sr174 -inhal ants-2014/sr174 -
inhal ants-2014/sr174 -inhal ants-2014. htm. Accessed 30 March 2016
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson, Boston.
Torikka, A. (2017). Depression and substance use in middle adolescence. Acta
Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis. Retrieved from
http://tampub.uta.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/101793/978-952-03-0470-
6.pdf?sequence=1
Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Lucas, R. E. (2011). Secondary data
analysis: An introduction for psychologists. Washington: APA.
Turnbridge. (2018, June 5). Adolescent drug use: Do new numbers bode well for 2018?
Retrieved from https://www.tpaddictiontreatment.com/news-events/adolescentdrug-
use
Ünübol, H., & Sayar, G. H. (2020). Substance use and its risk factors in Turkey: a
nationally representative sample study. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse,
1–23. doi:10.1080/15332640.2020.1781731
Vartanian, T. P. (2011). Secondary data analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Voisin, D. R., Harty, J., Kim, D. H., Elsaesser, C., & Takahashi, L. M. (2017).
Assessing the relationship between parental influences and wellbeing among low
income African American adolescents in Chicago. Child & Youth Care Forum,
46(2), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-016-9373-y
Wan, N. H. W. A. (2016, Spetember 2). Gejala pelajar sakit mental merisaukan. Berita
Harian. Retrieved from https://www.bharian.com.my/node/188987
Whaley, R. B., Hayes-Smith, J., & Hayes-Smith, R. (2013). Gendere pathways?
Gender, mediating factors, and the gap in boys’ and girls’ substance use. Crime &
Delinquency, 59(5), 651–669. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128710389581
Wiersma, W. (2000). Research methods in education: An introduction. Boston: Allyn
and Bacon.
Wilkinson, A. L., Halpern, C. T., & Herring, A. H. (2016). Directions of the relationship
between substance use and depressive symptoms from adolescence to young
adulthood. Addictive Behaviors, 60, 64–70.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.036
World Health Organization (2011). Health of adolescents in Malaysia. Manila : WHO
regional office for the Western Pacific. Retrieved from
http://iris.wpro.who.int/handle/10665.1/5251
World Health Organization (2017). Adolescence: a period needing special attention.
Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/adolescent/seconddecade/
section2/page1/recognizing-adolescence.html
World Health Organization (2018, November 28). Adolescent health. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/topics/adolescent_health/en/
World Health Organization (2019). Substance abuse. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/topics/substance_abuse/en/
Yang, F., Cheng, W. J. Y., Ho, M. H. R., & Pooh, K. (2013). Psychosocial correlates
of cigarette smoking among Asian American and Pacific Islander adolescents.
Addictive Behaviors, 38(4), 1890–1893.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.12.012
Yang, C., Zhou, Y., Cao, Q., Xia, M., & An, J. (2019). The relationship between selfcontrol
and self-efficacy among patients with substance use disorders: resilience
and self-esteem as mediators. Frontiers in Psychiatry,
10. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00388
Young, C. C. & Dietrich, M. S. (2015)/ Stressful life events, worry, and rumination
predict depressive and anxiety symptoms in young adolescents. J Child Adolesc
Psychiatr Nursing, 28:35–42.
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) (n.d). Retrieved February 18, 2018
from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/index.htm
Zainudin Sharif & Mohamad Roslan (2011). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi remaja
terlibat dalam masalah sosial di Sekolah Tunas Bakti, Sungai Lereh, Melaka.
Journal of Education Psychology & Counseling, 1 (Mac): 115-140.
Zamboanga, B. L., Carlo, G., & Raffaelli, M. (2004). Problem behaviour theory: An
examination of the behaviour structure system in Latino and non-Latino college
students. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 32(2), 253-262.