Abdul-wahab, I. (2016). Entrepreneurship in Higher Education : An Evaluation of Employability of Higher Education Institutions’ Graduates in Nigeria. Journal of Innovation in Education in Africa, 1(1), 1–15. 

 

Abdul Malik, I., Danquah, M., & Quartey, P. (2017). Paying for education among households in Ghana: Is there any role for household resources and contextual effects? International Journal of Development Issues, 16(2), 214–226. 

 

Abdul Rahim, A., Wan Nurmahfuzah Jannah, W. M., & Badariah, H. D. (2016). Cabaran Meningkatkan Produktiviti Syarikat Berskala Kecil Dan Sederhana Di Malaysia : Kajian Mengenai Isu Kemahiran Buruh. Geografia Online Malaysia Journal of Society and Space, 4(4), 26–33. 

 

Abe, M., & Proksch, M. (2017). Supporting Participation of Asia-Pacific SMEs in Global Value Chains. Journal of Korea Trade, 21(2), 86–106. 

 

Affero, I., & Norhasni, Z. A. (2014). Issues and Challenges of Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Malaysia Towards Human Capital Development. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 19(2), 7–11. 

 

African Union. (2007). Strategy to Revitalize Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Africa. In Conference of Ministers of Education of the African Union, 29–31. 

 

Aigheyisi, O. S. (2013). The Relative Impacts of Federal Capital and Recurrent Expenditures on Nigeria’s Economy (1980-2011). American Journal of Economics, 3(5), 210–221. 

 

Akelaitis, A. V., & Malinauskas, R. K. (2016). Education of Social Skills among Senior High School Age Students in Physical Education Classes. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 18(4), 381–389. 

 

Akoojee, S. (2016). Private Tvet in Africa : Understanding the Context and Managing Alternative Forms Creatively. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 8(2), 38–51. 

 

Alagaraja, M., & Arthur-Mensah, N. (2013). Exploring technical vocational education and training systems in emerging markets A case study on Ghana. European Journal of Training and Development, 37(9), 835–850. 

 

Alagaraja, M., & Githens, R. P. (2016). Capacity and Capability Building for National HRD: A Multi-Level Conceptual Framework Scope of NHRD. Human Resource Development Review, 15(151), 77–100. 

 

Alagaraja, M., Kotamraju, P., & Kim, S. (2014). A conceptual framework for examining HRD and NHRD linkages and outcomes: Review of TVET literature. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(4), 265–285. 

 

Alexandra Beauregard, T. (2012). Perfectionism, self-efficacy and OCB: The moderating role of gender. Personnel Review, 41(5), 590–608. 

 

Alias, M. S., Nik Mohd Rahimi, N. Y., & Ruhizan, M. Y. (2011). Penilaian Kemudahan Pembelajaran, Peruntukan Kewangan dan Kursus dalam Perkhidmatan bagi Kursus Pendidikan Islam di Politeknik Malaysia. Journal of Islamic and Arabic Education, 3(1), 123–134. 

 

Allen, B. (2018). Knowledge and civilization. London: Routledge. 

 

Allison, B., Hilton, A., O’Sullivan, T., Owen, A., & Rothwell, A. (2016). Research skills for students. London: Routledge. 

 

Alston, A. J., Cromartie, D., Wakefield, D., & English, C. W. (2009). The importance of employability skills as perceived by the employers of United States’ land-grant college and university graduates. Journal of Southern Agricultural Education Research, 59(1), 59–72. 

 

Aminuddin, A. K. (2011). Reformasi Dalam TVET : Perubahan Masa Hadapan. Journal of Edupres, 1, 336–341. 

 

Amirudin, M. H., Ngadiman, N., Abdul Kadir, R., & Saidy, S. (2016). Review of Soft Skills of Tvet Trainees From the Malaysian Advanced Technology Training Center. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 8(1), 14–24. 

 

Amran, M. R., Mansoor, A. B., Nadhirah, N., & Kowang, T. O. (2014). Service quality in higher education: Study of Turkish students in Malaysian universities. Journal of Management Info, 1(3), 1–9. 

 

Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Irvine, C. K. S., & Walker, D. A. (2018). Introduction to Research in Education (10th Editi). Boston: Cengage Learning Inc. 

 

Asongu, S. A., & Tchamyou, V. S. (2016). The impact of entrepreneurship on knowledge economy in Africa. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 8(1), 101-131. 

 

Asonitou, S. (2015). Employability Skills in Higher Education and the Case of Greece. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, 283–290. Asri, N. M. (2010). Komposisi perbelanjaan kerajaan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi : kajian empirikal di Malaysia. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 1(15), 21–42. 

 

Assiter, A. (2017). Transferable skills in higher education. London: Routledge. 

 

Ayers, A. J. (2018). A Global Political Economy of Democratisation: Beyond the Internal-External Divide. London: Routledge. 

 

Ayuni Madarina, A. R. (2018). English Writing Performance Using Blended Learning in TVET Education. Language Literacy, 2(1), 28–36. 

 

Azizi, Y., Shahrin, H., Jamaludin, R., Yusof, B., & Abdul Rahim, H. (2007). Menguasai Penyelidikan Dalam Pendidikan: Teori, Analisis & Interpretasi Data. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Professional Publishing Sdn. Bhd. 

 

Bae, S.-O. (2014). Comparison and Implications of Human Capital Theory at the Individual, Organization and Country Levels. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 18(1), 11–28. 

 

Bahagian Pendidikan Teknik dan Vokasional. (2013). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013 - 2025. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Putrajaya. 

 

Bahagian Pendidikan Teknik dan Vokasional. (2017). Putrajaya. 

 

Bajet 2014. (2014). Putrajaya. 

 

Bajet 2015. (2015). Putrajaya. 

 

Bajet 2016. (2016). Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia. Putrajaya. Retrieved from http://www.treasury.gov.my/pdf/bajet/ucapan/ub16.pdf 

 

Bajet 2017. (2017). Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia. Putrajaya. Retrieved from http://www.albayan.ae 

 

Bajet 2018. (2018). Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia. Putrajaya. Retrieved from https://www.pmo.gov.my/bajet2018/TouchpointBajet2018.pdf 

 

Bateman, A., Brown, J., & Uera, M. (2015). Research into the financing of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in the Pacific : Tonga : country report. 

 

Bateman, A., Cassity, E., & Fangalasuu, J. (2015). Research into the financing of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in the Pacific : Solomon Islands : country report. Victoria. 

 

Baumann, C., Hamin, H., & Yang, S. J. (2016). Work ethic formed by pedagogical approach: evolution of institutional approach to education and competitiveness. Asia Pacific Business Review, 22(3), 374–396. 

 

Becker, G. S. (1963). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education (3rd Editio). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 

 

Becker, G. S. (1975). Human Capital. New York: St. Martin Press. 

 

Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A Theoritical and Empirical Analysis With Special Reference tu Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 

 

Becker, J. M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical Latent Variable Models in PLS-SEM: Guidelines for Using Reflective-Formative Type Models. Long Range Planning, 45(5–6), 359–394. 

 

Belwal, R., Priyadarshi, P., & Mariam, H. A. F. (2017). Graduate attributes and employability skills: Graduates’ perspectives on employers’ expectations in Oman. International Journal of Educational Management, 31(6), 814–827. 

 

Benneworth, P. (2016). Strategies for the New Economy. In Research-Technology Management (pp. 1–14). 

 

Benson, V., Morgan, S., & Filippaios, F. (2014). Computers in Human Behavior Social career management : Social media and employability skills gap. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 519–525. 

 

Bijl, A. van der, & Taylor, V. (2016). Nature and Dynamics of Industry-Based Workplace Learning for South African TVET Lecturers. Industry and Higher Education, 30(2), 98–108. 

 

Blanca, M. J., Arnau, J., López-Montiel, D., Bono, R., & Bendayan, R. (2013). Skewness and Kurtosis in Real Data Samples. Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 9(2), 78–84. 

 

Blaug, M. (1985). Where are we now in the economics of education. Economics of Education Review, 4(1), 17–28. 

 

Borbély-Pecze, T. B., & Hutchinson, J. (2016). Work-based Learning and Lifelong Guidance Policies. European Lifelong Guidance Policy Network. Finland. 

 

Bornemann, M., & Wiedenhofer, R. (2013). Intellectual Capital in education – a value chain perspective. Institute of KNowledge Asset Management - Proceedings of IFKAD, 15(June), 570–594. 

 

Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216. 

 

Brown, J., Brown, J., & Lene, S. P. T. (2015). Pacific : Samoa : country report Samoa Country Report. 

 

Buasuwan, P. (2018). Rethinking Thai higher education for Thailand 4.0. Asian Education and Development Studies, 7(2), 157–173. 

 

Buck, L. L., & Barrick, R. K. (1987). They’re Trained, But Are They Employable? Vocational Education Journal, 62(5), 29–31. 

 

Bucklin, B. R., Dickinson, A. M., & Brethower, D. M. (2000). A Comparison of the Effects of Fluency Training and Accuracy Training on Application and Retention. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 13(3), 140–163. 

 

Buli, B. M., & Wasihun, M. Y. (2015). Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions: Technical-vocational education and training students in Ethiopia. Education + Training, 57(8/9), 891–907. 

 

Bulman, D., Eden, M., & Nguyen, H. (2017). Transitioning from low-income growth to high-income growth: is there a middle-income trap? (656). ADBI Working Paper Series. Tokyo. 

 

Caldwell, C., & Hayes, L. A. (2016). Self-efficacy and self-awareness: moral insights to increased leader effectiveness. Journal of Management Development, 35(9), 1163–1173. 

 

Cervai, S., Cian, L., Berlanga, A., Borelli, M., & Kekäle, T. (2013). Assessing the quality of the learning outcome in vocational education: the Expero model. Journal of Workplace Learning, 25(3), 198–210. 

 

Chan, J. K. L. (2011). Enhancing the employability of and level of soft skills within tourism and hospitality graduates in Malaysia: The Issues and challenges. Journal of Tourism, 12(1), 1–16. 

 

Chandran, V. G. R., & Rasiah, R. (2013). Firm size, technological capability, exports and economic performance: the case of electronics industry in Malaysia. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 14(4), 741–757. 

 

Cheong, K., & Lee, K. (2016). Malaysia’s Education Crisis – Can TVET Help ? Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 53(1), 115–134. 

 

Chiaburu, D. S., Cho, I., & Gardner, R. (2015). Authenticity matters more than intelligence and personality in predicting metacognition. Industrial and Commercial Training, 47(7), 363–371. 

 

Chua, Y. P. (2014). Kaedah Penyelidikan. Kuala Lumpur: McGraw-Hill International. 

 

Churchill, S. A., Ugur, M., & Yew, S. L. (2017). Government education expenditures and economic growth: a meta-analysis. The BE Journal of Macroeconomics, 17(2), 1–17. 

 

Cimatti, B. (2016). Definition, development, assessment of soft skills and their role for the quality of organizations and enterprises. International Journal for Quality Research, 10(1), 97–130. 

 

Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing Validity Basic Issues in Objective Scale Development. Psychological Assessment1, 7(3), 309–319. 

 

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. NJ: erlbaum. Hillsdale 

 

Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. 

 

Collet, C., Hine, D., & du Plessis, K. (2015). Employability Skills : Perspectives from a Knowledge ‐ Intensive Industry. Education and Training, 57(5), 532–559. 

 

Cooper, J., & Davis, L. (2017). Exploring Comparative Economic Theories: Human Capital Formation Theory vs Screening Theory. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 19(6), 68–74. 

 

Creswell, J. W. (2015). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). California: SAGE publications. 

 

Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE publications Inc. 

 

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th Editio). Los Angeles: SAGE publications Inc. 

 

Croke, F. (2017). The Professionalisation of Vocational Education and Training Practitioners To Own Buy or Rent A Case Study of Developments in Finland, Australia and Ireland. Dublin City University. 

 

Cuaresma, J. C., Doppelhofer, G., Huber, F., & Piribauer, P. (2017). Human capital accumulation and long-term income growth projections for European regions. Journal of Regional Science, 58(1), 81–99. 

 

D. Capital Partners. (2013). Impact investing in education: An overview of the current landscape, (59), 46. 

 

Dania, J., Ab Rahim, B., & Shamsiah, M. (2014). Factors influencing the acquisition of employability skills by students of selected technical secondary school in Malaysia. International Education Studies, 7(2), 117–124. 

 

Das, B. B., & Subudhi, R. N. (2015). Professional Education for Employability : A Critical Review. KIIT Journal of Management, 11(1), 32–45. 

 

Deissinger, T., & Gonon, P. (2016). Stakeholders in the German and Swiss vocational educational and training system: Their role in innovating apprenticeships against the background of academisation. Education and Training, 58(6), 568–577. 

 

Denscombe, M. (2014). The Good Research Guide: For Small-scale Social Research Projects. England: MacGraw-Hill. 

 

Department of Education and Training. (2016). Annual VET Investment Plan. 

 

Devkota, S. P., Chaulagain, R., & Bagale, S. (2016). Public Expenditure in Education Sector of Nepal. The Online Journal of New Horizons in Education, 6(2), 88–92. 

 

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. (2019). Retrieved April 5, 2019, from http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/cari1?keyword=aplikasi 

 

Diaconu, L. (2014). Education and Labour Market Outcomes in Romania. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 5(1), 99–112. 

 

Dian Indrayani, J., Umi Asma’, M., Hana Yasmein, I., & Mohd Ridzwan, Y. (2015). Information Technology Graduate Employability Enhancement Model: Case Study In The Faculty Of Information Science And Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Information Technology and Multimedia, 4(2), 57–68. 

 

Dijkstra, T. K. (2015). Research Essay Consistent Partial Least Squares Path Modeling. MIS Quarterly, 39(2), 297–316. 

 

Dissou, Y., Didic, S., & Yakautsava, T. (2016). Government spending on education, human capital accumulation, and growth. Economic Modelling, 58, 9–21. 

 

Domar, E. D. (2016). Reflections On Economic Development. The American Economist, 61(1), 21–29. 

 

Dougherty, S. M., & Lombardi, A. R. (2016). From Vocational Education to Career Readiness: The Ongoing Work of Linking Education and the Labor Market. Review of Research in Education, 40(1), 326–355. 

 

Drucker, J. (2015). Reconsidering the Regional Economic Development Impacts of Higher Education Institutions in the United States. Regional Studies, 50(7), 1185–1202. 

 

Dzubaidi, R. A. M., Ismail, R., & Sarmidi, T. (2013). Peranan Perbelanjaan Kerajaan Terhadap Pembangunan Manusia dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi. Prosiding PERKEM VIII, 2, 872–879. 

 

Edeme, R. K., Nkalu, C. N., & Ifelunini, I. A. (2017). Distributional impact of public expenditure on human development in Nigeria. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(12), 1683–1693. 

 

Edokpolor, J. E., & Omiunu, S. E. (2018). Role Of Career Development Services In Developing Students Lifelong Learning Self-Efficacy: Vocational And Adult Education Lecturers’ Perceptions. Baltic Journal of Career Education and Management, 5(1), 30–45. 

 

Ekpenyong, L. E., & Edokpolor, J. E. (2016). Winning the War Against Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria : Is There a Role for Tvet-Private Sector Partnership? Journal of Nigerian Vocational Education, 1(2), 125–132. 

 

Enah, A., Ridzwan, C. R., Mohd Adib, H., & Mohd Azlan, M. H. (2018). Kebolehpasaran Graduan Pendidikan Teknikal Dan Vokasional: Satu Analisis. Sains Humanika, 10(3), 9–15. 

 

Enah, A., Ridzwan, C. R., & Mohd Ridwan, A. R. (2018). The Relationship between Public Expenditure for Technical and Vocational Education and Employability Skills of the Graduates of Vocational Colleges in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(8), 790–800. 

 

Engelbrecht, M., Spencer, J., & Bijl, A. van der. (2017). Relevance for work in the Western Cape tourism industry of the National Certificate Vocational in tourism education at TVET colleges. Industry and Higher Education, 31(5), 328–334. 

 

Epuran, G., Gardan, I. P., Gardan, D. A., & Tescasiu, B. (2016). Modernisation of Higher Education in the Context of European Integration--A Comparative Analysis. Amfiteatru Economic, 18(42), 351–368. 

 

Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. 

 

Etuk, A. B., & Usoro, A. D. (2016). Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Teacher Quality and Self- Efficacy of TVET Students (A case study College of Education, South-South- Nigeria). International Journal of Educational Benchmark, 1(1), 96–106. 

 

European Commission. (2014). Education and Training Monitor 2014, 88. 

 

Faisal, A. (2013). Processes of conservation and change in Arab society in Israel: Implications for the health and welfare of the Arab population. International Journal of Social Welfare, 22(1), 15–24. 

 

Farashah, A. D. (2013). The process of impact of entrepreneurship education and training on entrepreneurship perception and intention: Study of educational system of Iran. Education + Training, 55(8), 868–885. 

 

Faruque, A. H., Md Ramjan, A., & Khan, M. F. (2015). The Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing: Current Practices at Polytechnics in Bangladesh and its Effects in Developing Students’ Competences. International Journal for Research in Vocational Educationand Training, 2(2), 99–118. 

 

Fátima, S. (2016). Employability Skills of Higher Education Graduates: Little Consensus on a Much-discussed Subject. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 228(June), 169–174. 

 

Flabbi, L., & Gatti, R. (2018). A Primer on Human Capital. Policy Research Working Paper (Vol. 8309). 

 

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, XVIII(39–50). 

 

Fort, I., Jacquet, F., & Leroy, N. (2011). Self-efficacy, goals, and job search behaviors. Career Development International, 16(5), 469–481. 

 

Foster, J. B. (2012). The Planetary Rift and the New Human Exemptionalism: A Political-Economic Critique of Ecological Modernization Theory. Organization and Environment, 25(3), 211–237. 

 

Fowler, F. J. (2013). Survey Research Methods (Fifth Edit). Los Angeles: SAGE publications Inc. 

 

Garrison, D. R., & Akyol, Z. (2015). Toward the development of a metacognition construct for communities of inquiry. Internet and Higher Education, 24, 66–71. 

 

Geisser, S. (1975). The predictive sample reuse method with applications. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70(350), 320–328. 

 

Gemmell, N., Kneller, R., & Sanz, S. (2016). Does the Composition of Government Expenditure Matter for Long‐Run GDP Levels? Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 78(4), 522–547. 

 

Gerstein, M., & Friedman, H. H. (2016). Rethinking Higher Education: Focusing on Skills and Competencies. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 4(2), 104–121. 

 

Gibb, J. (2004). Generic skills in vocational education and training: Research readings. Australian National Training Authority. Adelaide. 

 

Gibson, C. B. (2017). Elaboration, Generalization, Triangulation, and Interpretation: On Enhancing the Value of Mixed Method Research. Organizational Research Methods, 20(2), 193–223. 

 

Gkolia, A., Dimitrios, B. A., & Koustelios, A. (2016). Background characteristics as predictors of Greek teachers’ self-efficacy. International Journal of Educational Management, 30(3), 460–472. 

 

Glaser, W., & Hecht, T. D. (2013). Work-family conflicts, threat-appraisal, self-efficacy and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(2), 164–182. 

 

Glazebrook, K., & Song, L. (2013). Is China up to the Test? A Review of Theories and Priorities for Education Investment for a Modern China. China & World Economy, 21(4), 56–78. 

 

Gold, A. H., Malthora, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge Management: An Organizational Capabilities Perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185–214. 

 

Grancelli, B. (2011). Social Change and Modernization: Lessons from Eastern Europe. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 

 

Grinnell, R. M., & Unrau, Y. A. (2018). Social Work Research and Evaluation: Foundations of Evidence-Based Practice. New York: Oxford University Press. 

 

Guetterman, T. C., Babchuk, W. A., Howell Smith, M. C., & Stevens, J. (2017). Contemporary Approaches to Mixed Methods–Grounded Theory Research: A Field-Based Analysis. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 11(3), 1–17. 

 

Gurvinder Kaur, G. S., & Sharan Kaur, G. S. (2008). Malaysian Graduates’ Employability Skills. UniTAR E-Journal, 4(1), 15–45. 

 

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. 

 

Hair Jr., J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd Ed.). United States of America: SAGE publications Inc. 

 

Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia. (2010) Hala Tuju Bidang Pertanian. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia. 

 

Halim, F. A., Bakar, A. R., Hamzah, R., Rashid, A. M., Tun, U., & Onn, H. (2013). Employability Skills of Technical and Vocational Students with Hearing Impairements: Employers’ Perspectives. Journal of Techincal Education and Training, 5(2), 65–74. 

 

Hanimastura, H., Hairulliza, M. J., & Tengku Siti Meriam, T. W. (2016). Success Factors for Knowledge Sharing Among Tvet Instructors. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 85(1), 12–20. 

 

Hanushek, E. A. (2016). Will more higher education improve economic growth? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 32(4), 538–552. 

 

Harber, C., & Mncube, V. (2011). Is schooling good for the development of society?: the case of South Africa. South African Journal of Education, 31, 233–245. 

 

Harber, C., & Mncube, V. (2012). Democracy , Education and Development : Theory and Reality. The Journal of Educational Alternatives, 1(1), 104–120. 

 

Harvey, L. (2000). New realities: The relationship between higher education and employment. Tertiary Education & Management, 6(1), 3–17. 

 

Harvey, L. (2000). New realities: The relationship between higher education and employment. Tertiary Education and Management, 6(1), 3–17. 

 

Harvey, L. (2001). Quality in Higher Education: Defining and Measuring Employability. Quality in Higher Education, 7(2), 96–109. 

 

Hasanefendic, S., Heitor, M., & Horta, H. (2016). Training students for new jobs: The role of technical and vocational higher education and implications for science policy in Portugal. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 113, 328–340. 

 

Hasnah, A., Luqman, A., Sanep, A., & Noraziah, A. (2009). Keperluan, Kepentingan dan Sumbangan Perancangan Pendidikan Dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi Malaysia. Jurnal E-Bangi, 4(1), 13–29. 

 

He, Q. (2015). Link education to industrial upgrading: a comparison between South Korea and China. Asian Education and Development Studies, 4(2), 163–179. 

 

Heijde, C. M. Van der, & Heijden, B. I. J. M. Van Der. (2006). A competence-based and multidimensional operationalization and measurement of employability. Human Resource Management, 45(3), 449–476. 

 

Henseler, J., Dijkstra, T. K., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Diamantopoulos, A., Straub, D. W., … Calantone, R. J. (2014). Common Beliefs and Reality About PLS: Comments on Ronkko and Evermann (2013). Organizational Research Methods, 17(2), 182–209. 

 

Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2–20. 

 

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. 

 

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277–319. 

 

Heyneman, S. P. (2003). The history and problems in the making of education policy at the World Bank 1960-2000. International Journal of Educational Development, 23(3), 315–337. 

 

Hillage. J., & Pollard, E. (1998). Employability : Developing a Framework for Policy Analysis. Institute for Employment Studies. 

 

Hong, R. (2016). Soft skills and hard numbers: Gender discourse in human resources. Big Data & Society, 3(2), 1–13. 

 

Horn, S. (2017). Development Of Indicators To Evaluate The Labour Market Relevance Of Tvet Graduates Competences In Vietnam: Demonstrated By The Example Of The Enterprise Survey Of The Programme Reform Of Tvet In Vietnam. Tạp Chí Khoa Học Giáo Dục Nghề Nghiệp, 51(12), 54–60. 

 

Horne, R., Ngangan, K., Tavil-Melachon, S., & Brown, J. (2015). Research into the financing of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in the Pacific : Papua New Guinea : country report. Victoria. 

 

Hsiao, K., Wong, J. I. a, Yan, T. I. C., Lay, J., & Nga, H. U. I. (2009). Kemiskinan dan pendidikan: kesan dan cabaran di kalangan belia malaysia katty hsiao jia wong, ti ching yan & janice lay hui nga. Malaysian Journal of Youth Studies, 55–76. 

 

Hutton, D. M., & Dixon, R. A. (2016). Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and its integration into general education at the university level. Journal of Caribbean Curriculum, 24(2000), 100–126. 

 

Idris Jajri and Rahmah Ismail. (2010). Impact of labour quality on labour productivity and economic growth. African Journal of Business Management, 4, 486–495. 

 

Ilie, S., & Rose, P. (2018). Who benefits from public spending on higher education in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa? Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 48(4), 630–647. 

 

Imdorf, C., Sacchi, S., Wohlgemuth, K., Cortesi, S., & Schoch, A. (2014). How Cantonal Education Systems in Switzerland Promote Gender-Typical School-to-Work Transitions. Swiss Journal of Sociology, 40(2), 175–196. 

 

Ishak, Y., Rahmah, I., & Robiah, S. (2008). Graduan dan Alam Pekerjaan: Kes Siswazah UKM. Akademika, 72, 3–24. 

 

Ishengoma, E., & Vaaland, T. I. (2016). Can university-industry linkages stimulate student employability? Education + Training, 58(1), 18–44. 

 

Jaafar, S. N., Normah, Z., & Norulhuda, A. R. (2017). Career Choice and Employability Skills for Vocational College Students Career Choice and Employability Skills for Vocational College Students. In International PostGraduate Conference on Applied Science & Physics. IOP Publishing. 

 

Jabeen, N., & Faiza, M. S. (2015). Impact of Government Spending in Education on Economic Growth in Pakistan. RADS Journal of Social Sciencess & Business Management, 3(1), 25–35. 

 

Jackson, K., Lower, C. L., & Rudman, W. J. (2016). The Crossroads between Workforce and Education. Perspectives in Health Information Management, 13, 1–11. 

 

Jegatheesan, Rajadurai Noraina Mazuin, S., Salina, D., & Nurazariah, A. (2018). The Marketability of Technical Graduates from Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) Offering Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET): A Case from Malaysia. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 27(2), 137–144. 

 

Jensen, B., Reichl, J., & Kemp, A. (2011). The real issue in school funding: An analysis of increasing government school expenditure and declining performance. Australian Economic Review, 44(3), 321–329. 

 

Johnes, G., Freguglia, R., Spricigo, G., & Aggarwal, A. (2016). Education and occupational outcomes: evidence from Brazil. International Journal of Manpower, 37(8), 1304–1321. 

 

Johnson, W. H. A., & Chuang, M. (2010). A comparative innovation study of China, Japan and Taiwan. Chinese Management Studies, 4(4), 385–400. 

 

Jomo, K. S. (2016). Growth and structural change in the Malaysian economy. New York: Springer. 

 

Joshi, S. (2012). Role of higher education sector in changing service sector innovation system. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 9(4), 260–272. 

 

Juhdi, N., Ainon, J., & Shaharudin, Y. (2007). A study on employability skills of university graduates. The Business Wallpaper, 2(1), 1–6. 

 

Kamaruddin, M. T. (2010). Penilaian Pembangunan kemahiran Generik Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Tahun Akhir Kolej Komoniti Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 

 

Kararach, G., Hanson, K. T., & Léautier, F. A. (2011). Regional integration policies to support job creation for Africa’s burgeoning youth population. The African Capacity Building Foundation (Vol. 21). 

 

Kazilan, F., Hamzah, R., & Bakar, A. R. (2009). Employability Skills Among the Students of Technical and Vocational Training Centers in Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 147–160. 

 

Kee-Cheok, C., Hill, C., Fernandez-Chung, R., & Yin-Ching, L. (2016). Employing the ‘unemployable’: employer perceptions of Malaysian graduates. Studies in Higher Education, 41(12), 2253-2270. 

 

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2017). Quick Facts 2017 Malaysia Educational Statistics. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.

 

Kemmis, R. B., Hodge, S., & Bowden, A. (2014). Transferable skills in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET): Implications for TVET teacher policies in Australia. TVET@Asia, (3), 1–13. 

 

Kiely, R. (2013). Sociology and Development: The impasse and beyond. London: Routledge. 

 

Kigwilu, P. C., & Bwanali, J. F. (2016). Efficacy of Life Skills Education in Enhancing the Employability of TVET Graduates: The Case of St. Theresa Community College, Nairobi County. Africa Journal of Technical and Vocational Education and Training, 1(1), 31–40. 

 

Klee, D., & Andar. (2015). TVET Capacity Development in Afghanistan : Introducing Self-Reliant Internship in In-Service Technical Teacher Training at the Technical Teacher Training Institute ( TTTI ). Innovation of Vocational Technology Education, 11(2), 113–118. 

 

Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (Fourth). New York: The Guilford Press. 

 

Knight, P., & Yorke, M. (2004). Learning, Curriculum and Employability in Higher Education. London: RoutledgeFalmer. 

 

Knowles, M. S., Holton, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (2012). The Adult Learner: The Definitive Classic in Adult Education and Human Resource Development (Seventh Ed). London: Routledge. 

 

Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities Robert. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38(1), 607–610. 

 

Krskova, H., & Baumann, C. (2017). School discipline, investment, competitiveness and mediating educational performance. International Journal of Educational Management, 31(3), 293–319. 

 

Ladkin, A., & Weber, K. (2009). Tourism and Hospitality Academics: Career Profiles and Strategies. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 8(4), 373–393. 

 

Lasonen, J. (2010). Sustainable Curriculum in TVET. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 2(1–25), 139–165. 

 

Lawrence, T. (2002). Teaching and assessing employability skills through Skills USA. In ASQ World Conference on Quality and Improvement Proceedings (pp. 285–295). 

 

Lee, K., & Ogawa, K. (2016). Financing Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Sri Lanka. ASR: CMU Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(1), 27–34. 

 

Lehrer, K. (2018). Theory of knowledge. London: Routledge. 

 

Little, A. (2000). Development Studies and Comparative Education: Context, content, comparison and contributors. Comparative Education, 36(3), 279–296. 

 

Lomand, T. C. (2016). Social Science Research: A Cross Section of Journal Articles for Discussion and Evaluation (7th ed.). New York: Routledge. 

 

Lowden, K., Hall, S., Elliot, D., & Lewin, J. (2011). Employers’ perceptions of the employability skills of new graduates. London: Edge Foundation. 

 

Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3–42. 

 

Maclean, R., & Jagannathan, S. (2014). Introduction—Improving skills development for employability in an ever-changing world. Prospects, 44(2), 159–165. 

 

Maglen, L., Wall, M. W., & Rokovunisei, M. (2015). Research into the Financing of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in the Pacific: Fiji: Country report. 

 

Majumdar, P., & Teaero, T. (2015). Research into the financing of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in the Pacific : Kiribati : country report. Victoria. 

 

Mansour, B. El, & Dean, J. C. (2016). Employability Skills as Perceived by Employers and University Faculty in the Fields of Human Resource Development (HRD) for Entry Level Graduate Jobs. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 4, 39–49. 

 

Marginson, S. (2015). Rethinking education , work and ‘employability’’: Foundational problems of human capital theory.’ In SRHE Conference (Vol. 9, pp. 1–21). Wales: Centre for Global Higher Education. 

 

Marjan, M. Z., Hamidin, A., & Esra, T. (2017). Life skills needs assessment among Iranian immigrant students in Malaysia. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 46(1), 143–145. 

 

Matovu, J. M. (2000). Composition of Government Expenditure, Human Capital Accumulation and Welfare (WP/00/15). 

 

McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society. New York: Van Nostrand. 

 

McInerney, D. M. (2006). Helping Kids Achieve Their Best: Understanding and Using Motivation in the Classroom. Greenwich: Information Age Publishing. 

 

McKim, C. A. (2017). The Value of Mixed Methods Research: A Mixed Methods Study. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 11(2), 202–222. 

 

Md Abu, R. (2014). Collaboration between TVET Institutions and Industries in Bangladesh to Enhance Employability Skills. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research, 2(10), 50–55. 

 

Merino, N. (2012). Government Spending. Michigan: Greenhaven Press. 

 

Messer, D. (2018). Work placements at 14-15 years and employability skills. Education + Training, 60(1), 16–26. 

 

Meyer, T. (2009). Can “Vocationalisation” of Education Go Too Far? The Case of Switzerland. European Journal of Vocational Training, 46(1), 28–40. 

 

Michalos, A. C. (2017). Education , Happiness and Wellbeing. In Is happiness measurable and what do those measures mean for public policy?, 277–299. 

 

Mill, J. S. (1994). On the definition and method of political economy. The philosophy of economics: An anthology, 2, 52-68. 

 

Minde, I., Stephanus Terblanche, Bashaasha, B., Madakadze, I. C., Snyder, J., & Mugisha, A. (2015). Challenges for agricultural education and training (AET) institutions in preparing growing student populations for productive careers in the agri-food system. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 5(2), 137–169. 

 

Mohamad Sattar, R., Md Yusof, I., Napsiah, I., Muhammad Rashid, R., & Rose Amnah, A. R. (2009). Peranan Institusi Pendidikan Teknikal Dalam Pemupukan Kemahiran ‘Employability’ Pelajar. Jurnal Teknologi, 50(1), 113–127. 

 

Mohamad Sattar, R., Md Yusof, I., Napsiah, I., Rashid, R., & Roseamnah, A. R. (2009). Aspek Kemahiran ‘Employability’ yang Dikehendaki Majikan Industri Pembuatan Masa Kini. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 34(2), 67–79. 

 

Mohamad Sattar, R., & Puvanasvaran, A. P. (2009). Importance of Employability Skills as Perceived by Employers of Malaysian Manufacturing Industry. Journal of Human Capital Development, 2(2), 23–35. 

 

Mohamad Sattar, R., Zool Hilmi, M. A., Norzaini, A., & Rose Amnah, A. R. (2015). Transforming TVET in Malaysia : Harmonizing the Governance Structure in a Multiple Stakeholder Setting. TVET-Online.Asia, (4), 1–13. 

 

Mohammed, I., & Wan Azlinda, W. M. (2017). An Analysis of the Impact of Soft Skills on Malaysian Technical Institutions. Advanced Science Letters, 23(9), 8984–8987. 

 

Mohd Fauzi, H., & Mohd Khairul Naim, C. N. (2012). Tinjauan Kepentingan Pembangunan Modal Insan Di Malaysia. Jurnal Al-Tamaddun, 7, 75–89. 

 

Mohd Jalil, A., Noor Hisham, J., & Annas Akhmal, H. (2015). TEVT di Malaysia : Cabaran dan Harapan. In Seminar Kebangsaan Majlis Dekan-Dekan Pendidikan Awam 2015 (pp. 340–346). 

 

Mohd Yusof, H., Seri Bunian, M., & Abdul Hamid, A. (2015). Persepsi Pelajar Kejuruteraan Politeknik Terhadap Kemahiran Employability : Satu Kajian Kes. Advanced Journal of Technical and Vocational Education, 1(2), 25–32. 

 

Mohd Yusri, I., & Aziz, A. (2014). Model kepemimpinan pengajaran pengetua dan kompetensi pengajaran guru. JuKu: Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 2(1), 11–25. 

 

Mohd Zaini, Z., Muhamad Amar, M., & Mohd Nizho, A. R. (2018). Penerapan Kemahiran Insaniah ( Soft Skills ) Dalam PdPc Kursus Tarannum Kelas Kemahiran al-Quran di Sekolah Menengah Berdasarkan Konsep Penilaian CIPP. Journal of Ma’alim Al-Quran Wa Al-Sunnah, 14(1), 79–86. 

 

Mok, K. H., & Han, X. (2016). The rise of transnational higher education and changing educational governance in China. International Journal of Comparative Education and Development, 18(1), 19–39. 

 

Mol, A. P. J., & Sonnenfeld, D. A. (2014). Ecological Modernisation Around the World: Perspectives and Critical Debates. London: Routledge. 

 

Moser, C. A., & Kalton, G. (2017). Survey Method in Social Investigation. New York: Routledge. 

 

Mostafa, S. R., Ringle, C. M., Mastura, J., & Ramayah, T. (2017). Urban vs. rural destinations: Residents’ perceptions, community participation and support for tourism development. Tourism Management, 60, 147–158. 

 

Muhamad Abdillah, R., & Haleefa, M. (2011). Faktor-Faktor Kelemahan Yang Mempengaruhi Pencapaian Cemerlang Dalam Mata Pelajaran Reka Cipta. Journal of Educational Psychology and Counseling, 2, 145–174. 

 

Muhammad, A., & Ather, A. M. (2015). Role of human capital and foreign direct investment in promoting economic growth: Evidence from Commonwealth of dependent States. International Journal of Social Economics, 42(2), 98–111. 

 

Muhammad Ali, A. (2019). Quadratic Indirect Effect of National TVET Expenditure on Economic Growth Through Social Inclusion Indicators. SAGE Open, 9(1), 1-13. 

 

Muhammad Ali, A., & Aamir, Z. U. (2018). Social-economic contribution of vocational education and training: an evidence from OECD countries. Industrial and Commercial Training, 50(4), 172–184. 

 

Muhammad Hazrul, I. (2012). Kajian Mengenai Kebolehpasaran Siswazah di Malaysia: Tinjauan dari Perspektif Majikan. In Prosiding PERKEM VII (Vol. 2, pp. 906–913). 

 

Muhammad Moinuddin, Q. A., Muhammad Adnan, K., & Alamzeb, A. (2015). The Use of Mixed Methods in Management Research. Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 5(2), 103–108. 

 

Muhammad Salman, S., Mohd Noor, M. S., Yasameen, H. A., Muhammad, F. & Rabia, S. (2018). Entrepreneurship and Skills Development for Socioeconomic Growth; Present Landscape and Future Agenda for Pakistan. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 24(3), 1-12. 

 

Muller, J. (2012). Reclaming Knowledge: Social theory, curriculum and education policy. London: Routledge/Falmer. 

 

Munir, M., Wade, R., & Vickery, L. (2015). Special issue: Education for sustainable development. Local Economy, 30(3), 251–255. 

 

Murgor, T. K. (2013). Relationship between Technical and Vocational Acquired Skills and Skills Required in Job Market; Evidence from TVET Institutions, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(19), 77–83. 

 

Mustapha, R. (2013). Sejarah Pendidikan Kejuruan di Nusantara : Pembangunan Identiti Negara-Bangsa serta Modal Insan di Malaysia dan Indonesia. Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan, 1(1), 61–74. 

 

National Employment Returns Report 2016. (2016). Putrajaya. 

 

Neamtu, D. M. (2015). Education, the Economic Development Pillar. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180, 413–420. 

 

Nielsen, J. A., & Holmegaard, H. T. (2015). Innovation and employability: Moving beyond the buzzwords–A theoretical lens to improve chemistry education. Relevant Chemistry Education, 317–334. 

 

Nikitina, L., & Furuoka, F. (2012). Sharp focus on soft skills: A case study of Malaysian university students’ educational expectations. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 11(3), 207–224. 

 

Nkirina, S. P. (2010). The challenges of integrating entrepreneurship education in the vocational training system: An insight from Tanzania’s Vocational Education Training Authority. Journal of European Industrial Training, 34(2), 153–166. 

 

Noorazman, A. S., Wan Mohd Rashid, W. A., Lai, C. S., & Siti Noor Fazelah, Mohd Noor Hairuddin, H. (2017). Exploring Domains And Elements For Behavioural Competency And Employability Skills. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 10(1), 82–90. 

 

Nor Aziah, A., Husaina, B. K., Abdul Rahman, I. & Nor Anis Intan Aqiah, T. (2018). Identifying The Employment Skills Among Malaysian Vocational Students: An Analysis Of Rural And Urban. Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Majlis Dekan Pendidikan Universiti Awam (7 - 8 November 2018): 1239 - 1246. 

 

Nor Haslinda, I. (2012). Hubungan Antara Beban Cukai dan Perbelanjaan Kerajaan: Bukti Empirikal bagi Negara ASEAN Terpilih. In Persidangan Kebangsaan Ekonomi Malaysia ke-VII, Jilid 2 (Vol. 2, pp. 1102–1116). 

 

Norhafizah, J. (2014). Kecenderungan Pelajar Cemerlang Akademik Terhadap Pemilihan Bidang PTV. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Retrieved from http://eprints.uthm.edu.my/5354/1/NORHAFIZAH_BT_JALIL.pdf 

 

Norhanishah, M. Y., Rusmawati, S., & Law, S. H. (2014). Do cost of training, education level and r&d investment matter towards influencing labour Productivity? Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 48(1), 133–142. 

 

Norhasni, Z. A. (2014). Senario Pembangunan Modal Insan dalam Pendidikan Tinggi di Malaysia. Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan, 4(1), 95–104. 

 

Norimah, R., Emilda, H., & Dayang Affizah, A. M. (2016). Relationship between Education Expenditure, Capital, Labor Force and Economic Growth in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(12), 459–468. 

 

Normah, Z., Nur Nadiah, I., & Ana. (2016). The Relationship between Employability Skill and Career Choices among Vocational Skill Students. Innovation of Vocational Technology Education, 12(2), 81–84. 

 

Norsmah Othman, K. K. K. dan H. A. W. (2015). Tahap daya saing pelajar institusi pengajian tinggi di Semenanjung Malaysia. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 40(2), 139–149. 

 

Oketch, M. (2016). Financing higher education in sub-Saharan Africa: some reflections and implications for sustainable development. Higher Education, 72(4), 525–539. 

 

Olaniyan, D. A., & Okemakinde, T. (2008). Human capital theory: Implications for educational development. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 5(5), 479-483. 

 

Olufunwa, A. S., Waziri, A. A., & Joseph, O. O. (2013). Funding of Business Education Programmes For Quality Assurance in Colleges of Education in Kaduna State. Nigerian Journal of Business Education, 1(2), 106–115. 

 

Oresanya, T. O., Omodewu, O. S., Kolade, T. T., & Fashedemi, A. O. (2014). Vocational Education and Employability : The Nigerian Situation. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 3, 158–160. 

 

Ornellas, A., Falkner, K., & Stålbrandt, E. E. (2019). Enhancing graduates’ employability skills through authentic learning approaches. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 9(1), 107–120. 

 

Owings, W. A., Kaplan, L. S., & Pirim, Z. (2012). Education as an investment in Turkey’s human capital : a work in progress. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 5(10), 45–70. 

 

Palaniappan, K. (2009). Functional Equations and Inequalities with Applications. London: Springer. 

 

Parajuli, M. N. (2013). Rhetoric of developing technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in Nepal: Analysis of the financing of the sub-sector. Technical and Vocational Education and Training Development Journal, 13(1), 58–68. 

 

Perangkaan Pendidikan Malaysia 2014. (2015). Putrajaya. 

 

Perangkaan Pendidikan Malaysia 2015. (2016). Putrajaya. 

 

Perangkaan Pendidikan Malaysia 2016. (2017). Putrajaya. 

 

Perangkaan Pendidikan Malaysia 2017. (2018). Putrajaya. 

 

Perna, L. W., Orosz, K., Gopaul, B., Jumakulov, Z., Ashirbekov, A., & Kishkentayeva, M. (2014). Promoting Human Capital Development: A Typology of International Scholarship Programs in Higher Education. Educational Researcher, 43(2), 63–73. 

 

Pike, P. (2014). Missing — The People’s Voice: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Policy Futures in Education, 12(6), 753–757. 

 

Pinheiro, R., & Pillay, P. (2016). Higher education and economic development in the OECD: policy lessons for other countries and regions. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 38(2), 150–166. 

 

Pinto, L. H., & Ramalheira, D. C. (2017). Perceived employability of business graduates: The effect of academic performance and extracurricular activities. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 165–178. 

 

Poteliene, S., & Tamasauskiene, Z. (2013). Human Capital Investment: Measuring Returns to Education. Social Research, 4(33), 56–65. 

 

Prajapati, R., Sharma, B., & Sharma, D. (2017). Significance Of Life Skills Education. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 10(1), 1–6. 

 

Psacharopoulos, G. (2014). Economics of education: Research and studies. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 

 

Purnamawati. (2011). Development Of Students’ Metacognition At The Industrial Electronics Vocational Program In Vocational High Schools. In International Conference on Vocational Education and Training (pp. 152–157). Yogyakarta. 

 

Purnamawati, & Saliruddin. (2017). The Effectiveness Of The Use Of Metacognition-Based Industrial Electronic Learning Tools In Growing Higher Order Thinking Skills (Hots). Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi, 7(2), 139–148. 

 

Rae, D. (2007). Connecting enterprise and graduate employability: Challenges to the higher education culture and curriculum? Education + Training, 49(8/9), 605–619. 

 

Ramjeawon, P. V., & Rowley, J. (2017). Knowledge management in higher education institutions: enablers and barriers in Mauritius. The Learning Organization, 24(5), 366–377. 

 

Ramlee, M., & Ramziah, H. (2002). Perancangan Pendidikan Untuk Pembangunan Sumber Manusia Dalam Era Globalisasi dan K-Ekonomi. Jurnal Teknologi, 37(E), 47–56. 

 

Rancangan Malaysia ke-11. (2016). Putrajaya. 

 

Rani, J. M. A. (2016). Draft National Education Policy 2016- Will it help in achieving education outcomes? IARS’International Research Journal, 06(02), 1–6. 

 

Rao, M. S. (2014). Enhancing employability in engineering and management students through soft skills. Industrial and Commercial Training, 46(1), 42–48. 

 

Ridzwan, C. R., Ruhizan, M. Y., & Mohammad Sattar, R. (2014). From zero to hero : Becoming an employable knowledge worker ( k-worker ) in Malaysia. TVED@Asia, (3), 1–16. 

 

Ridzwan, C. R. & Mohamed Nor Azhari, A. (2017). Pengaruh minat terhadap pembentukan pekerja berkemahiran di Malaysia: Kajian kes pelatih Institut Latihan Perindustrian Kuala Lumpur (ILPKL). Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 12(3), 168 - 180. 

 

Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. (2012). A critical look at the use of PLS-SEM in MIS Quarterly. MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 36(1), iii–xiv. 

 

Robles, M. M. (2012). Executive Perceptions of the Top 10 Soft Skills Needed in Today’s Workplace. Business Communication Quarterly, 75(4), 453–465. 

 

Rodrigues, A., & Chopra, K. (2016). Study of impact of Quality of Education on Employability in Pune. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(1), 139–146. 

 

Romer, P. A. (1985). University of Rochester (No. 27). 

 

Romer, P. M. (1989). Increasing returns and new developments in the theory of growth. National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w3098.pdf 

 

Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous Technological Change. The Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71–102. 

 

Rosenberg, S., Heimler, R., & Morote, E. S. (2012). Basic employability skills : a triangular design approach. Education + Training, 54(1), 7–20. 

 

Rothwell, A., & Arnold, J. (2007). Self‐perceived employability: development and validation of a scale. Personnel Review, 36(1), 23–41. 

 

Rus, R. C., Yasin, R. M., & Rasul, M. S. (2014). From zero to hero: Becoming an employeable knowledge worker (K-Worker) in Malaysia. TVETonline Asia, 3, 1–16. 

 

Ruzman, M. N., Rahimin Affandi, A. R., Muhammad Kamil, A. M., Abdul Karim, A., Nor Adina, A. K., Syed Mohd Jeffri, S. J., & Norhidayah, Y. (2014). Peranan Institut Pengajian Tinggi Islam Dalam Pembangunan Modal Insan Di Malaysia : Satu Analisis. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 22, 1–20. 

 

Saemah, R., Seri Bunian, M., Ruhizan, M. Y., & Mohd Izham, M. H. (2011). Generic skills among technical students in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3713–3717. 

 

Sagarik, D. (2014). Educational expenditures in Thailand: Development, trends, and distribution. Citizenship, Social and Economics Education, 13(1), 53–66. 

 

Sarimah, I., & Dahiru Sale, M. (2015). Employability Skills in TVET Curriculum in Nigeria Federal Universities of Technology. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 204, 73–80. 

 

Sauer, P., & Zagler, M. (2012). Economic growth and the quantity and distribution of education: a survey. Journal of Economic Surveys, 26(5), 933–951. 

 

Schiavo-Campo, S. (2017). Government Budgeting and Expenditure Management: Principles and International Practice. New York: Routledge. 

 

Schleicher, A. (2007). Can competencies assessed by PISA be considered the fundamental school knowledge 15-year-olds should possess? Journal of Educational Change, 8(4), 349–357. 

 

Schneider, W., & Artelt, C. (2010). Metacognition and mathematics education. International Journal on Mathematics Education, 42(2), 149–161. 

 

Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review. http://doi.org/10.2307/1238690 

 

Schwab, K. (2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Publishing Group. 

 

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods For Business: A Skill Building Approach (7th ed.). United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

 

Shah, M., & Steinberg, B. M. (2015). Workfare and Human Capital Investment: Evidence from India (No. 9486). Bonn. 

 

Shaharuddin, A., Noraziah, A., & Mohd Fauzi, H. (2011). Kebolehpasaran Graduan UKM : Satu Kajian Perbandingan Antara Graduan Disiplin Sains dengan Bukan Sains. Jurnal Personalia Pelajar, 14, 81–90. 

 

Shannon-Baker, P. (2016). Making Paradigms Meaningful in Mixed Methods Research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 10(4), 319–334. 

 

Sharifah Azizah, S. S., & Haslinawati, H. (2018). Ke Arah Kebolehpasaran Graduan: Pertalian Antara Pendekatan Pembelajaran dengan Kemahiran Insaniah dalam Kalangan Pelajar IPT Berteraskan Islam. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 43(02), 81–90. 

 

Sharifah, K., Samsilah, R., Ab Rahim, B., & Zeinab, G. (2018). The effect of supervised work experience on the acquisition of employability skills among Malaysian students. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 8(4), 354–364. 

 

Sharifah Nurulhuda, T. M. Y., Abd Aziz, T., & Azman, H. (2014). Kajian Keperluan : Isu dan Masalah Di Industri Bagi Graduan Politeknik Program Mekatronik. CiE-TVET 2014, (2010), 32–39. 

 

Sharifah Nurulhuda, T. M. Y., Mohd Fauzi, M. Y., Jamil, A. B., Nur Bahiyah, A. W., & Azman, H. (2016). Evaluation Process Dimensions to the Diploma in Mechatronics Engineering. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 228(June), 272–277. 

 

Sharma, H. (2014). Importance and performance of managerial training in Indian companies – an empirical study. Journal of Management Development, 33(2), 75–89. 

 

Sieng, L. W., & Ishak, Y. (2014). Human Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth in Malaysia – Investigating the Long Run Nexus. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 48(1), 155–165. 

 

Siti Halijah, N., & Mohd Faizal, J. (2018). The Relationship between Teamwork Skills and Communication Skills among Polytechnic’s Final Semester Students. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 3(19), 1–18. 

 

Siti Nor Atiqah Abdul Padzil, Rohana Hamzah, & Amirudin Udin. (2011). Pendidikan PTV dalam membangunkan tenaga manusia berminda kelas pertama. Journal of Edupres, 1, 279–286. 

 

Smith, A. K., Black, S., & Hooper, L. M. (2017). Metacognitive Knowledge, Skills, and Awareness: A Possible Solution to Enhancing Academic Achievement in African American Adolescents. Urban Education, 1–15. 

 

Smits, M. (2016). Southeast Asian energy transitions: Between modernity and sustainability. London: Routledge. 

 

Spöttl, G. (2013). Permeability between VET and higher education – a way of human resource development. European Journal of Training and Development, 37(5), 454–471. 

 

Stajkovic, A. D., Bandura, A., Locke, E. A., Lee, D., & Sergent, K. (2018). Test of three conceptual models of influence of the big five personality traits and self-efficacy on academic performance: A meta-analytic path-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 238–245. 

 

Stamou, A. (2017). Knowledge management in doctoral education toward knowledge economy. International Journal of Educational Management, 31(3), 320–331. 

 

State Secretariat of Education Research and Innovation SERI. (2016). Vocational and Professional Facts and Figures 2016. 

 

Stevens, M., & Norman, R. (2016). Industry Expectations of Soft Skills in IT Graduates: A Regional Survey. In CEUR Workshop Proceedings (pp. 53–59). 

 

Stiwne, E. E., & Alves, M. G. (2010). Higher education and employability of graduates: Will Bologna make a difference? European Educational Research Journal, 9(1), 32–44. 

 

Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 36(2), 111–147. 

 

Stromquist, N. P., & Monkman, K. (2014). Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures (2nd Editio). New York: Rowman & Littlefield Education. 

 

Su, Y., & Liu, Z. (2016). The impact of foreign direct investment and human capital on economic growth: Evidence from Chinese cities. China Economic Review, 37(December 2015), 97–109. 

 

Subramaniam, A., Nankervis, A., & Chan, C. (2013). Strategic human asset management: evidence from North America. Personnel Review, 42(3), 281–299. 

 

Tahira, A. L., Maizam, A., Mohd Jahaya, K., & Zainal Abidin, A. (2014). The effect of an integrated affective-cognitive teaching and learning approach on academic achievement , self-efficacy , locus of control and atittude towards engineering. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 6(11), 13–31. 

 

Tajuldin, M. (2009). Analisis Kesan Pelaburan Dalam Pendidikan Tertiari di Malaysia. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. 

 

Tan, E. (2014). Human capital theory: A holistic criticism. Review of Educational Research, 84(3), 411–445. 

 

Tate, K. A., Fouad, N. A., Marks, L. R., Young, G., Guzman, E., & Williams, E. G. (2014). Underrepresented First-Generation, Low-Income College Students’ Pursuit of a Graduate Education: Investigating the Influence of Self-Efficacy, Coping Efficacy, and Family Influence. Journal of Career Assessment, 23(3), 1–15. 

 

Teo, T. S. H., Srivastava, S. C., & Jiang, L. (2008). Trust and Electronic Government Success: An Empirical Study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 25(3), 99–132. 

 

Tessaring, M., & Wannan, J. (2010). Vocational education and training: Key to the future. Lisbon-Copenhagen-Maastricht: mobilising for 2010. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. 

 

Tham, S. F., Ishak, Y., & Rahmah, I. (2013). Pulangan Pendidikan antara Generasi di Malaysia. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 47(1), 41–52. 

 

Thelwall, M., & Thelwall, S. (2016). Development studies research 1975-2014 in academic journal articles: The end of economics? El Profesional de La Información, 25(1), 47–58. 

 

Thompson, N. (2015). People skills. London: Macmillan International Higher Education. 

 

Tomé, E., & Goyal, A. (2015). Human capital, HRD and VET: the case of India. European Journal of Training and Development, 39(7), 586–609. 

 

Truong, T. T. H., Laura, R. S., & Shaw, K. (2018). The Importance of Developing Soft Skill Sets for the Employability of Business Graduates in Vietnam: A Field Study on Selected Business Employers. Journal of Education and Culture Studies, 2(1), 32–45. 

 

Tymon, A. (2013). The student perspective on employability. Studies in Higher Education, 38(6), 841–856. 

 

Usman, A. S., & Tasmin, R. (2015). Entrepreneurial Skills Development Strategies through the Mandatory Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme in Nigeria. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 204(November 2014), 254–258. 

 

Usman, S. (2016). Business Education and Entrepreneurship Development. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research, 3(7), 94–99. 

 

van Doorn, M., Pop, I., & Wolbers, M. H. J. (2011). Intergenerational transmission of education across European countries and cohorts. European Societies, 13(1), 93–117. 

 

Veselovsky, M. Y., Gnezdova, J. V., Romanova, J. A., Kirova, I. V., & Idilov, I. I. (2015). The Strategy of a Region Development under the Conditions of New Actual Economic. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(5), 310–317. 

 

Vidyullatha, T., Usha, N., & Reddy, K. S. (2016). Fundamental Elements of Employability Skills. International Journal Of Multifaceted And Multilingual Studies, 3(5), 42–46. 

 

Vila, L. E. (2005). The outcomes of investment in education and people’s well‐being. European Journal of Education, 40(1), 3–11. 

 

Vinzi, V. E., Chin, W. W., Henseler, J., & Wang, H. (2016). Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications. Berlin: Springer. 

 

Vos, D., Hauw, S. De, & Heijden, B. I. Van der. (2011). Competency Development and Career Success: The Mediating Role of Employability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 438–447. 

 

Waters, Melinda; Simon, Linda; Simons, Michele; Davids, Jennifer; Harreveld, B. (2015). A case for scholarly activity in vocational education in Australia. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 5(1), 14–31. 

 

Webster, A. (1990). Introduction to the Sociology of Development (2th Editio). New York: Palgrave. 

 

Whitty, G. (2017). Sociology and school knowledge: Curriculum theory, research and politics. London: Routledge. 

 

Wirawan, H., & Bandu, M. T. (2016). A review of self-efficacy training for international student. International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 33(2), 115–128. 

 

Wollschlager, N., & Reuter-Kumpmann, H. (2004). From Divergence to Convergence: A history of vocational education and training in Europe. European Journal: Vocational Training, (32), 6–17. 

 

Wollschläger, N., & Reuter-Kumpmann, H. (2004). From divergence to convergence: A history of vocational education and training in Europe. European Journal: Vocational Training, 32, 6–17. 

 

Wright, E., & Horta, H. (2018). Higher education participation in “high-income” universal higher education systems: “Survivalism” in the risk society. Asian Education and Development Studies, 7(2), 184–204. 

 

Wright, P. M., Coff, R., & Moliterno, T. P. (2014). Strategic Human Capital: Crossing the Great Divide. Journal of Management, 40(2), 353–370. 

 

Yagoub, A. G. (2017). The role of entrepreneurship education and training on creation of the knowledge economy: Qatar leap to the future. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 13(4), 375–388. 

 

Yamada, S. (2013). Japanese educational aid in transition: between the aid coordination and unique model. Asian Education and Development Studies, 3(1), 76–94. 

 

Yang, Z. (2009). A study of corporate reputation’s influence on customer Loyalty Based on PLS-SEM Model. International Business Research, 2(3), 28–35. 

 

Yusmina, Y., Rubiah, I., & Muhamad Hashim, A. (2017). Mekanisme dasar fiskal Islam dalam mencapai objektif makroekonomi: Penilaian dari aspek inflasi. Advanced Journal of Technical and Vocational Education, 1(1), 214–229. 

 

Yusof, N., & Zakiyah, J. (2017). Graduate employability and preparedness: A case study of University of Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Malaysia. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 11(11), 129–143. 

 

Zain, F. C. M., Ilias, N. C. M., & Hussin, M. (2016). Pulangan Pelaburan Dalam Pendidikan: Analisis Kos dan Faedah. 

 

Zaliza, H. (2015). Kesepadanan Latihan Terhadap Pekerjaan Dalam Kalangan Graduan Kejuruteraan Elektrik di Kolej Komuniti. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 

 

Zaliza, H. & Arasinah, K. (2017). Analisis Perbandingan di Antara Industri, Pensyarah dan Graduan Terhadap Kepentingan Kemahiran Teknikal dan Kemahiran Employability yang Perlu Dikuasai oleh Graduan Bidang Elektrik di Kolej Komuniti. Sains Humanika, 9(1-5). 

 

Zaliza, H., Arasinah, K., Kiong, T. T., & Mohd Hasni, H. (2016). Jurang integrasi kemahiran employabiliti di Malaysia: Satu kajian empirikal graduan kejuruteraan Kolej Komuniti. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 12, 3(3), 145–153. 

 

Zaliza, H., Mohd Safarin, N., & Ridzwan, C. R. (2014). Unemployment Problem among Graduates of Technical Field : Competencies of the Graduates and Quality of the Education. Sains Humanika, 2(2), 53–57. 

 

Zaliza, H., Mohd Shazielan, M. S., Azlina, P., Abu Bakar, M., & Faizah, A. K. (2018). Indikator Kemahiran Employability dalam Kalangan Graduan Pendidikan. Sains Humanika, 10(3–3), 119–124. 

 

Zeti, K., Affero, I., Nadzri, S., & Noorazman, A. S. (2018). A Review of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) of Training Competencies for Malaysian Mechanical Industries. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 150, pp. 3–8). 

 

Zoharah, O., Krauss, S. E., Rahim, M. S., & Ismi Arif, I. (2011). Exploring career success of late bloomers from the TVET background. Education and Training, 53(7), 603–624. 

 

Zool Hilmi, M. A., Mohamad Sattar, R., & Norzaini, A. (2014). Hubungan Individu, Persekitaran dan Kebolehsesuaian Terhadap Pemilihan Kerjaya Pelajar Sistem Persijilan Kemahiran Malaysia (SPKM): Suatu Analisis Kandungan. Sains Humanika, 2(1), 135–144. 

 

Zulkifly, O., & Hazrul Izuan, S. (2013). Ketaksepadanan pekerjaan dan inflasi pendidikan. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 47(2), 137–147. 

 

Zulkifly, O., Ishak, Y., & Abu Hassan Shaari, M. N. (2010). Inflasi Pendidikan Mengikut Ketentuan dalam Pasaran Buruh Malaysia. Lam Pasaran Buruh MalaysiaJurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 44, 61–71.