|
UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
| Traditionally, graphic design (GD) education focuses on the training of technical production skills to prepare graduates for entry-level employment. However, due to the new challenges and the expanding opportunities of emerging practices, GD graduates are expected to master a wide range of additional competencies beyond traditional scope. The study aims to identify the competencies required by future GD graduates in the context of Malaysia. A two-round modified Delphi technique was used to gain consensus from a panel of experts consisted of design educators and industry practitioners regarding the competencies needed by the graduates for effective work performance. A total of 108 competencies were generated. All accepted competencies were ranked 'very important' and 'extremely important' by at least 75 percent of the respondents in Round Two. These competencies could be classified into 29 subdomains under five components, i.e., cognitive competence, functional competence, personal competence, ethical competence, and meta-competencies. The findings of this study are useful for enhancing the education and employability of graphic designers as they provide a common vocabulary to relevant stakeholders about the standards of performance for new entrants to the GD profession. ? 2021 University of Novi Sad - Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Graphic Engineering and Design. All rights reserved. |
| References |
Al-Muallem, A., Elzubeir, M., Roberts, C., & Magzoub, M. (2016). Development and initial testing of an instrument for evaluating needs and inferring readiness of research supervisors: A mixed methods approach. Health Professions Education, 2(2), 138-147. doi:10.1016/j.hpe.2016.03.001 Andrews, C. G., & Allen, J. M. (2002). Utilization of technology-enhanced delphi techniques. Workforce Education Forum, 29(1), 3-17. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Arbabisarjou, A., Siadat, S., Hoveida, R., Shahin, A., & Zamani, B. (2016). Managerial competencies for chairpersons: A delphi study. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 3(1), 1634-1645. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Berman, D. (2009). Do good design. california, AIGA & new riders. berman, D. (2013) A dialogue with david berman., 54-57. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Bridges, A. W. (2013). Identification of Perceived 21st Century Graphic Design Skills, Content Knowledge, and Tools Needed in an Effective University-Level Graphic Design Program, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Butler, J. (1995). The Process for Effective Graphic Design Curriculum Development, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Cheetham, G., & Chivers, G. (1998). The reflective (and competent) practitioner: A model of professional competence which seeks to harmonise the reflective practitioner and competence-based approaches. Journal of European Industrial Training, 22(7), 267-276. doi:10.1108/03090599810230678 Cheetham, G., & Chivers, G. (1996). Towards a holistic model of professional competence. Journal of European Industrial Training, 20(5), 20-30. doi:10.1108/03090599610119692 Cheung, B. P. S. (2011). Double 'blind spots' of the academia and design industry. BODW: Proceedings of DesignEd Asia Conference 2011, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Cheung, B. P. S. (2016). Professional graphic design knowledge in hong kong: From graduate to professional. Communication Design, 4(1-2), 21-40. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Chiang, W. S. (2019). Lecturers' understanding of integrating social responsibility dimensions into graphic design curriculum? Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 2(2), 12-26. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Chiang, W. S., Al-Hudawi, S. H. V., Hamdan, A. R., & Musah, M. B. (2016). Students' understanding of integrating social responsibility dimensions into graphic design curriculum. Man in India, 96(1-2), 547-566. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Chiang, W. S., Idris, M. Z., & Chuen, T. W. (2019). Is graphic design being taken seriously as a profession? Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 3(1), 1-9. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Chiang, W. S., Idris, M. Z., & Chuen, T. W. (2018). What makes an undergraduate graphic design education valuable? Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 11(1), 73-82. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Clayton, M. J. (1997). Delphi: A technique to harness expert opinion for critical decision-making tasks in education. Educational Psychology, 17(4), 373-386. doi:10.1080/0144341970170401 Cohen, L., & Manion, L. (1994). Research Methods in Education, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Custer, R. L., Scarcella, J. A., & Stewart, B. R. (1999). The modified delphi technique: A rotational modification. Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 15(2), 1-10. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Davis, M. (2017). Introduction to Design Futures, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Davis, M. (2015). Interdisciplinarity and the education of the design generalist. The Education of a Graphic Designer, , 20-29. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Davis, M. (2005). Raising the bar for higher education. The Education of a Graphic Designer, , 13-18. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Davis, M. (2008). Why do we need doctoral study in design? International Journal of Design, 2(3), 71-79. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Davis, M., & Littlejohn, D. (2017). Accountability for Anticipating Design Outcomes, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Debbie, G. S. S. (2011). A Nation's Visual Language: Nation Branding and the Visual Identity of Contemporary Malaysia, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Delbecq, A. L., Van de Ven, A. H., & Gustafson, D. H. (1975). Group Techniques for Program Planning: A Guide to Nominal Group and Delphi Processes, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Dharavath, H. N. (2003). Importance of technical competencies in the graphic communications technology curriculum as perceived by the graphic communications industry and educators. Journal of Industrial Technology, 19(2) Retrieved from www.scopus.com Dziobczenski, P. R. N., & Galeotti, A. A. R. (2017). Preparing design students for the market: An initial investigation on the required knowledge and skills for graphic designers in brazil. Design Journal, 20(sup1), S1241-S1249. doi:10.1080/14606925.2017.1352653 Dziobczenski, P. R. N., & Person, O. (2017). Graphic designer wanted: A document analysis of the described skill set of graphic designers in job advertisements from the united kingdom. International Journal of Design, 11(2), 41-55. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Dziobczenski, P. R. N., Person, O., & Meriläinen, S. (2018). Designing career paths in graphic design: A document analysis of job advertisements for graphic design positions in finland. Design Journal, 21(3), 349-370. doi:10.1080/14606925.2018.1444874 Dziobczenski, P. R. N., Person, O., Tonetto, L. M., & Mandelli, R. R. (2018). Requests from companies and requirements for design education in brazil: Where do they meet? DRS 2018, Design Research Society International Conference, Catalyst, , 2823-2835. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Eraut, M. (2007). Early career learning at work and its implications for universities. British Journal of Educational Psychology Monograph Series II, 4(4), 113-133. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Field, J., & Logan, C. D. (2006). Circles of practice: Educational and professional graphic design. Journal of Workplace Learning, 18(6), 331-343. doi:10.1108/13665620610682062 Frascara, J. (1988). Graphic design: Fine art or social science? Design Issues, 5(1), 18-29. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Harland, R. (2016). Graphic Design in Urban Environments, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Hasson, F., & Keeney, S. (2011). Enhancing rigour in the delphi technique research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(9), 1695-1704. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2011.04.005 Hasson, F., Keeney, S., & McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the delphi survey technique. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(4), 1008-1015. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x Heller, S. (2005). The Education of A Graphic Designer, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Heller, S. (2005). The Education of A Graphic Designer, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Heller, S. (2005). Too Many Grads Or Too Few Competencies? the Design School Dilemma, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Heller, S., & Vienne, V. (2003). Citizen Designer: Perspectives on Design Responsibility, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Higgins, B. (2008). Program evaluation: Utilizing graduate and employer perception data in determining graduates'job preparedness levels. Journal of Industrial Technology, 24(3) Retrieved from www.scopus.com Hollis, R. (2015). Principles before style: Questions in design history. The Education of a Graphic Designer - 3rd Edition, , 144-146. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Hsieh, S. -., Guan, S. -., & Wu, C. -. (2010). The study on competency of graduating students being major in graphic design. International Journal of Learning, 17(9), 389-402. doi:10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v17i09/47231 Johnston, L. M., Wiedmann, M., Orta-Ramirez, A., Oliver, H. F., Nightingale, K. K., Moore, C. M., . . . Jaykus, L. -. (2014). Identification of core competencies for an undergraduate food safety curriculum using a modified delphi approach. Journal of Food Science Education, 13(1), 12-21. doi:10.1111/1541-4329.12024 Kang, H. -., Chung, K. -., & Nam, K. -. (2015). A competence model for design managers: A case study of middle managers in korea. International Journal of Design, 9(2), 109-127. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Keeney, S., Hasson, F., & McKenna, H. P. (2001). A critical review of the delphi technique as a research methodology for nursing. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38(2), 195-200. doi:10.1016/S0020-7489(00)00044-4 Kiernan, L., & Ledwith, A. (2014). Is design education preparing product designers for the real world? a study of product design graduates in ireland. Design Journal, 17(2), 218-237. doi:10.2752/175630614X13915240576022 Lewis, W. P., & Bonollo, E. (2002). An analysis of professional skills in design: Implications for education and research. Design Studies, 23(4), 385-406. doi:10.1016/S0142-694X(02)00003-0 Lim, B. (2015). A discussion on creativity and design education in singapore and malaysia. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(2), 56-61. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (2002). The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Marks, A. (2015). A design core for the twenty-first century. The Education of a Graphic Designer - 3rd Edition, , 17-19. Retrieved from www.scopus.com McCollam, P. (2014). Redefining design ethics: Why graphic design needs professional self-regulation. Design and Culture, 6(3), 315-325. doi:10.2752/175613114X14105155617384 McCoy, K. (2003). Good citizenship: Design as a social and political force. Citizen Designer, , 2-8. Retrieved from www.scopus.com McCoy, K. (1990). Professional design education: An opinion and a proposal. Design Issues, 7(1), 20-22. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Mullen, P. M. (2003). Delphi: Myths and reality. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 17(1), 37-52. doi:10.1108/14777260310469319 Muratovski, G. (2016). Research for Designers: A Guide to Methods and Practice, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Nae, H. -. (2017). An interdisciplinary design education framework. Design Journal, 20(sup1), S835-S847. doi:10.1080/14606925.2017.1353030 National Association Student Personnel Administrators. (2010). Standards of Professional Practice, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Neves, M. (2017). The future of print design relies on interaction. Design Journal, 20(sup1), S4087-S4100. doi:10.1080/14606925.2017.1352910 Ogbeifun, E., Agwa-Ejon, J., Mbohwa, C., & Pretorius, J. H. C. (2016). The delphi technique: A credible research methodology. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, , 8-10 March 2016 2004-2009. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Okyere, M. (2017). The graphic design workforce in ghana: A case study of asafo, kumasi. Communication Design, 5(1-2), 183-202. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Perkins, S. (2011). Ethics and Social Responsibility?, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Perks, H., Cooper, R., & Jones, C. (2005). Characterizing the role of design in new product development: An empirically derived taxonomy. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 22(2), 111-127. doi:10.1111/j.0737-6782.2005.00109.x Powell, C. (2003). The delphi technique: Myths and realities. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(4), 376-382. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02537.x Roberts, J., & Design, C. E. (2007). The future of academic-industry collaboration. International Association of Societies of Design Research, , 12-15. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Stahl, N. N., & Stahl, R. J. (1991). We can agree after all! achieving consensus for a critical thinking component of a gifted program using the delphi technique. Roeper Review, 14(2), 79-88. doi:10.1080/02783199109553392 Swanson, G. (2015). Design and knowledge in the university and the "real world. The Education of a Graphic Designer - 3rd Edition, , 33-43. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Ursaki, J., & Aultman-Hall, L. (2016). Plastic deformation and ductile fracture behavior of inconel 718. National Gang Report 2015, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Valtonen, A. (2005). Six decades and six different roles for the industrial designer. Nordes Conference, Retrieved from www.scopus.com van der Waarde, K. (2009). On Graphic Design: Listening to the Reader, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Walker, S. (2017). Research in graphic design. Design Journal, 20(5), 549-559. doi:10.1080/14606925.2017.1347416 Wang, S. -. (2006). Identification of the Significant Competencies in Graphic Design, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Whiteley, N. (1993). Design for Society, Retrieved from www.scopus.com Wilson, D. G. (2001). Needs assessment: Implications for graphic communications education. Visual Communications Journal 2001, , 1-6. Retrieved from www.scopus.com Wilson, R. G. (2014). Curriculum & Course Design: Preparing Graphic Design & Visual Communication Students, Retrieved from www.scopus.com |
| This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |