UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation
Main Author :Husna Nabilah Hamidon
Title :Kualiti air fiziko-kimia di hulu lembangan Sungai Bernam
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains Kemanusiaan
Year of Publication :2021
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :Login required to access this item.

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti kualiti fiziko-kimia air di hulu lembangan Sungai Bernam kerana terdapat pembinaan kawasan perumahan yang baru dijalankan oleh pihak pemaju. Sampel air sungai di tiga stesen dicerap sebanyak seminggu sekali dari bulan Oktober 2019 sehingga Februari 2020. Kajian ini melibatkan parameter in-situ dan analisis makmal berdasarkan enam parameter iaitu oksigen terlarut (DO), pH, kehendak oksigen biokimia (BOD), keperluan oksigen kimia (COD), ammonia nitrogen (AN) dan pepejal terampai (SS). Data yang dicerap dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Sementara itu, analisis non-parametrik iaitu ujian Mann-Kendall digunakan untuk melihat trend kualiti air di stesen Pekan Tanjong Malim dari tahun 1993 hingga 2018. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan Statistical Software for Excel (XLSTAT) 2020. Akhir sekali, kualiti fiziko-kimia air dikelaskan untuk mengenal pasti status kualiti air berdasarkan indeks kualiti air (IKA). Dapatan kajian berkenaan dengan pH, BOD, dan COD menunjukkan trend meningkat manakala TSS menunjukkan trend menurun. Trend pH yang meningkat menunjukkan keadaan sungai yang bersih sesuai untuk hidupan akuatik. Seterusnya, BOD dan COD yang meningkat sangat berkait rapat dengan kumbahan, sisa makanan, serta penggunaan baja kimia dan organik berhampiran dengan sungai. Tambahan pula, sememangnya terdapat aktiviti pertanian dan kawasan perumahan di kawasan tersebut. Penurunan trend TSS pula disebabkan oleh aktiviti pembukaan tanah di kawasan sekitar yang tidak begitu giat seperti tahun sebelumnya kerana kandungan TSS disumbangkan oleh faktor seperti hakisan ketika musim hujan. Seterusnya, berdasarkan sampel yang dicerap, status kualiti air sungai berada pada Kelas II. Secara keseluruhan, kualiti air masih baik dan tidak melampaui tahap yang ditetapkan oleh IKA iaitu Kelas IV dan Kelas V yang dikira sudah tercemar. Keadaan kualiti air yang bersih dapat menjamin keselamatan dan kesejahteraan sejagat.

References

Adamu, M. (2013). Detecting surface water quality trends using Mann-Kendall tests

and Sen’s slope estimates. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and

Research, 1, 108-114.

 

Ahmad Abas, K., Mushrifah, I., & Mohamad Shuhaimi, O. (2009). Water quality and

heavy metal concentrations in sediment of Sungai Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia:

a baseline study. Sains Malaysiana, 38(4), 435-442.

 

Al-Badaii, F, Mohammad Shuhaimi, O. & Muhd Barzani, G. (2013). Water quality

assessment of the Semenyih River, Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of Chemistry

2013 (871056), 1-10. Doi: 10.1155/2013/871056.

 

Ang, K. H. (2015). Kualiti sumber air di Malaysia: satu analisis. Malaysia Journal of

Society and Space, 11(6), 98-108.

 

APHA. (2012) Standard methods for the examination of water and Wastewater: (22nd

Ed.), Washington DC: American Public Health Association, America Water

Work Associations and Water Environmental Federation.

 

Assumuth, T.W. & Strandberg, T. (1993). Ground-water contamination at Finnish

landfills. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 69, 179-199.

 

Astro Awani. (2020, Januari 22). Penduduk kampung desak tangani pencemaran

Sungai Bernam. Astro Awani. Diperoleh dari http://www.astroawani.com/beritamalaysia/

penduduk-kampung-desak-tangani-pencemaran-sungai-bernam-

228725 (30 January 2020).

 

Balasubramanian, A., & Nagaraju, D. (2015). The hydrologic cycle. A Techical Report

on February, 15. Diperoleh dari https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ABalasubramanian/

publication/315125743_THE_HYDROLOGIC_CYCLE/links/

58cbd11aa6fdccdf531c3e37/THE-HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE.pdf

 

Barlowe, R. (1985). Land resource economics: the economics of real estate (2nd ed.).

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

 

Bartram, J., Mäkelä, A. & Mälkki, E. (1996). Field work and sampling. In J. Bartram

& R. Balance (Eds.), Water quality monitoring - a practical guide to the design

and implementation of freshwater quality studies and monitoring programmes.

London: E & FN Spon. Diperoleh dari

https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/41851/0419217304_eng.pdf?se

quence=1&isAllowed=y (25 October 2020).

 

Biswas, A. K. (1979). Water development in developing countries: Problems and

prospects. GeoJournal, 3(5), 445–456. Doi:10.1007/bf00455983.

 

Boberg, J. (2005). Freshwater availability. In Liquid Assets: How Demographic

Changes and Water Management Policies Affect Freshwater Resources (pp. 15- 28). Santa Monica, CA; 

Arlington, VA; Pittsburgh, PA: RAND Corporation. Diperoleh dari 

http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg358cf.9  (15 September 2020).

 

Boelee, E., Geerling, G., van der Zaan, B., Blauw, A., & Vethaak, A. D. (2019). Water and  health:  

from  environmental  pressures  to  integrated  responses.  Acta Tropica, 193(2019),     217-226.   

  193,     217–226.     Doi:

10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.011.

 

Boretti, A., & Rosa, L. (2019). Reassessing the projections of the World Water Development Report, 

Npj Clean Water, 2(1). Doi:10.1038/s41545-019-0039-9.

 

Brandvold, D. K., Popp, C. J., & Brierley, J. A. (1976). Waterfowl refuge effect on water quality: 

II. Chemical and physical parameters. Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), 48(4), 680-687.

 

Buffington, J.M. & Montgomery, D.R. (2013). Geomorphic classification of river.

Atlanta: Elsevier Inc.

 

Cao, X. K., Liu, Y. R., Wang, J. P., Liu, C. H. & Duan, Q. L. (2020). Prediction of dissolved 

oxygen in pond culture water based on K-means clustering and gated recurrent unit neural network. 

Aquacultural Engineering, 91(102122), 1 – 10. Doi: 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2020.102122.

 

Camara, M., Nor Rohaizah, J. & Ahmad Fikri, A. (2020). Variations of water quality in the 

monitoring network of a tropical river. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 

6(1), 85-96. Doi: 10.22034/GJESM.2020.01.07.

 

Chan, N. W., Anisah Lee, A., Ab. Latif, I & Suriati, G. (2003). River pollution and restoration 

towards sustainable water resources management in Malaysia. In Wan Ruslan Ismail, Narimah Samat, 

Aziz Abdul Majid, Mohd Asri Abdullah and Anisah Abdullah (Editors) Society, Space & Environment in 

a Globalised World: Challenges and Prospects. Penang: Geography Section Universiti Sains Malaysia 

and National Geographical Association of Malaysia, 208-219.

 

Chapman, P. M. (1989). Current approaches to developing sediment quality criteria. Environmental   

Toxicology   and   Chemistry,   8(7),   589–599. Doi:10.1002/etc.5620080706.

 

Chapman, D. & Kimstach, V. (1996). Selection of Water Quality Variable. Water Quality Assessments: 

A Guide to of the Use of Biota. In: Sediments and Water in Environment Monitoring, 2nd Edition, 

Chapmam Edition, E & FN Spon, London, 59-126.

 

Cosgrove, W. J. & Loucks, D. P. (2015). Water management: current and future challenges and 

research directions. Water Resources Research. 51, 4823-4839.

Doi: 10.1002/2014WR016869.

 

Curk, B.C., Zeleznik, B.B. & Bogardi, I. (2020). Adaptation of water supply to

changing climate and land-use activities, case of Ljubljana water supply,

Slovenia, Water 2020, 12(1), 288. Doi: 10.3390/w12010288.

 

Davis, A.P. & McCuen, R.H. (2005). Storm water management for smart growth. 1st

ed. New York: Springer Science and Business Media Inc.

 

Delzer, G. C. & McKenzie, S. W. (2003). Five-day biochemical oxygen demand. In D.

N. Myers & F. D. Wilde (Eds.). Biological indicators (3rd ed.). U.S. Geological

Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations. Reston, Virginia: U.S.

Geological Survey. Diperoleh dari

https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a7/twri9a7_NFMChap7.pdf (30 September

2020).

 

Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, Western Australia (DWER WA).

(2017). Managing Our Waterways: Low Dissolved Oxygen and Oxygenation.

Diperoleh dari http://www.water.wa.gov.au/water-topics/waterways/managingour-

waterways2/low-dissolved-oxygen-and-oxygenation (22 September 2019).

 

Dingman, S. L., (2015). Physical hydrology. (3rd ed.). Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland

Press.

 

Europe. (2000). Europian Union Water Framework Directive. The European

Parliament and of the Council. Diperoleh dari https://eurlex.

europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:5c835afb-2ec6-4577-

bdf8756d3d694eeb.0004.02/DOC_1&format=PDF (6 February 2020).

 

FAO & IWMI (Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation & International

Water Management Institute). 2017. Water pollution from agriculture: a global

review. Diperoleh http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7754e.pdf (9 December 2017).

 

Fisher, M. J. & Marshall, A. P. (2009). Understanding descriptive statistics. Australian

Critical Care, 22(2), 93–97. Doi: 10.1016/j.aucc.2008.11.003.

 

Fondriest Environmental. (2020). Water quality. Diperoleh dari

https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/waterquality/

 

Fulazzaky, M. A., Seong, T. W., & Masirin, M. I. M. (2009). Assessment of water

quality status for the Selangor River in Malaysia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution,

205(1-4), 63–77. Doi:10.1007/s11270-009-0056-2.

 

Glińska-Lewczuk, K., Gołaś, I., Koc, J., Gotkowska-Płachta, A., Harnisz, M., &

Rochwerger, A. (2016). The impact of urban areas on the water quality gradient

along a lowland river. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 188(11), 624.

Doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5638-z.

 

Goel, P. K. (2006). Water pollution: causes, effects and control. Delhi, India: New Age

International Pvt Ltd.

 

Golabi, M. R., Farzi, S., Khodabakhshi, F., Sohrabi Geshnigani, F., Nazdane, F., &

Radmanesh, F. (2020). Biochemical oxygen demand prediction: development of

hybrid wavelet-random forest and M5 model tree approach using feature selection

algorithms. Environmental Science and Pollution

Research. Doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09457-x.

 

Gordon, N., Mcmohan, T. A., & Finlayson, B. L. (1992). Stream hydrology. John Wiley

& Son.

 

Gupta, A., Mishra, P., Pandey, C., Singh, U., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive

statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia,

22(1), 67 - 72. Doi: 10.4103/aca.aca_157_18.

 

Haar, S., Saha, K., Patwary, S., Nguyen, T. D. T., & Aryal, S. (2020). Measurement of

aluminum and chemical oxygen demand in the effluent of mordanted cotton

against environmental regulations. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal,

0887302X2093966. Doi:10.1177/0887302x20939662.

 

Hang, Y. D. (2017). Determination of oxygen demand. food analysis. In S. Nielsen

(Ed.), Food analysis, food science text series (pp. 503-507). Champ, Switzerland:

Springer. Doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45776-5_28.

 

Haryati, S, Nurasyikin, M, Azlina, M. Y. & Sharifah Meryam, S. M. (2018). Status

kualiti air sungai di beberapa kawasan luar bandar, di negeri Johor dan kesannya

kepada kehidupan. Asian Journal of Environment, History and Heritage 2(1), 29-

42.

 

Helsel, D. R. & Hirsch, R. M. (1992). Statistical methods in water resources. Studies in

Environmental Science 49. New York: Elsevier. Diperoleh dari

https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/tm4A3

 

Henderson, J. W. (1967). Resources for the Future [Review of the book The Land Use

Information: A Critical Survey of U.S. Statistics Including Possibilities for

Greater Uniformity by M. Clawson and C. L. Stewart]. Urban Studies, 4(2), 183-

184. Doi: 10.1080/00420986720080341.

 

Huang, Y. F. Ang, S. Y., Lee, K. M. & Lee, T. S. (2015). Quality of water resources in

Malaysia. In L. Teang Shui (Eds.) Research and practices in water quality.

(Chapter 3) pp. 65 – 94. Diperoleh dari

https://www.intechopen.com/books/research-and-practices-in-waterquality/

quality-of-water-resources-in-malaysia

 

Huang, J., Zhan, J., Yan, H., Wu, F., & Deng, X. (2013). Evaluation of the Impacts of

Land Use on Water Quality: A Case Study in The Chaohu Lake Basin. The

Scientific World Journal, 1–7. Doi:10.1155/2013/329187.

 

Hudson, N., Baker, A., Ward, D., Reynolds, D. M., Brunsdon, C., Carliell-Marquet, C.,

& Browning, S. (2008). Can fluorescence spectrometry be used as a surrogate for

the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test in water quality assessment? An

example from South West England. Science of The Total Environment, 391(1),

149–158.

 

Ibrahim, M., Faridah, O., Adriana, I. N. I., Alaa-Eldin, M. E., & Rossita. M. Y. (2015).

Assessment of water quality parameters using multivariate analysis for Klang

River basin, Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (187) 4182.

Doi:10.1007/s10661-014-4182-y.

 

Immoor, L. (2006). Classifying rivers – three stages of river development.

Geotech.com. Diperoleh dari

https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/IMMOR%202006%2

0Classification%20Rivers.pdf (26 January 2020).

 

Ismail, A. F., Khulbe, K. C., & Matsuura, T. (2019). Reverse Osmosis. Amsterdam,

Netherlands: Elsevier Inc. Doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811468-1.00008-6.

 

Jabatan Alam Sekitar. (2013). Hentikan Pencemaran Sungai. Diperoleh dari

http://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Hentikan-

Pencemaran-Sungai.pdf (29 January 2020).

 

Jabatan Alam Sekitar. (2015). Laporan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling. Putrajaya: Jabatan

Alam Sekitar.

 

Jabatan Alam Sekitar. (2018). Laporan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling. Putrajaya: Jabatan

Alam Sekitar

 

Jabatan Alam Sekitar. (2018). Pengenalan pengawasan air sungai: Putrajaya.

 

Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran. (2009). Kajian terhadap kualiti air sungai: Kuala

Lumpur.

 

Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Johor. (2009). River ranger: Johor Bharu.

 

Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran. (2012). Pengukuran kualiti air sungai berdasarkan JPS

River Index (JRI) di Lembangan Sungai Klang, Kuala Lumpur.

 

Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran. (2019). Kompendium Data dan Maklumat Asas JPS.

Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran.

 

Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa. (2018). Laporan Tinjauan: Kajian Rancangan

Struktur Negeri Selangor 2035: Selangor.

 

Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa. (2020). Data guna tanah bagi daerah Muallim

dan daerah Hulu Selangor. Kuala Lumpur: Bahagian Maklumat dan Gunatanah

Negara.

 

Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Negeri Selangor. (2017). Laporan Rancangan

Struktur Negeri Selangor 2035. Diperoleh dari

http://jpbdselangor.gov.my/Laporan/RSN_Selangor/RSN_Selangor_2035.pdf (7

December 2020).

 

Kannel, P. R., Lee, S., Lee, Y.-S., Kanel, S. R., & Khan, S. P. (2007). Application of

water quality indices and dissolved oxygen as indicators for river water

classification and urban impact assessment. Environmental Monitoring and

Assessment, 132(1-3), 93–110. Doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9505-1.

 

Kentucky Water Watch. (n.d). Total suspended solid and water quality. Kentucky

Energy and Environment Cabinet. Diperoleh dari

http://www.state.ky.us/nrepc/water/ramp/rmtss.htm (29 September 2020).

 

Kiepper, B. (2013). Understanding Laboratory Wastewater Tests: I. Organics (BOD,

COD, TOC, O&G). Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia. Diperoleh dari

https://secure.caes.uga.edu/extension/publications/files/pdf/C%20992_4.PDF

(30 September 2020).

 

Kolb, M., Bahadir, M., & Teichgräber, B. (2017). Determination of chemical oxygen

demand (COD) using an alternative wet chemical method free of mercury and

dichromate. Water Research 122, 645–654. Doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.034.

 

Kueh, K. J. (2010). Beban nitrat dan pepejal terampai di Sungai Menggatal, Sabah.

Tesis Sarjana Muda. Universiti Malaysia Sabah.

 

Kumar, M., Singh, G., Chaminda, T., Van Quan, P., & Kuroda, K. (2014). Emerging

water quality problems in developing countries. The Scientific World Journal,

2014, 1–2. Doi:10.1155/2014/215848.

 

Lai, Y. C., Tu, Y. T., Yang, C. P., Surampalli, R. Y., & Kao, C. M.

(2013). Development of a water quality modeling system for river pollution index

and suspended solid loading evaluation. Journal of Hydrology 478, 89–101. Doi:

10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.11.050.

 

Lembaga Urus Air Selangor. (2019). Profil lembangan sungai: Selangor

 

Lim, S. H., Abdullah, S. & Mohd Rozali, O. (2006). Indeks Kualiti Air Negara (IKAN)

Sistem Sungai Labu. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 10 (1), 7-14.

 

Lin, K., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Lin, H. (2019). Determination of ammonia nitrogen in

natural waters: Recent advances and applications. Trends in Environmental

Analytical Chemistry (24), 1-13. Doi: 10.1016/j.teac.2019.e 00073.

 

Liyanage, C. P. & Yamada, K. (2017). Impact of population growth on the water quality

of natural water bodies. Sustainability, 9(8), 1405.

 

Mahajan, S. & Gupta, A. (2020). Seasonal Assessment of Drinking Water Quality for

Anions, Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Dissolved

Oxygen of Tehsil Balh, Distt Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of

Engineering Sciences (11)8, 125-137 Dieproleh dari

https://jespublication.com/upload/2020-110814.pdf (30 September 2020).

 

Majlis Daerah Hulu Selangor. (2020). Latar belakang. Selangor: MDHS. Diperoleh dari

https://www.mdhs.gov.my/ms/mdhs/profil/latar-belakang (25 September 2020).

 

Majlis Daerah Tanjong Malim. (2020). Info Tanjong Malim. Perak: MDTM. Diperoleh

dari http://www.mdtm.gov.my/ms/pelawat/info-tanjong-malim (25 September

2020).

 

Majlis Daerah Tanjong Malim. (2010). Pelan induk pembangunan MDTM 2011-2021.

Diperoleh dari

http://www.mdtm.gov.my/sites/default/files/plan_induk_pembangunan_mdtm_2

011-_2021_maklumat_lengkap.pdf

 

Mariani, A. & Siti Norhafizah, S. (2015). Regulating sewage pollution of Malaysian

rivers and its challenges. Procedia Environmental Sciences 30(2015), 168–173.

Doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2015.10.030.

 

Marhall, S.J. (2013). Hydrology. North York: Elsevier. Diperoleh dari

https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/B9780124095489053562?token=72760

ECF8E7A26AA64926D77814F276ADFF865DB789F2339D343981B55BF0D3

25E1E52A3FB1F3BBB5D9347BB3CE8723B&originRegion=eu-west-

1&originCreation=20210624165536

 

Matano, A. S., Anyona, D. N., Owuor, P. O., Abuom, P. O., Dida, G. O., Kapiyo, R. A.

& Ofulla, V. O. (2013). Effects of land use types on the levels of microbial

contamination based on total coliform and escherischia coli count on the Mara

River, East Africa. African Journal Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries 13, 5-

11.

 

Matano, A. S., Kanangire, C. K., Anyona, D. N., Abuom, P. O., Gelder, F. B., Dida, G.

O., ... & Ofulla, A. V. (2015). Effects of land use change on land degradation

reflected by soil properties along Mara River, Kenya and Tanzania. Open Journal

of Soil Science 5(01), 20-38.

 

Mati, B. M., Mutie, S. M., Home, P., Mtalo, F. & Gadain, H. (2005). Land use changes

in the transboundary Mara Basin: a threat to pristine wildlife sanctuaries in East

Africa. A paper presentated at the 8th International River Symposium, Brisbane,

Australia, September 6-9, 2005.

 

Mazlin Mokhtar, Shaharudin Idrus & Sarah Aziz Abdul Ghani Aziz. (2004). Kesihatan

ekosistem Lembangan Langat: prosiding simposium penyelidikan ekosistem

Lembangan Langat 2003. Bangi: Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan

(LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

 

Mbajiorgu, C. C. (2020). Assessment of surface water hydrology. Special Publication

of the Nigeria Association of Hydrological Sciences on Hydrology and Water

Resources. Diperoleh dari https://www.researchgate.net/project/Special-

Publication-of-the-Nigeria-Association-of-Hydrological-Sciences-on-

Hydrology-and-Water-Resources

 

Meals, D. W., Spooner, J., Dressing, S. A. & Harcum, J. B. (2011). Statistical analysis

for monotonic trends - Tech Notes 6 [Developed for U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency]. Fairfax, VA: Tetra Tech, Inc. Diperoleh dari

https://www.epa.gov/nps/nonpoint-source-monitoring-technotes

 

Mohamad Suhaily Yusri, C. N. & Mazdi, M. (2006). Kajian impak pembangunan

terhadap alam sekitar di Lembah Bernam (Tanjong Malim). In Menanggapi

Keberkesanan dan Perubahan. Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris,

Tanjong Malim, 1-24.

 

Mohammad Zakir, H. (2015). Water: the most precious resource of our life. Global

Journal of Advanced Research, 2(9), 1436-1445.

 

Mohd Hairy, I., Mohmadisa, H., Nasir, N., Mohd Hafiz, O. B. & Mohamad Suhaily

Yusri, C. N. (2010). Hubungkaitan jenis guna tanah terhadap suhu di Tanjong

Malim, Perak. Journal of Techno Social, 2(2). Diperoleh dari

https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTS/article/view/325

 

Mohd Nasir, S., Azahan, A. & Khairul Amri, K. (2006). Impak pembangunan ke atas

kualiti air Sungai Batang Penar, Seremban. Laporan Teknikal. Bangi: Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia. Diperoleh dari

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dato_Dr_Mohamad_Saludin/publication/2

75474077_Impak_Pembangunan_Ke_Atas_Kualiti_Air_Sungai_Batang_Penar_

Di_Seremban/links/553dcf810cf29b5ee4bce120.pdf (29 September 2020).

 

Mohd Nasir, S., Azahan, A. & Syamsurizal. (2006). Status kualiti air Sungai Temiang

dan pengaruhnya terhadap Sungai Linggi di Seremban, Negeri Sembilan.

Diperoleh dari

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dato_Dr_Mohamad_Saludin/publication/2

75523428_Status_Kualiti_Air_Sungai_Temiang_dan_Pengaruhnya_Terhadap_

Sungai_Linggi_Di_Seremban/links/553edce30cf210c0bdaac251/Status-Kualiti-

Air-Sungai-Temiang-dan-Pengaruhnya-Terhadap-Sungai-Linggi-Di-

Seremban.pdf (20 November 2019).

 

Mohd Saiful, S., Saiful Iskandar, K., Hafizan, J., Mohd Fahmi, M. N., Mohd. Khairul

Amri, K. & Fathurrahman, L. (2017). Application of Mann-Kendall in analyzing

water quality data trend at Perlis River, Malaysia. International Journal on

Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 7(1), 78-85. Doi:

10.18517/ijaseit.7.1.1128.

 

Montello, D. R. & Sutton P. C. (2006). An Introduction to Scientific Research Methods

in Geography. In Geography Open Textbook Collective. (2014). British

Columbia in a Global Context. Victoria, B.C.: BCcampus. Diperoleh dari

http://opentextbc.ca/geography/.

 

Muhammad Barzani, G., Nazirah, Z., Roslan, U. & Ahmad Dasuki, M. (2015). Analisis

kualiti air fiziko-kimia dan kandungan mikrob di Hulu Sungai Langat, Selangor.

Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 19(5), 1072-1083.

 

Muhammad Mohsin, Samira, S., Farrukh, J. & Faryal, A. (2013). Assessment of

drinking water quality and its impact on resident health in Bahawalpur City.

International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(15), 114-128.

 

Murphy, S. (2007). General information on solids. BASIN boulder area sustainability

information network. Diperoleh dari

http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/NEW/info/TSS.html (20 October 2019).

 

Mutie, S. M., Mati, B. M., Home, P., Mtalo, F. & Gadain, H. (2006). Evaluating land

use change effects on river flow using USGS geospatial stream flow model in

Mara River Basin, Kenya. Center for Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces.

Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop of the EARSeL SIG on Land Use and Land

Cover September 28-30, 2006.

 

Nasir, N., Mohmadisa, H., Mohd Hairy, I. & Mohamad Suhaily Yusri, C. N. (2009).

Perubahan gunatanah dan tahap kualiti air sungai di Bandaraya Ipoh, Perak.

Malaysian Journal of Environmental Management, 10(2), 115-134.

 

National Geographic Society. (2019, July 30). River. National Geographic. Diperoleh

dari

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/river/#:~:text=Humans%20us

e%20rivers%20for%20irrigation,river%20and%20its%20surrounding%20ecosy

stems (7 December 2020).

 

Niininen, M., Kalliokoski, P. & Parjala, E. (1994). Effect of organic contaminants in

landfill leachates on groundwater quality in Finland. Proceedings of the

Groundwater Quality Management (GQM) 93 Conference held at Tallin. Page

63-71.

 

Nor Azman, K. (2006). Kualiti air sungai berdasarkan analisis kimia dan kepelbagaian

alga. Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

 

Norhidayah, R., Ismail, S. & Muhammad Barzani, G. (2008). Pemantauan kualiti air

berdasarkan pengelasan IKA bagi sungai-sungai terpilih di Cameron Highands.

Prosiding Persidangan Kebangsaan Alam Sekitar dan Kesihatan 2008: Alam

Sekitar yang Mapan: Asas kepada Kehidupan yang Berkualiti. hlm. 108-116.

 

Noor Faezahtul Atika, A., Mohd Nubaim, W., Zullyadini, A. R. & Wan Ruslan, I.

(2018). Kualiti air, sedimen dan imbangan nutrient di Sungai Dua Kechil, Pulau

Pinang. In Mohmadisa, H., Nasir. N., Yazid, S. & Hanifah, M. (Ed.), Penilaian

Kualiti Air di Malaysia (pp. 13-31). Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.

 

Northeast Georgia Regional Development Center. (2001). A guidebook for local

governments for developing regional watershed protection plans. Georgia

Environmental Protection Division. Diperoleh dari

https://epd.georgia.gov/sites/epd.georgia.gov/files/related_files/site_page/devwtr

plan.pdf (8 October 2020).

 

Nurain, M. & Ang, K. H. (2015). Kualiti air sungai UTM: satu penilaian awal

berpandukan enam parameter Indeks Kualiti Air. Malaysian Journal of Society

and Space, 11(1), 107-115.

 

Nurfadzlina, M. R. & Munirah, D. S. (2012). Kajian kualiti air Sungai Bedil

berdasarkan “Water Quality Index (WQI)”. Seminar dan Penyelidikan Inovasi,

hlm 1-7.

 

Nur Hakimah, A. & Lam, K. C. (2016). Analisis perubahan guna tanah dan litupan

bumi di Gombak, Selangor menggunakan data penderiaan jauh. Sains

Malaysiana, 45(12), 1869-1877.

 

Padmalal, D. & Maya, K. (2014). Rivers-Structure and Functions. Sand Mining, 9–

22. Doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9144-1_2.

 

Pariona, A. (2019, August 1). How Are Rivers Classified? Dieproleh dari

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/how-are-rivers-are-classified.html

 

Pejabat Daerah dan Tanah Muallim. (2020). Latar belakang daerah. Perak: Pejabat

Daerah dan Tanah Muallim. Diperoleh dari

https://pdtmuallim.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi/latar-belakang (25

September 2020).

 

Pejabat Daerah/Tanah Hulu Selangor. (2020). Profil Hulu Selangor: peta daerah.

Selangor: Pejabat Daerah/Tanah Hulu Selangor. Diperoleh dari

https://www.selangor.gov.my/huluselangor.php/pages/view/77?mid=111 (25

September 2020).

 

Radeva K. & Seymenov, K. (2020). Assessment of Physicochemical Properties and

Water Quality of the Lom River (NW Bulgaria). In: Nedkov S. et al. (eds) Smart

Geography. Key Challenges in Geography (EUROGEO Book Series). Springer,

Cham.

 

Rahmanian, N., Siti Hajar, A., Homayoonfard, M., Ali, N. J., Rehan, M., Sadef, Y., &

Nizami, A. S. (2015). Analysis of physiochemical parameters to evaluate the

drinking water quality in the state of Perak, Malaysia. Journal of Chemistry

2015(716125), 1–10. Doi:10.1155/2015/716125.

 

RealTech Inc. Water. (2017). Parameters: Chemical Oxygen Demand. Diperoleh dari

https://realtechwater.com/parameters/chemical-oxygen-demand/ (20 October

2019).

 

Rinaldi, M., Gurnell, A.M., Gonzalez del Tanago, M., Bussettini, M. & Hendriks, D.

(2015). Classification of River morphology and hydrology to support

management and restoration. Aquatic Sciences, 78, 17-33.

 

Rosman, S. (2020, Jan. 22). Demonstrasi selamatkan Sungai Bernam. Harian Metro.

Diperoleh dari

https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2020/01/537497/demonstrasiselamatkan-

sungai-bernam

 

Rügner, H., Schwientek, M., Beckingham, B., Kuch, B., & Grathwohl, P.

(2013). Turbidity as a proxy for total suspended solids (TSS) and particle

facilitated pollutant transport in catchments. Environmental Earth Sciences,

69(2), 373–380. Doi:10.1007/s12665-013-2307-1.

 

Sayemuzzaman, M., Ye, M., Zhang, F., & Zhu, M. (2018). Multivariate statistical and

trend analyses of surface water quality in the central Indian River Lagoon area,

Florida. Environmental earth sciences, 77(4), 1-13. Doi: 10.1007/s12665-018-

7266-0.

 

Schleich, J., & Hillenbrand, T. (2009). Determinants of residential water demand in

Germany, Ecological Economics, 68(6), 1756–1769. Doi:

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.11.012.

 

Shapley, P. (2010). What is BOD? Diperoleh dari

http://butane.chem.uiuc.edu/pshapley/Environmental/L31/1.html

 

Sourav, G., Monit, P., Anusree, R., Prosenjit, M., Anindya, B. & Abhik, S. (2018).

Statistical evaluation of biochemical oxygen demand of river water. Advance

Pharmaceutical Journal, 3(4), 118-120.

 

Suhaimi, S., Asmadi, A. & Lo, T. T. (2005). Penilaian indeks kualiti air di Lembangan

Sungai Ibai, Terengganu. Sains Malaysiana 34(2), 55-59. Diperoleh dari

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Suhaimi_Suratman/publication/238089673

_Penilaian_Indeks_Kualiti_Air_di_Lembangan_Sungai_Ibai_Terengganu_Deter

mination_of_Water_Quality_Index_at_Ibai_River_Basin_Terengganu/links/55b

989be08ae9289a09003b1.pdf (28 September 2020).

 

Suhaimi, S., Mohamad Awang, Loh, A. L. & Norhayati, M. T. (2009). Kajian indeks

kualiti air di Lembangan Sungai Paka, Terengganu. Sains Malaysiana, 38(2),

125-131.

 

Suhaimi, S., Mohd Izwan, M. S., Hee, Y. Y., Bedurus, E. A. & Mohd Talib, L. (2015).

A preliminary study of water quality index in Terengganu River basin,

Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana, 44(1), 67-73.

 

Suhaimi. S. & Norhayati, M. T. (2013). Kesan antropogenik terhadap kualiti air di

Lembangan Sungai Marang, Perairan Selatan Laut China Selatan. Sains

Malaysiana, 42(6), 743-751.

 

Sumayyah Aimi, M. N. (2020). Modeling soil erosion and landscape metric analysis of

river catchments in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong

University 55(3), 1-14. Doi: 10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.3.19.

 

Stone, J. (n.d.) The chemistry of chemical oxygen demand. Diperoleh dari

https://www.envexp.com/download/techsupport/articles/COD%20Article.pdf

(30 September 2020).

 

Syarikat Air Negeri Sembilan. (2016). Sumber air di Malaysia. Seremban, Negeri

Sembilan: SAINS.

 

Tadaki, M., Brierley, G. & Cullum, C. (2014). River classification: theory, practice,

politics. Abstract, Wires Water Journal.

 

Tebbutt, T. H. Y. (1998). Principles of Water Quality Control. Oxford: Butterworth-

Heinemann.

 

Tian, S., Wang, Z. & Shang, H. (2011). Study on the self-purification of Juma River.

Procedia Environmental Sciences, 1328-1333. Amsterdam, Netherland: Elsevier

Ltd. Doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2011.12.199.

 

Trochim, W. (2020, March 10). Descriptive statistics. Conjoint.ly. Diperoleh dari

https://conjointly.com/kb/descriptive-statistics/ (19 November 2020).

 

UWEX (University of Wisconsin Extension) (2006). Dissolved Oxygen: Aquatic life

depends on it. In Volunteer Monitoring Factsheet Series. Water Action Volunteer.

Diperoleh dari http://watermonitoring.uwex.edu/pdf/level1/FactSeries-

DissolvedOxygen.pdf (22 October 2020).

 

Varol, M. (2020). Use of water quality index and multivariate statistical methods for

the evaluation of water quality of a stream affected by multiple stressors: a case

study. Environmental Pollution (266), 115417. Doi:

10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115417.

 

Vatanpour, N., Malvandi, A. M., Hedayati Talouki, H., Gattinoni, P. & Scesi, L.

(2020). Impact of rapid urbanization on the surface water’s quality: a long-term

environmental and physicochemical investigation of Tajan river, Iran (2007–

2017). Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Doi: 10.1007/s11356-

019-07477-w.

 

Verla, E. N., Verla, A. W. & Enyoh, C. E. (2020). Finding a relationship between

physicochemical characteristics and ionic composition of River Nworie, Imo

State, Nigeria. PeerJ Analytical Chemistry. Doi: 10.7717/peerj-achem.5.

 

Wade, J. C. (1975). Stream sediment movement, water quality and agricultrual

production: a modeling approach to economic and environmental analysis.

(Doctoral Dissertation - Retrospective Theses and Dissertations). The Iowa State

University. 5641. Diperoleh dari https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5641 (29 September

2020).

 

Wan Adi, Y., Mokhtar, J., Mohd Khairul Amri, K. & Mohd Ekhwan, T. (2015). Kajian

penerokaan tanah dan perubahan kualiti air di tanah tinggi Lojing, Kelantan,

Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 19 (5), 951-959.

 

Wan Ruslan, I. (1994). Pengantar Hidrologi. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan

Pustaka.

 

Wan Zuhairi, W. Y. (2012). Kesan hujan asid. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Diperoleh dari

http://www.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/internet_projects/stag3042/sesi%20200

4_05/Hujan%20asid/Page04.htm (28 September 2020).

 

Wang, R., Wang, Y., Sun, S., Cai, C., & Zhang, J. (2020). Discussing on “source-sink”

landscape theory and phytoremediation for non-point source pollution control in

China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Doi:10.1007/s11356-

020-10952-4.

 

Wang, X., Li, J., Chen, J., Cui, L., Li, W., Gao, X., & Liu, Z. (2020). Water quality

criteria of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and un-ionized ammonia (NH3-N) and

their ecological risk in the Liao River, China. Chemosphere, 243, 125328. Doi:

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125328.

 

Water Quality Guideline Series. (2020). Source drinking water quality guidelines

(WQG-01). Diperoleh dari https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/airland-

water/water/waterquality/water-quality-guidelines/approvedwqgs/

drinking-water-andrecreation/

source_drinking_water_quality_guidelines_bcenv.pdf

 

Weber-Scannell, P. K., & Duffy, L. K. (2007). Effects of total dissolved solids on

aquatic organism: a review of literature and recommendation for salmonid

species. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 3(1), 1-6.

 

Wetzel, R. G. & Likens, G. E. (2000). Limnological analyses (3rd ed.). New York:

Springer Science & Business Media.

 

Wilhm, J. L., & Dorris, T. C. (1968). Biological parameters for water quality criteria.

BioScience, 18(6), 477–481. Doi:10.2307/1294272.

 

World Health Organization. (2019). 1 in 3 people globally do not have access to safe

drinking water. Diperoleh dari https://www.who.int/news/item/18-06-2019-1-in-

3-people-globally-do-not-have-access-to-safe-drinking-water-unicef-who (6

December 2020).

 

World Health Organization. (2003). Total dissolved solids in drinking-water. Diperoleh

dari https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/tds.pdf (25

October 2020).

 

Wu, Y. & Chen, J. (2013). Investigating the effects of point source and nonpoint source

pollution on the water quality of the East River (Dongjiang) in South China.

Ecological Indicators, 32, 294–304. Doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.04.002.

 

Yahya A. S. & Al-Abaychi, J. K. (2010). Use of water quality index and dissolved

oxygen saturation as indicators of water pollution of Erbil Wastewater Channel

and Greater Zab River. J. Duhok University, 13(2), 1-8.

 

Yang, X. L., Xu, L. R., Liu, K. K., Li, C. H., Hu, J. & Xia, X. H. (2012). Trends in

Temperature and Precipitation in the Zhangweinan River Basin during the last 53

Years. Procedia Environmental Sciences (13), 1966–1974. Doi:

10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.190.

 

Yuan, Q., Lv, W., Huang, W., Sun, X., Bai, N., & Zhou, W. (2019). Improving water

quality following the death of Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) in cage

culture through monitoring of ammonia nitrogen levels. Aquaculture Research,

1-11. Doi: 10.1111/are.14419.

 

Zlatunova, D., Penkov, I., Hristova, N., Gergov, G., Karagiozova, C., Ioncheva, V. &

Hristov, T. (2006). Qualitative hydrology: water quality characteristics.

 

Zubaidah, T., Karnaningroem, N., Slamet, A., 2019. The self-purification ability in the

rivers of Banjarmasin, Indonesia. Journal of Ecological Engineering 20(2), 177-

182. Doi: 10.12911/22998993/97286.

 

Zullyadini, A. R., Siti Farhana, C. R., Mohamad Adam, O. & Wan Ruslan, I. (2016).

Rivers and lakes as natural heritage: water quality status in the northern states of

Peninsular Malaysia, Kemanusiaan 23(1), 109-128.

 

Zurinah, T. & Jalaluddin, A. M. (2017). Pemantauan percanggahan guna tanah bandar

dan tanah pertanian menggunakan Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS).

GEOGRAFIA Online: Malaysia Journal of Society and Space 13(3), 112-130.

 

 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries with this repository, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or Whatsapp +60163630263 (Office hours only)