UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :HD Industries. Land use. Labor
Main Author :Alnuaimi, Ahmed Abdulla Rashed
Title :Determinants of migrant workers remittances: a case study of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi
Year of Publication :2021
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :Login required to access this item.

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
The purpose of this study is to analyze macroeconomic, non-macroeconomic and financial sector development (FSD) factors that influence migrant workers’ remittances in the selected Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. An augmentedgravity model was employed as the theoretical framework and econometric methods were used to examine the relationships between macroeconomics (Gross Domestic Product (GDP), exchange rates, and inflation rates), non-macroeconomics (borders, cultural and history, partner countries, distances, and language) and FSD factors(credit to private sector (CPS) and openness to trade (OT)) towards remittances. Data sources fromWorld Bank and group of central banks from 1989 to 2012 wereutilized. The empirical findings demonstrated that the GDP of the countries was the most significant factor in influencing the remittance flows. Moreover, other macroeconomic factors were also found to be significant in affecting the remittances including exchange and inflation rate. The result further suggested that, the GCC countries share similar results for the following non-macroeconomic factors language,cultural and history do provide the opportunity to remit extensively. The results also suggested that the development factors in financial sector including CPS and OT were significant and positively associated to remittances. In conclusion, the GDP (9.421, p

References

Abdelbaki, H. H. (2019). Macroeconomic determinants of non-performing loans in

GCC economies: does the global financial crisis matter? International Journal

of Economics and Business Research, 17(4), 433-447.

 

Abdel-Rahman, A.-M. M. (2006). The determinants of foreign worker remittances in

the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Saud University.

 

Abella, M. I. (1995). Asian migrant and contract workers in the Middle East. The

Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, 418-423.

 

Acosta, P. (2020). Intra-Household Labor Allocation, Migration, and Remittances in

Rural El Salvador. The Journal of Development Studies, 56(5), 1030-1047.

 

Acosta, P., Calderón, C., Fajnzylber, P., & Lopez, H. (2008). What is the impact of

international remittances on poverty and inequality in Latin America? World

Development, 36(1), 89-114. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.02.016

 

Adams Jr, R. H. (2006). Migration, remittances and development: the critical nexus

in the Middle East and North Africa. Paper presented at the United Nations

Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development in The

Arab Region Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs,

United Nations Secretariat Beirut.

 

Adams Jr, R. H., & Page, J. (2003). Poverty, Inequality and Growth in Selected

Middle East and North Africa Countries, 1980–2000. World Development,

31(12), 2027-2048. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.04.004

 

Adams, R. H. (2006). International remittances and the household: Analysis and

review of global evidence. Journal of African Economies, 15(suppl 2), 396-

425.

 

Adams, R. H. (2009). The determinants of international remittances in developing

countries. World Development, 37(1), 93-103. doi:

10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.11.007

 

Adams, R. H., & Cuecuecha, A. (2010). Remittances, household expenditure and

investment in Guatemala. World Development, 38(11), 1626-1641. doi:

10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.03.003

 

Adams, R. H., & Cuecuecha, A. (2013). The impact of remittances on investment and

poverty in Ghana. World Development, 50, 24-40.

 

Adams, R. H., & Page, J. (2003). International migration, remittances, and poverty in

developing countries: The World Bank.

 

Adams, R. H., & Page, J. (2005). Do international migration and remittances reduce

poverty in developing countries? World Development, 33(10), 1645-1669. doi:

10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.05.004

 

Adams, T. D. (2006). The IMF: Back to Basics. Reforming the IMF for the 21st

Century, 19, 133.

 

Adenutsi, D. E. (2014). Macroeconomic Determinants of Workers' Remittances and

Compensation of Employees In Sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of

Developing Areas, 48(1), 337-360.

 

Agarwal, R., & Horowitz, A. W. (2002). Are international remittances altruism or

insurance? Evidence from Guyana using multiple-migrant households. World

Development, 30(11), 2033-2044.

 

Aggarwal, R., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Pería, M. S. M. (2011). Do remittances promote

financial development? Journal of Development Economics, 96(2), 255-264.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.10.005

 

Ahmed, J., & Martinez-Zarzoso, I. (2014). What Drives Bilateral Remittances to

Pakistan? A Gravity Model Approach. A Gravity Model Approach (June 3,

2014).

 

Aísa, R., Andaluz, J., & Larramona, G. (2011). How does bargaining power affect

remittances? Economic Modelling, 28(1–2), 47-54. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.10.001

 

Akkoyunlu, S., & Kholodilin, K. A. (2006). What affects the remittances of Turkish

workers: Turkish or German output? : DIW Berlin, German Institute for

Economic Research.

 

Al-Assaf, G., & Al-Malki, A. M. (2014). Modelling the Macroeconomic

Determinants of Workers' Remittances: The Case of Jordan. International

Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4(3), 514.

 

Ali, S. R., Khan, M. W., Atiq, Z., & Ali, M. W. (2021). The Impact of Geographical

Distance on Remittances: a Case Study of Pakistani Diaspora. International

Journal of Management, 12(1).

 

Alkhathlan, K. A. (2013). The Nexus between Remittance Outflows and Growth: A

Study of Saudi Arabia. Economic Modelling, 33, 695-700.

 

Alleyne, D., Kirton, C. D., & Figueroa, M. (2008). Macroeconomic Determinants of

Migrant Remittances to Caribbean Countries: Panel Unit roots and

cointegration. The Journal of Developing Areas, 137-153.

 

Al-Najjar, B. (2001). Dream to Migrate to Wealth: Migrant Labor in the Gulf. Beirut:

Center for Arab Unity Studies.

 

Alnuaimi, A., & Rambeli, N. (2017). Determining the Factors That Influence Migrant

Worker Remittance: A Gulf Cooperation Council Case Study. Journal of

Contemporary Issues and Thought, 7, 10-19.

 

Alper, A. M., & Neyapti, B. (2006). Determinants of Workers' Remittances: Turkish

Evidence from high-frequency data. Eastern European Economics, 44(5), 91-

100.

 

Ambrosius, C., & Cuecuecha, A. (2016). Remittances and the Use of Formal and

Informal Financial Services. World Development, 77, 80-98. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.08.010

 

Amir, A. M., Auzair, S. M., Maelah, R., & Ahmad, A. (2012). Determination of

Educational Cost in Public University–A Modified Activity Based Approach.

World, 2(2), 34-48.

 

Amjad, R. (1989). To the Gulf and back: studies on the economic impact of Asian

labor migration.

 

Amjad, R., Irfan, M., & Arif, G. (2013). How to Increase Informal Flows of

Remittances.

 

Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Mazzolari, F. (2010). Remittances to Latin America from

migrants in the United States: Assessing the impact of amnesty programs.

Journal of Development Economics, 91(2), 323-335. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.06.006

 

Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Pozo, S. (2006). Remittances as insurance: evidence from

Mexican immigrants. Journal of Population Economics, 19(2), 227-254.

 

Anderson, J. E. (1979). A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. American

economic review, 69(1), 106-116.

 

Anderson, J. E., & Van Wincoop, E. (2001). Gravity with gravitas: a solution to the

border puzzle: National bureau of economic research.

 

Anh, P. (2018). Microeconomic Determinants of Remittances From Immigrant

Workers and Migrants-The Case of Vietnam. Available at SSRN 3249055.

 

Annen, K., Batu, M., & Kosempel, S. (2016). Macroeconomic effects of foreign aid

and remittances: Implications for aid effectiveness studies. Journal of Policy

Modeling, 38(6), 1136-1146. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2016.10.003

 

Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte

Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The review of

economic studies, 58(2), 277-297.

 

Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable

estimation of error-components models. Journal of econometrics, 68(1), 29-

51.

 

Assaad, R., & Roudi-Fahimi, F. (2007). Youth in the Middle East and North Africa:

Demographic opportunity or challenge? : Population Reference Bureau

Washington, DC.

 

Atamanov, A., & Van den Berg, M. (2012). Heterogeneous Effects of International

Migration and Remittances on Crop Income: Evidence from the Kyrgyz

Republic. World Development, 40(3), 620-630. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.008

 

Atkinson, A., & Messy, F.-A. (2015). Financial Education for Migrants and their

Families. OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private

Pensions(38), 1.

 

Aydas, O. T., Metin-Ozcan, K., Neyapti, B., & Metin-Özcan, K. (2005). Determinants

of Workers' Remittances: The Case of Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance &

Trade, 41(3), 53-69. doi: 10.2307/27750447

 

Babu, S. C., Gajanan, S. N., & Hallam, J. A. (2017). Chapter 5 - Macroeconomic

Aspects of Nutrition Policy Nutrition Economics (pp. 63-77). San Diego:

Academic Press.

 

Backus, D. K., & Smith, G. W. (1993). Consumption and real exchange rates in

dynamic economies with non-traded goods. Journal of International

Economics, 35(3), 297-316.

 

Bagehot, W. (1978). Lombard Street. New York: Arno Press.

 

Balli, F., Louis, R. J., & Osman, M. (2011). The patterns of cross-border portfolio

investments in the GCC region: do institutional quality and the number of

expatriates play a role? Journal of Economics and Finance, 35(4), 434-455.

 

Baltagi, B. H., Bresson, G., & Pirotte, A. (2003). Fixed effects, random effects or

Hausman–Taylor?: A pretest estimator. Economics letters, 79(3), 361-369.

 

Bang, J. T., Mitra, A., & Wunnava, P. V. (2016). Do remittances improve income

inequality? An instrumental variable quantile analysis of the Kenyan case.

Economic Modelling, 58, 394-402. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.04.004

 

Barajas, A., Chami, R., Fullenkamp, C., Gapen, M., & Montiel, P. (2009). Do

workers' remittances promote economic growth? : International Monetary

Fund Washington, DC.

 

Barajas, M. A., Chami, M. R., Ebeke, M. C., & Tapsoba, M. S. J.-A. (2012). Workers’

Remittances: An Overlooked Channel of International Business Cycle

Transmission? : International Monetary Fund.

 

Barua, S. (2007). Determinants of workers’ remittances in Bangladesh: An empirical

study. Policy Analysis Unit (PAU), Bangladesh Bank Working Paper No. WP,

713.

 

Barua, S., & Rafiq, F. (2020). Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances and

Implications for Economic Growth: Evidence from Bangladesh Bangladesh's

Macroeconomic Policy (pp. 371-392): Springer.

 

Bayangos, V., & Jansen, K. (2011). Remittances and Competitiveness: The Case of

the Philippines. World Development, 39(10), 1834-1846. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.019

 

Becker, G. S. (1981). Altruism in the Family and Selfishness in the Market Place.

Economica, 48(189), 1-15.

 

Bekaert, G., Harvey, C. R., & Lundblad, C. (2006). Growth volatility and financial

liberalization. Journal of International Money and Finance, 25(3), 370-403.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2006.01.003

 

Bergstrand, J. H. (1985). The gravity equation in international trade: some

microeconomic foundations and empirical evidence. The review of economics

and statistics, 474-481.

 

Bettin, G., Presbitero, A., & Spatafora, M. N. (2014). Remittances and vulnerability in

developing countries: International Monetary Fund.

 

Billmeier, A., & Massa, I. (2009). What drives stock market development in emerging

markets—institutions, remittances, or natural resources? Emerging Markets

Review, 10(1), 23-35.

 

Blumenstock, J., Callen, M., & Ghani, T. (2014). Violence and financial decisions:

Evidence from mobile money in Afghanistan. University of Washington.

 

Borjas, G. J. (1989). Economic theory and international migration. International

migration review, 457-485.

 

Bouhga-Hagbe, J. (2006). Altruism and workers' remittances: evidence from selected

countries in the Middle East and Central Asia: International Monetary Fund.

 

Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its

applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic

studies, 239-253.

 

Broome, A. (2015). Back to basics: the great recession and the narrowing of IMF

policy advice. Governance, 28(2), 147-165.

 

Brown, R. P. (1994). Migrants' remittances, savings and investment in the South

Pacific. Int'l Lab. Rev., 133, 347.

 

Brown, R. P. (1997). Estimating remittance functions for Pacific Island migrants.

World Development, 25(4), 613-626.

 

Brown, R. P., & Carmignani, F. (2015). Revisiting the effects of remittances on bank

credit: a macro perspective. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 62(5), 454-

485.

 

Brown, R. P. C., & Jimenez-Soto, E. (2015). Chapter 20 - Migration and Remittances.

In R. C. Barry & W. M. Paul (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of

International Migration (Vol. Volume 1, pp. 1077-1140): North-Holland.

 

Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2011). Business research methods (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford

University Press.

 

Bugamelli, M., & Paterno, F. (2009). Do Workers’ Remittances Reduce the

Probability of Current Account Reversals? World Development, 37(12), 1821-

1838.

 

Bugamelli, M., & Paternò, F. (2011). Output growth volatility and remittances.

Economica, 78(311), 480-500.

 

Busch, C., Kuckulenz, A., & Le Manchec, M.-H. (2002). Worker Remittances and

Capital Flows: Kiel Working Paper.

 

Calderon, C., Chong, A., & Loayza, N. (2000). Determinants of current account

deficits in developing countries (Vol. 51): World Bank, Latin America and the

Caribbean Region, Regional Studies Program.

 

Callen, M. T., Cherif, R., Hasanov, F., Hegazy, M. A., & Khandelwal, P. (2014).

Economic diversification in the GCC: Past, present, and future: International

Monetary Fund.

 

Callen, M. T., Cherif, R., Hasanov, F., Hegazy, M. A., & Khandelwal, P. (2014).

Economic diversification in the GCC: Past, present, and future: International

Monetary Fund.

 

Canuto, O., & Rafha, D. (2011). Migration and Remittances. Factbook 2011.

Carling, J. (2008). The determinants of migrant remittances. Oxford Review of

Economic Policy, 24(3), 581-598. doi: 10.1093/oxrep/grn022

 

Castillo‐Ponce, R. A., Torres‐Preciado, V. H., & Manzanares‐Rivera, J. L. (2011).

Macroeconomic determinants of remittances for a dollarized economy: the

case of El Salvador. Journal of Economic Studies, 38(5), 562-576. doi:

doi:10.1108/01443581111161823

 

Catrinescu, N., Leon-Ledesma, M., Piracha, M., & Quillin, B. (2009). Remittances,

institutions, and economic growth. World Development, 37(1), 81-92.

 

Chami, R., Barajas, A., Cosimano, T., Fullenkamp, C., Gapen, M., & Montiel, P.

(2008). Macroeconomic consequences of remittances: International Monetary

Fund.

 

Chami.Ralph, C. F., Samir. Jahjah. (2005). Are immigrant remittance flows a source

of capital for development? International Monetary Fund, 52, p55.

 

Chimhandamba, N. (2009). Reconciling the benefits of formal and informal

remittance channels: a Zimbabwean migrant’s perspective. Citeseer.

 

Chinn, M. D., & Prasad, E. S. (2003). Medium-term determinants of current accounts

in industrial and developing countries: an empirical exploration. Journal of

International Economics, 59(1), 47-76.

 

Choucri, N. (1986). The hidden economy: A new view of remittances in the Arab

world. World Development, 14(6), 697-712. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(86)90013-6

 

Chowdhury, M. B. (2011). Remittances flow and financial development in

Bangladesh. Economic Modelling, 28(6), 2600-2608.

 

Clemens, M. A., Özden, Ç., & Rapoport, H. (2015). Reprint of: Migration and

Development Research is Moving Far Beyond Remittances. World

Development, 65, 1-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.009

 

Collier, W., Piracha, M., & Randazzo, T. (2011). Remittances and return migration:

IZA Institute of Labor Economics.

 

Collins, R. D., Selin, N. E., De Weck, O. L., & Clark, W. C. (2017). Using inclusive

wealth for policy evaluation: Application to electricity infrastructure planning

in oil-exporting countries. Ecological Economics, 133, 23-34.

 

Collis, J., Hussey, R., Crowther, D., Lancaster, G., Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Gill, J.

(2003). Business research methods: Palgrave Macmillan, New York.

 

Coulibaly, D. (2009). Macroeconomic Determinants of Migrants' Remittances: New

Evidence from a panel VAR.

 

Craigwell, R. C., & Samaroo, S. (1997). Dynamic modelling of the current accounts:

Evidence from the Caribbean. International Economic Journal, 11(4), 39-50.

 

Cropper, P., & Cook, R. (2000). Developments: Activity-Based Costing in Universities—

Five Years On. Public Money and Management, 20(2), 61-68.

 

Cunha, M. R., Lambrecht, B. M., & Pawlina, G. (2011). Household liquidity and

incremental financing decisions: Theory and evidence. Journal of Business

Finance & Accounting, 38(7-8), 1016-1052.

 

David, F. R. (2007). Strategic management: Concepts and cases: Pearson Prentice

Hall.

 

Davis, J., & Brazil, N. (2016). Disentangling fathers’ absences from household

remittances in international migration: The case of educational attainment in

Guatemala. International Journal of Educational Development, 50, 1-11. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.05.004

 

De Haas, H. (2005). International migration, remittances and development: myths and

facts. Third World Quarterly, 26(8), 1269-1284. doi:

10.1080/01436590500336757

 

De Luna-Martinez, J. (2005). Workers' remittances to developing countries: A survey

with central banks on selected public policy issues: World Bank Publications.

 

Debarsy, N., Ertur, C., & LeSage, J. P. (2012). Interpreting dynamic space–time panel

data models. Statistical Methodology, 9(1), 158-171.

 

Desiraju, G. R., & Steiner, T. (2001). Weak hydrogen Bond: Oxford University Press

New York.

 

DeVoretz, D. J. (2006). Immigration Policy: Methods of Economic Assessment1.

International migration review, 40(2), 390-418.

 

Docquier, F., Rapoport, H., & Salomone, S. (2012). Remittances, migrants' education

and immigration policy: Theory and evidence from bilateral data. Regional

Science and Urban Economics, 42(5), 817-828.

 

Docquier, F., Rapoport, H., & Salomone, S. (2012). Remittances, migrants' education

and immigration policy: Theory and evidence from bilateral data. Regional

Science and Urban Economics, 42(5), 817-828.

 

Dornbusch, R. (1976). Expectations and exchange rate dynamics. Journal of political

Economy, 84(6), 1161-1176.

 

Dramance, C. (2009). Macroeconomic Determinants of Migrants' Remittances: New

Evidence from a panel VAR: CES Working Papers.

 

Dramance, C. (2009). Macroeconomic Determinants of Migrants' Remittances: New

Evidence from a panel VAR: CES Working Papers.

 

Duran-Fernandez, R., & Santos, G. (2014). Gravity, distance, and traffic flows in

Mexico. Research in transportation economics, 46, 30-35.

 

Durdu, C. B., & Sayan, S. (2010). Emerging Market Business Cycles with Remittance

Fluctuations. IMF Staff Papers, 57(2), 303-325. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/imfsp.2009.3

 

Dustmann, C., & Mestres, J. (2010). Remittances and temporary migration. Journal of

Development Economics, 92(1), 62-70. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.12.002

 

Ecer, S., & Tompkins, A. (2010). An econometric analysis of the remittance

determinants among Ghanaians and Nigerians in the United States, United

Kingdom, and Germany. International Migration.

 

Edelbloude, J., Sers, C. F., & Makhlouf, F. (2017). Do remittances respond to

revolutions? The Evidence from Tunisia. Research in International Business

and Finance, 42, 94-101.

 

Edwards, S. (2002). Does the current account matter? Preventing currency crises in

emerging markets (pp. 21-76): University of Chicago Press.

 

Eelens, F., Schampers, T., & Speckmann, J. D. (1992). Labor migration to the Middle

East: from Sri Lanka to the Gulf.

 

Ekwuyasi, F. O. (2015). Labor migration and human trafficking: a case study of the

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).

 

Elbadawi, I., & Rocha, R. R. (1992). Determinants of expatriate workers' remittances

in North Africa and Europe (pp. ii, 56 p.). Washington, DC: Country

Economics Dept., World Bank.

 

El-Sakka, M. I. T., & McNabb, R. (1999). The macroeconomic determinants of

emigrant remittances. World Development, 27(8), 1493-1502. doi:

10.1016/s0305-750x(99)00067-4

 

Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction:

representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the

Econometric Society, 251-276.

 

Fajnzylber, P., & López, J. H. (2008). The development impact of remittances in

Latin America. Remittances and Development: Lessons from Latin America,

1-19.

 

Fasano, U., & Iqbal, Z. (2003). GCC countries: from oil dependence to

diversification: International Monetary Fund.

 

Fayissa, B., & Nsiah, C. (2010). The impact of remittances on economic growth and

development in Africa. The American Economist, 55(2), 92-103.

 

Fayissa, B., & Nsiah, C. (2010). The impact of remittances on economic growth

development in Africa American Economist, 55(2).

 

Fergany, N. (2001). Aspects of labor migration and unemployment in the Arab region.

Almishkat Center for Research, Cairo, 3.

 

Ferriani, F., & Oddo, G. (2018). More distance, more remittance? Remitting behavior,

travel cost, and the size of the informal channel. Economic Notes: Review of

Banking, Finance and Monetary Economics.

 

Finkelstein Shapiro, A., & Mandelman, F. S. (2016). Remittances, entrepreneurship,

and employment dynamics over the business cycle. Journal of International

Economics, 103, 184-199. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2016.10.001

 

Frankel, J. (2011). Are bilateral remittances countercyclical? Open Economies

Review, 22(1), 1-16.

 

Freund, C., & Spatafora, N. (2008). Remittances, transaction costs, and informality.

Journal of Development Economics, 86(2), 356-366.

 

Freund, C., & Spatafora, N. (2008). Remittances, transaction costs, and informality.

Journal of Development Economics, 86(2), 356-366.

 

Gapen, M. T., Barajas, A., Chami, R., Montiel, P., & Fullenkamp, C. (2009). Do

workers' remittances promote economic growth? : International Monetary

Fund.

 

García-Alonso, C. R., Arenas-Arroyo, E., & Pérez-Alcalá, G. M. (2012). A macroeconomic

model to forecast remittances based on Monte-Carlo simulation and

artificial intelligence. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(9), 7929-7937.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.01.108

 

Garcia-Fuentes, P. A., & Kennedy, P. L. (2009). Remittances and economic growth in

Latin America and the Caribbean: The Impact of the human capital

development. Paper presented at the Selected Paper prepared for presentation

at the Southern Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta,

Georgia.

 

Giuliano, P., & Ruiz-Arranz, M. (2009). Remittances, financial development, and

growth. Journal of Development Economics, 90(1), 144-152. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.10.005

 

Glytsos, N. (1988). Remittances in temporary migration: A theoretical Model and its

Testing with the Greek-German experience Review of World Economics

124(3). doi: 10.1007/BF02708664

 

Glytsos, N. P. (1993). Measuring the income effects of migrant remittances: a

methodological approach applied to Greece. Economic Development and

Cultural Change, 42, 131-131.

 

Glytsos, N. P. (2002). Dynamic effects of migrant remittances on growth: an

econometric model with an application to Mediterranean countries: Centre of

Planning and Economic Research.

 

Glytsos, N. P. (2005). The contribution of remittances to growth: a dynamic approach

and empirical analysis. Journal of Economic Studies, 32(6), 468-496.

 

Goschin, Z. (2014). Remittances as an Economic Development Factor. Empirical

Evidence from the CEE Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 10, 54-

60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00277-9

 

Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis: Pearson Education India.

 

Group, W. B. (2012). World Development Indicators 2012: World Bank Publications.

Guetat, I., & Sridi, D. (2017). Institutional quality effect on remittances in MENA

region. Middle East Development Journal, 9(1), 84-100.

 

Guha, P. (2013). Macroeconomic effects of international remittances: The case of

developing economies. Economic Modelling, 33, 292-305.

 

Gujarti, D. (1978). Basic econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

 

Gupta, S., Pattillo, C. A., & Wagh, S. (2007). Impact of remittances on poverty and

financial development in Sub-Saharan Africa (Vol. 7): International Monetary

Fund.

 

Gupta, S., Pattillo, C. A., &Wagh, S. (2009). Effect of Remittances on Poverty and

Financial Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 37(1),

104-115. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.05.007

 

Gupta, S., Pattillo, C. A., &Wagh, S. (2009). Effect of remittances on poverty and

financial development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 37(1),

104-115.

 

Hagen‐Zanker, J., & Siegel, M. (2007). The determinants of remittances: A review of

the literature.

 

Hansen, B. E. (1995). Time series analysis. Econometric theory, 11(03), 625-630. doi:

doi:10.1017/S0266466600009440

 

Hansen, L. P. (1982). Large sample properties of generalized method of moments

estimators. Econometric: journal of the Econometric Society, 1029-1054.

 

Hassan, G. (2010). Remittances and Poverty: Panel Evidence from High Remittance

Economies.

 

Hassan, G. M. (2011). Growth Effects of Remittances: Cross-country and Time Series

Analysis: University of Western Sydney.

 

Hassan, G. M., & Holmes, M. J. (2014). Do Remittances Facilitate a Sustainable

Current Account?

 

Hassan, G. M., & Holmes, M. J. (2016). Do Remittances Facilitate a Sustainable

Current Account? The World Economy, 39(11), 1834-1853.

 

Hathroubi, S., & Aloui, C. (2016). On interactions between remittance outflows and

Saudi Arabian macroeconomic: New evidence from wavelets. Economic

Modelling, 59, 32-45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.06.018

 

Heffernan, O. (2018). The Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances Received in

Four Regions. The Park Place Economist, 26(1), 14.

 

Hendry, D. F., Pagan, A. R., & Sargan, J. D. (1984). Dynamic specification.

Handbook of econometrics, 2, 1023-1100.

 

Hicks, D. T. (2005). Good decisions require good models: Developing activity-based

solutions that work for decision makers. Journal of cost management, 19(3),

32-40.

 

Higgins, M. L., Hysenbegasi, A., & Pozo, S. (2004). Exchange-rate uncertainty and

workers' remittances. Applied Financial Economics, 14(6), 403-411.

 

Hirvonen, K., & Lilleør, H. B. (2015). Going Back Home: Internal Return Migration

in Rural Tanzania. World Development, 70, 186-202. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.01.007

 

Hoddinott, J. (1992). Modelling remittance flows in Kenya. Journal of African

Economies, 1(2), 206-232.

 

Hor, C., & Pheang, P. (2017). Analysis determinant factors effect on migrant workers’

remittances flow to the CLMV Countries. International Journal of Economics

and Financial Issues, 7(2), 202.

 

Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of panel data (Vol. 34): Cambridge university press.

Hussain, R., & Anjum, G. A. (2014). Worker’s Remittances and GDP Growth in

Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4(2), 376-

381.

 

Ilahi, N., & Jafarey, S. (1999). Guest worker migration, remittances and the extended

family: evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Development Economics, 58(2),

485-512. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00122-9

 

Ilahi, N., & Shendy, R. (2008). Do the Gulf oil-producing countries influence regional

growth? The impact of financial and remittance flows: International Monetary

Fund.

 

ILO, G. a. (2015). Labor market trends analysis and labor migration from South Asia

to Gulf Cooperation Council countries, India and Malaysia (Vol. 978-92-2-

129612-6). Kathmandu, Nepal Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale

Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the International Labor Organization

(ILO).

 

Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous

panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.

 

Imai, K. S., Gaiha, R., Ali, A., & Kaicker, N. (2014). Remittances, growth and

poverty: New evidence from Asian countries. Journal of Policy Modeling,

36(3), 524-538.

 

Irfan, M. (2011). Remittances and poverty linkages in Pakistan: Evidence and some

suggestions for further analysis. Working Papers & Research Reports, 2011.

 

Irungu, L. (2017). A Study on the Effects of Diaspora Remittances on the Kenyan

Economy. International Journal of Economic Policy, 1(1), 14-36.

 

Ismail, G. N. (2017). Macroeconomic and Spatial Determinants of Remittances: A

Cross Country Analysis. © Lahore School of Economics.

 

Ivlevs, A., Ziderman, A., & Constant, A. (2016). Remittances and informal work.

International Journal of Manpower, 37(7).

 

Johnson, G. E., & Whitelaw, W. E. (1974). Urban-rural income transfers in Kenya:

An estimated-remittances function. Economic Development & Cultural

Change, 22(3), 473.

 

Kannan, K. P., & Hari, K. (2002). Kerala's Gulf connection: Emigration, remittances

and their macroeconomic impact 1972-2000: Centre for Development Studies

Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

 

Kapiszewski, A. (2006). Arab versus Asian Migrant Workers in the GCC Countries.

Paper presented at the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on International

Migration and Development in the Arab Region, Beirut, May.

 

Karemera, D., Oguledo, V. I., & Davis, B. (2000). A gravity model analysis of

international migration to North America. Applied Economics, 32(13), 1745-

1755.

 

Katseli, L. T., & Glytsos, N. P. (1986). Theoretical and empirical determinants of

international labor mobility: A Greek-German perspective: Centre for

Economic Policy Research.

 

Keho, Y. (2016). Non-linear effect of remittances on banking sector development:

Panel evidence from developing countries.

 

Kemegue, F., Owusu-Sekyere, E., & van Eyden, R. (2011). What drives remittance

inflows to Sub-Saharan Africa? A dynamic panel approach. Unpublished

manuscript.

 

Khodeir, A. N. (2015). Migration remittances inflows and macroeconomic shocks:

The case of Egypt. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues,

5(4).

 

Khodeir, A. N. (2015). Migration remittances inflows and macroeconomic shocks:

The case of Egypt. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues,

5(4).

 

Knowles, J. C., & Anker, R. (1981). An analysis of income transfers in a developing

country: The case of Kenya. Journal of Development Economics, 8(2), 205-

226. doi: 10.1016/0304-3878(81)90029-8

 

Kock, U., & Sun, Y. (2011). Remittances in Pakistan-Why have they gone up, and

why aren’t they coming down? IMF Working Papers, 1-26.

 

Koska, O. A., Saygin, P. Ö., Çağatay, S., & Artal-Tur, A. (2013). International

migration, remittances, and the human capital formation of Egyptian children.

International Review of Economics & Finance, 28, 38-50. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2013.05.006

 

Kraay, A., & Ventura, J. (2000). Current Accounts in Debtor and Creditor Countries.

The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(4), 1137-1166. doi:

10.1162/003355300555033

 

Krugman, P., & Obstfeld, M. (2003). International economics: theory and policy. The

Addison-Wesley series in economics.

 

Kumar, B., Hossain, M. E., & Osmani, M. A. G. (2018). Utilization of international

remittances in Bangladesh. Remittances Review, 3(1), 5-18.

 

Kumar, R. R. (2013). Remittances and economic growth: A study of Guyana.

Economic Systems, 37(3), 462-472. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2013.01.001

 

Kupar, D. (2003). The new development mantra? Harvard University and Center For

Global Development

 

Lahdhiri, M., Abdelfettah, M., & El Ouni, N. (2013). The Official Development

Assistance and the Remittance's Determinants: Convergence or Divergence?

Researchers World, 4(3), 89.

 

LaLonde, R. J., & Topel, R. W. (1994). Economic impact of international migration

and the economic performance of migrants: Center for the Study of the

Economy and the State, University of Chicago.

 

León-Ledesma, M., & Piracha, M. (2004). International migration and the role of

remittances in Eastern Europe. International Migration, 42(4), 65-83. doi:

10.1111/j.0020-7985.2004.00295.x

 

Levin, A., Lin, C.-F., & James Chu, C.-S. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data:

asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-

24.

 

Lianos, T. P. (1997). Factors determining migrant remittances: The case of Greece.

International migration review, 72-87.

 

Lim, S., & Morshed, A. K. M. M. (2015). International migration, migrant stock, and

remittances: Re-examining the motivations to remit. The Quarterly Review of

Economics and Finance, 57, 101-115. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2014.10.001

 

Lin, H. (2011). Determinants of remittances: evidence from Tonga. IMF Working

Papers, 1-17.

 

López-Feldman, A., & Chávez, E. (2017). Remittances and Natural Resource

Extraction: Evidence from Mexico. Ecological Economics, 132, 69-79. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.10.010

 

Lowell, B. L., & De la Garza, R. O. (2000). The developmental role of remittances in

US Latino Communities and in Latin American countries. Final project report

prepared for the Thomás Rivera Policy Institute (TRPI), University of Texas,

Austin, Texas, and the Inter-American Dialogue.

 

Lucas, R. E. B., & Stark, O. (1985). Motivations to remit: Evidence from Botswana.

Journal of political Economy, 93(5), 901-918.

 

Lueth, E., & Arranz, M. (2006). The gravity model of workers' remittances

International Monetary Fund

 

Lueth, E., & Ruiz-Arranz, M. (2007). Are workers' remittances a hedge against

macroeconomic shocks? The case of Sri Lanka (Vol. 7): International

Monetary Fund.

 

Lueth, E., & Ruiz-Arranz, M. (2008). Determinants of bilateral remittance flows. The

BE Journal of Macroeconomics, 8(1).

 

Makhlouf, F., & Kasmaoui, K. (2017). The Impact of Oil Price on Remittances. The

Journal of Energy and Development, 43(1/2), 293-310.

 

Mallick, H. (2017). Determinants of workers’ remittances: An empirical investigation

for a panel of eleven developing Asian economies. The World Economy,

40(12), 2875-2900.

 

Mamun, M. A., Sohag, K., Uddin, G. S., & Shahbaz, M. (2015). Remittance and

domestic labor productivity: Evidence from remittance recipient countries.

Economic Modelling, 47, 207-218. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.02.024

 

Mandelman, F. S., & Zlate, A. (2012). Immigration, remittances and business cycles.

Journal of Monetary Economics, 59(2), 196-213. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2012.01.004

 

Mark, N. C., & Sul, D. (2003). Cointegration Vector Estimation by Panel DOLS and

Long‐run Money Demand*. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics,

65(5), 655-680.

 

Martinez, C., Cummings, M. E., & Vaaler, P. M. (2015). Economic informality and

the venture funding impact of migrant remittances to developing countries1.

Journal of Business Venturing, 30(4), 526-545. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.10.004

 

Marwan, N. F., Kadir, N. A. A., Hussin, A., Zaini, A. A., Ab Rashid, M. E., & Helmi,

Z. A. G. (2013). Export, Aid, Remittance and Growth: Evidence from Sudan.

Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 3-10.

 

Mayda, A. M. (2010). International migration: A panel data analysis of the

determinants of bilateral flows. Journal of Population Economics, 23(4),

1249-1274.

 

Mayer, T., & Zignago, S. (2011). Notes on CEPII’s distances measures: The Geo-

Distance database.

 

McIntosh, C., Villaran, G., & Wydick, B. (2011). Microfinance and Home

Improvement: Using Retrospective Panel Data to Measure Program Effects on

Fundamental Events. World Development, 39(6), 922-937. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.03.001

 

McKenzie, D. J., & Sasin, M. J. (2007). Migration, remittances, poverty, and human

capital: conceptual and empirical challenges. World Bank Policy Research

Working Paper (4272).

 

Meyer, D., & Shera, A. The impact of remittances on economic growth: An

econometric model. Economy. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2016.06.001

 

Mim, S. B., & Ali, M. (2012). Through which channels can remittances spur

economic growth in MENA countries? Economics Discussion Paper (2012-8).

 

Mohopatra, S., Ratha, D., & Silwal, A. (2010). Migration and Remittances Factbook

2011. World Bank, New York City, November, 256.

 

Mundlak, Y. (1978). On the pooling of time series and cross section data.

Econometrics: journal of the Econometric Society, 69-85.

 

Mustafa, K., & Ali, S. R. (2018). The macroeconomic determinants of remittances in

Pakistan. International Journal of Business Management and Finance

Research, 1(1), 1-8.

 

Naiditch, C., Tomini, A., & Ben Lakhdar, C. (2015). Remittances and incentive to

migrate: An epidemic approach of migration. International Economics, 142,

118-135. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2015.03.001

 

Naiditch, C., & Vranceanu, R. (2009). Migrant wages, remittances and recipient labor

supply in a moral hazard model. Economic Systems, 33(1), 60-82. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2008.07.003

 

Naiditch, C., & Vranceanu, R. (2010). Equilibrium migration with invested

remittances: The EECA evidence. European Journal of Political Economy,

26(4), 454-474. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.05.003

 

Nassar, H., & Ghoneim, A. (2002). Trade and Migration, are they complements or

substitutes: A review of four MENA Countries.

 

Naufal, G. S. (2011). Labor migration and remittances in the GCC. Labor History,

52(3), 307-322.

 

Naufal, G. S. (2015). Chapter 27 - The Economics of Migration in the Gulf

Cooperation Council Countries. In R. C. Barry & W. M. Paul (Eds.),

Handbook of the Economics of International Migration (Vol. Volume 1, pp.

1597-1640): North-Holland.

 

Naufal, G. S., & Genc, I. H. (2014). The story of remittance flows from the GCC

countries.

 

Naufal, G. S., & Termos, A. (2009). The responsiveness of remittances to price of oil:

the case of the GCC. OPEC Energy Review, 33(3/4), 184-197. doi:

10.1111/j.1753-0237.2009.00166.x

 

Neaime, S. (2004). Macroeconomic Fluctuations and Asymmetries in Selected East

Mediterranean and Gulf Countries: An Empirical Investigation. The Journal of

Economic Asymmetries, 1(2), 143-172. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2004.02.007

 

Ngoma, A. L., Ismail, N. W., & Law, S.-H. (2018). Domestic Macroeconomic

Conditions and Inflow of Workers' Remittances in labor -sending Asian

Countries. International Journal of Business &Society, 19(1).

 

Niimi, Y., & Özden, Ç. (2006). Migration and remittances: causes and linkages.

 

Nnyanzi, J. B. (2016). What drives international remittances to Africa: altruism, selfinterest

or the institutional environment? African Journal of Economic and

Management Studies, 7(3), null. doi: doi:10.1108/AJEMS-07-2013-0067

 

Obstfeld, M., & Rogoff, K. (1998). Risk and exchange rates: National bureau of

economic research.

 

Ojede, A., Lam, E., & Okot, N. (2019). Identifying macro-determinants of remittance

flows to a developing country: The case of Uganda. The Journal of

International Trade & Economic Development, 28(4), 429-451.

 

Okkerse, L. (2008). How to Measure labor Market effects of immigration: a review.

Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(1), 1-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-

6419.2007.00533.x

 

OMON, I. J. Determinants of migrants’ remittances in the West Africa Monetary

Zones (WAMZ).

 

Onyeisi, O. S., Odo, S. I., & Anoke, C. I. (2018). Remittance Inflow and Domestic

Credit to Private Sector. The Nigerian Experience. IOSR Journal of Business

and Management (IOSR-JBM), 20(1), 28-38.

 

Osakwe, P., & Verick, S. (2007). Current Account Deficits in Sub-Saharan Africa: Do

they Matter? Draft Paper, October.

 

Osili, U. O. (2007). Remittances and savings from international migration: Theory

and evidence using a matched sample. Journal of Development Economics,

83(2), 446-465. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.06.003

Osmani, M. A. G. Utilization of International Remittances in Bangladesh.

 

Ozaki, M. (2012). Worker migration and remittances in South Asia.

Özden, Ç., & Schiff, M. W. (2006). International migration, remittances, and the

brain drain: World Bank Publications.

 

Page, B. (2009). Remittances A2 - Kitchin, Rob. In N. Thrift (Ed.), International

Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 329-334). Oxford: Elsevier.

 

Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with

multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 653-

670.

 

Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of

pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis.

Econometric theory, 20(03), 597-625.

 

Piracha, M., & Randazzo, T. (2011). Remittances and return migration: School of

Economics, University of Kent.

 

Piteli, E. E., Buckley, P. J., & Kafouros, M. (2019). Do remittances to emerging

countries improve their economic development? Understanding the contingent

role of culture. Journal of International Management, 100675.

 

Popescu, G. H. (2014). The macroeconomic determinants of migrant remittance

flows. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 9(2), 121.

 

Pradhan, G., Upadhyay, M., & Upadhyaya, K. (2008). Remittances and economic

growth in developing countries. European Journal of Development Research,

20(3), 497-506. doi: 10.1080/09578810802246285

 

Přívara, A. (2019). Migrants Remittances: Microeconomic and Macroeconomic

Contexts. The EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics (6

(19)), 51-58.

 

Puri, S., & Ritzema, T. (1999). Migrant worker remittances, micro-finance and the

informal economy: prospects and issues: International Labor Office.

 

Qutb, R. (2019). The Macroeconomic Determinants of Migrants’ Remittances in

Egypt: An Ardl Bounds Testing Approach. Available at SSRN 3522070.

 

Rahman, M., & Banerjee, P. K. (2011). Dynamic empirics of expatriates’ remittances

from Saudi Arabia to Bangladesh. Southwestern Economic Review, 38, 1-14.

 

Rao, B. B., & Hassan, G. M. (2011). A panel data analysis of the growth effects of

remittances. Economic Modelling, 28(1–2), 701-709. doi:

10.1016/j.econmod.2010.05.011

 

Rapoport, H., & Docquier, F. (2006). Chapter 17 the Economics of Migrants'

Remittances. In K. Serge-Christophe & Y. Jean Mercier (Eds.), Handbook of

the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity (Vol. Volume 2, pp. 1135-

1198): Elsevier.

 

Ratha, A., & Kang, E. (2020). Macroeconomic Determinants of International

Remittances: Evidence from time-series and panel methods. Journal of

Economic Development, 45(3).

 

Ratha, D. (2005). Workers’ remittances: an important and stable source of external

development finance.

 

Ratha, D., De, S., Plaza, S., Schuettler, K., Shaw, W., Wyss, H., & Yi, S. (2016).

Migration and Development Brief April 2016: Migration and Remittances-

Recent Developments and Outlook: The World Bank.

 

Ratha, D., & Mohapatra, S. (2013). Chapter 8 - Migrant Remittances and

Development A2 - Caprio, Gerard. In T. Beck, S. Claessens & S. L.

Schmukler (Eds.), The Evidence and Impact of Financial Globalization (pp.

121-130). San Diego: Academic Press.

 

Ratha, D., Mohapatra, S., & Silwal, A. (2009). Migration and Remittance Trends

2009: A better-than-expected outcome so far, but significant risks ahead.

 

Ratha, D., Yi, S., & Yousefi, S. R. (2015). Migration and development. Routledge

Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies, 1(3), 260.

 

Razgallah, B. (2008). The macroeconomics of workers’ remittances in GCC

countries: Economic Research Forum.

 

Reich, F., & Abraham, A. (2006). Activity based costing and activity data collection:

A case study in the higher education sector. Faculty of Commerce-Papers,

211.

 

Reisen, H. (1998). Sustainable and excessive current account deficits. Empirica,

25(2), 111-131.

 

Remenyi, D., Williams, B., Money, A., & Swartz, E. (1998). Research in Business

and Management. London: Sage. Remmen, D.(2003). Performance pays off.

Strategic Finance, 84(9), 24-31.

 

Ruiz, I., & Vargas-Silva, C. (2010). Monetary policy and international remittances.

The Journal of Developing Areas, 43(2), 173-186.

 

Ruiz-Arranz, M., & Giuliano, P. (2005). Remittances, financial development, and

growth: International Monetary Fund.

 

Russell, S. S. (1986). Remittances from international migration: A review in

perspective. World Development, 14(6), 677-696. doi: 10.1016/0305-

750x(86)90012-4

 

Salahuddin, M. (2013). Empirical link between growth and remittance: evidence from

panel data. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 14(5).

 

Salisu, M. (2005). The Role of Capital Flight and Remittances in Current Account

Sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Development Review, 17(3),

382-404. doi: 10.1111/j.1017-6772.2006.00121.x

 

Sampson, S. S., & Branch-Vital, A. (2013). US Remittances to the Caribbean,

Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago. International Migration, 51, e70-e83. doi:

10.1111/imig.12018

 

Sasikumar, S., & Thimothy, R. (2015). From India to the Gulf Region: Exploring

Links Between Labor Markets, Skills and the Migration Cycle: ILO.

 

Sayan, S. (2004). Guest workers remittances and output fluctuations in host and home

countries: Case of remittances from Turkish workers in Germany. Emerging

Markets Finance & Trade, 40(6), 68-81.

 

Sayan, S. (2006). Business cycles and workers' remittances: how do migrant workers

respond to cyclical movements of GDP at home? (Vol. 6): International

Monetary Fund.

 

Sayan, S., & Tekin-Koru, A. (2012). Remittances, Business Cycles and Poverty: The

Recent Turkish Experience. International Migration, 50, e151-e176. doi:

10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00591.x

 

Schiff, M. Ö., Çaglar. (2005). International Migration, Remittances, and the Brain

Drain: Wold Bank

 

Schiopu, I., & Siegfried, N. (2006). Determinants of Workers' Remittances: Evidence

from the European Neighboring Region: European Central Bank.

 

Schiopu, I., & Siegfried, N. (2006). Determinants of workers' remittances: Evidence

from the European neighboring region: European Central Bank.

 

Schrooten, M. (2005). Bringing Home the Money-What Determines Worker's

Remittances to Transition Countries. Institute of Economic Research,

Hitotsubashi University, Discussion Paper Series.

 

Shah, F. U., & Majid, I. (2020). The Socio-economic Determinants of Remittances in

Pakistan: Evidence from District Bannu. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 14.

 

Shah, N. M. (2006). Restrictive labor immigration policies in the oil-rich Gulf:

Effectiveness and implications for sending Asian countries. Paper presented at

the UN Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development in

the Arab Region: Challenges and Opportunities, Beirut.

 

Shahbaz, M., & Aamir, N. (2009). Determinants of Workers’ Remittances:

Implications for Poor People of Pakistan. European Journal of Scientific

Research, 25(1), 130-144.

 

Shahbaz, M., Rehman, I. U., & Mahdzan, N. S. A. (2014). Linkages between income

inequality, international remittances and economic growth in Pakistan. Quality

& Quantity, 48(3), 1511-1535.

 

Silwa, A., Ratha, D., & Mohapatra, S. (2010). Outlook for Remittance Flows 2011-

12; Recovery after the crisis, but risks lie ahead.

 

Simpson, N. B., & Sparber, C. (2020). Estimating the Determinants of Remittances

Originating from US Households Using CPS Data. Eastern Economic Journal,

46(1), 161-189.

 

Singh, R. J., Haacker, M., Lee, K.-w., & Le Goff, M. (2011). Determinants and

macroeconomic impact of remittances in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of

African Economies, 20(2), 312-340.

 

Singh, S. K. (2019). Revisiting Institutional Determinants of Remittances: Evidence

from a Large Panel of Countries. Economics Bulletin, 39(4), 2247-2257.

 

Singogo, F. K. (2020). An analysis of macroeconomic determinants of remittances in

Southern Africa. UNVERSITY OF NAMIBIA.

 

Sirkeci, I., Cohen, J. H., & Ratha, D. (2012). Migration and remittances during the

global financial crisis and beyond: The World Bank.

 

Slddiqui, R., & Kemal, A.-R. (2006). Remittances, trade liberalization, and poverty in

Pakistan: The role of excluded variables in poverty change analysis. The

Pakistan Development Review, 383-415.

 

Stark, O., Taylor, J. E., & Yitzhaki, S. (1986). Remittances and inequality. The

economic journal, 722-740.

 

Straubhaar, T. (1986). The Determinants of Workers' Remittances: The Case of

Turkey. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 122(4), 728-740. doi: 10.2307/40439475

 

Straubhaar, T. (1986). The determinants of workers’ remittances: The case of Turkey.

Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 122(4), 728-740. doi: 10.1007/bf02707858

 

Sultonov, M. (2016). The Russian financial crisis and workers’ remittances to

Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics,

5, 344-353.

 

Swamy, G. (1981). International migrant workers' remittances: Issues and prospects:

World Bank, Washington, D.C. (USA).

 

Taghavi, M. (2012). The impact of workers’ remittances on macro indicators: The

case of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Topics in Middle Eastern and African

Economies, 14, 49-73.

 

Tahir, M., Khan, I., & Shah, A. M. (2015). Foreign Remittances, Foreign Direct

Investment, Foreign Imports and Economic Growth in Pakistan: A Time

Series Analysis. Arab Economic and Business Journal, 10(2), 82-89. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2015.06.001

 

Tansel, A., & Yaşar, P. (2010). Macroeconomic impact of remittances on output

growth: Evidence from Turkey. Migration Letters, 7(2), 132-143.

 

Taylor, E. J. (1999). The New Economics of Labor Migration and the Role of

Remittances in the Migration Process. International Migration, 37(1), 63-88.

doi: 10.1111/1468-2435.00066

 

Taylor, L. (1982). Back to basics: Theory for the rhetoric in the North-South round.

World Development, 10(4), 327-335.

 

Termos, A., Naufal, G., & Genc, I. (2013). Remittance outflows and inflation: The

case of the GCC countries. Economics letters, 120(1), 45-47.

 

Termos, A., Naufal, G., & Genc, I. (2013). Remittance outflows and inflation: The

case of the GCC countries. Economics letters, 120(1), 45-47. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.03.037

 

Thiollet, H. (2011). Migration as diplomacy labor migrants, refugees, and Arab

regional politics in the oil-rich countries. International Labor and Working-

Class History, 79(Special Issue 01), 103-121.

 

Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables.

Econometric: journal of the Econometric Society, 24-36.

 

Tregenna, F., & Gumede, V. (2018). Essays on the determinants and impact of

remittances in South Africa.

 

Tsaurai, K., & Maseko, C. M. (2020). An empirical study of the determinants of

remittances in transitional economies. Acta Universitatis Danubius.

OEconomica, 16(3).

 

Vargas-Silva, C. (2008). Are remittances manna from heaven? A look at the business

cycle properties of remittances. The North American Journal of Economics

and Finance, 19(3), 290-303. doi: 10.1016/j.najef.2008.03.001

 

Vargas-Silva, C., & Huang, P. (2006). Macroeconomic determinants of workers'

remittances: Host versus home country's economic conditions. Journal of

International Trade & Economic Development, 15(1), 81-99.

 

Wahba, S. (1991, 1991/12//). What determines workers' remittances? Finance &

Development, 28, 41+.

 

Woolridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data:

Cambridge, ma: mit Press.

 

Yang, D. (2011). Migrant Remittances. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(3),

129-151. doi: 10.2307/23049426

 

Yang, D. (2015). International Migration and Remittances A2 - Wright, James D

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second

Edition) (pp. 519-524). Oxford: Elsevier.

 

Zachariah, K., Prakash, B., & Rajan, S. I. (2002). Gulf Migration Study: Employment,

wages and working conditions of Kerala emigrants in the United Arab

Emirates. Migration, 39(1), 63-88.

 

Ziesemer, T. H. W. (2010). The impact of the credit crisis on poor developing

countries: Growth, worker remittances, accumulation and migration.

Economic Modelling, 27(5), 1230-1245. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.02.008

 

Ziesemer, T. H. W. (2012). Worker remittances, migration, accumulation and growth

in poor developing countries: Survey and analysis of direct and indirect

effects. Economic Modelling, 29(2), 103-118. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.08.013

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries with this repository, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or Whatsapp +60163630263 (Office hours only)