UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
|
|
|
Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
Kajian ini bertujuan mengenalpasti pengaruh faktor kos, ekonomi dan sosial terhadap
kebarangkalian lawatan dalam kalangan pelancong domestik ke Pantai Teluk Nipah,
Pulau Pangkor. Oleh itu, kajian ini menggunakan Kaedah Kos Perjalanan Individu
(ITCM) sebagai alat untuk mengira nilai ekonomi kawasan pelancongan pinggir
pantai berdasarkan perbelanjaan individu pelancong. Dengan menggunakan
pensampelan bertujuan, sebanyak 168 soal selidik diedarkan dalam kalangan
pelancong tempatan yang telah bermalam di Pulau Pangkor pada 23 hingga 27
Disember 2017. Penggunaan model kajian diadaptasi daripada kajian Raziah (2003)
yang mana model sebelum ini adalah daripada Jamal & Redzuan (1997). Namun
dalam kajian ini, terdapat beberapa item pembolehubah yang ditambah seperti kos
cenderamata, kos internet, kos telefon dan kos perbelanjaan rekreasi. Ordinary Least
Square (OLS), min dan analisis logistik dikira untuk mendapatkan kos jumlah
perbelanjaan dalam kalangan pelancong tempatan. Nilai R2 menunjukkan 98.8%
perubahan dalam kos yang dianggar boleh dijelaskan oleh kos perjalanan. Analisis
logistik menunjukkan bahawa pembolehubah seperti jumlah kos 842. 0 1 dan
pendapatan 720. 0 2 adalah faktor penentu pengaruh utama dan ketara
menjejaskan kebarangkalian lawatan ke pantai Teluk Nipah. Kesimpulannya,
penemuan ini juga menyokong hubungan negatif antara jumlah kos dan
kebarangkalian lawatan. Oleh itu, jika jumlah kos (TC) berkurangan, kebarangkalian
lawatan individu akan meningkat pada masa akan datang. Keputusan analisis
menunjukkan kebarangkalian lawatan dalam kalangan pelancong domestik ke Pantai
Teluk Nipah adalah 82.4 %. Walau bagaimanapun, umur ( 0.030) 3 bukanlah faktor
pengaruh utama dalam menentukan kebarangkalian lawatan ke pantai Teluk Nipah.
Implikasi kajian menunjukkan bahawa pihak berkuasa tempatan harus memainkan
peranan dalam menyediakan pakej harga pelancongan yang berpatutan agar
pelancong dapat membuat lawatan ulangan ke Pulau Pangkor pada masa akan datang. |
References |
Abildtrup, J. & Garcia, S, Tu, G. (2013). Stated Preferences of French Citizens for Urban Green Spaces and Forest: A Discrete Choice Experiment on Residential Location Choice. www.sfer.asso.fr/content/download/4762/.../jrss2013 a2 abildtrup.pdf
Antousková, M. (2013). Economic Evaluation Of Recreation - Comparison Of the Travel Cost Model ( TCM) and the Contingent Valuation Method ( CVM ), (Cvm), 5– 13.
Bateman, I. (1993). Evaluation Of The Environment A Survey Of Revealed Preference Technique. CSERGE Working Paper GEC 93-06.
Bin, O., Landry, C. E., Ellis, C. L., Vogelsong, H. (2005). Some Consumer Surplus Estimates for North Carolina beaches, Marine Resource Economics, 20(2), 145- 161.
Blakemore, F. & Williams, A. (2008). British Tourists’s Valuation of a Turkish Beach using Contingent Valuation and Travel Cost Methods. Journal of Coastal Research 24 (6): 1469-1480.
Bockstael, N. E., McConnell, K. E. editors. (2007). Environmental and Resource Valuation with Revealed Preferences: A Theoretical Guide to Empirical Models. Springer-Dordrecht: Netherlands.
Bond, Trevor, G., Fox, Christine M. (2007). Applying The Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in The Human Sciences.
Bowker, J. M., English, D.B.K., & Donovan, J. A. (1996). Toward A Value for Guided Rafting on Southern Rivers. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 28 (2), 423–432.
Boxall, P. C., McFarlane, B. L, Gartrell M. (1996). An Aggregate Travel Cost Approach to Valuing Forest Recreation at Managed Sites. For Chron. 72:615–621.
Centeno, A. B., & Prieto, L. C. H. (2000). The Travel Cost Method Applied to The Valuation of The Historic and Cultural Heritage of The Castile-León Region of Spain. 40th Congress of the European Regional Science Association.
Cesario, F. J. & Knetsch, J. L. (1970). Time Bias in Recreation Benefit Estimates. Water Resources Research, 6 (3), 700–704.
Cesario, F. (1976). Value of Time In Recreation Benefit Studies. Land economics, 52, 32–41.
Champ, P, A., Boyle, K., Brown, T, C, editors. (2003). A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Cho, S. H., Bowker, J. M., English, D. B. K., Roberts, R. K., & Kim, T. (2014). Effects of Travel Cost And Participation In Recreational Activities on National Forest Visits. for Policy Econ. 40:21-30.
Clawson, M, Knetsch, J. L. (1971). Economics of Outdoor Recreation Washington: Johns Hopkins University.
Douglas, A. J., & Taylor, J.G. (1999). A New Model for The Travel Cost Method: The Total Expenses Approach. Environ Model Softw. 14:81-92.
Edwards, D., Jensen, F. S., Marzano, M., Mason, B., Pizzirani, S., & Shelhaas M. J. (2011). A Theoretical Framework To Assess The Impacts of Forest Management on The Recreational Value Of European Forests. Ecol Indic. 11:81-89.
Ekonomou, G., Neofitou, C., & Matsiori, S. (2013). Applying The Travel Cost Approach for Valuing Recreation Benefits Of Fthiotida Coastal Zone, Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B2, 389–397.
Englin, J., Boxall, P.C., Chakraborty K., & Watson, D. O. (1996). Valuing The Impacts of Forest Fires On Backcountry Forestrecreation. For Sci. 42:450–455.
Enyew, S. (2003). Valuation Of The Benefits Of Out-Door Recreation Using The Travel Cost Method: The Case Of Wabi-Shebele Langano Recreation Site. Ababa University: School of Graduate Studies.
Ezebilo, E. E. (2016). Economic Value of A Non-market Ecosystem Service: An application of the travel cost method to nature recreation in Sweden, Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 12:4, 314-327.
European Envionmental Agency (EEA). (2010). Scaling up Ecosystem Benefits A Contribution to The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) Study. Luxembourg: European Environmental Agency.
Fixon, W. & Pangapanga, P. (2016). Economic Evaluation of Recreation at Lengwe National Park in Malawi. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports 11(5): 1-10.
Fleming, C. M., & Cook, A. (2008). The Recreational Value of Lake McKenzie, Fraser Island: An Application of The Travel Cost Method. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1197–1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.022.
Fuguitt, D. & Wilcox S. J. (1999). Cost Benefit Analysis for Public Sector Decision Makers. USA: Quarom Books.
Freeman, A. M. (2003). The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values: Theories and Methods. Washington DC: Resources of the Future.
Fezzi, C., Bateman, I. J., & Ferrini, S. (2014). Using Revealed Preferences to Estimate The Value of Travel Time to Recreation Sites. J Environ Econ Manage. 67:58– 70.
Goodhead, T. & Johnson, D. (1996). Coastal Recreation & Management: The Sustainable Development of Maritime Leisure. London: E & F.N Spon Publishing.
Gwee, S. L. (2015). An Examination of The Economic Value and Recreation Demand of The Belum-Temengor Rainforest Complex. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Haab, T. C., McConnell, K. E. editors. (2002). Valuing Environmental and Natural Resources: The Econometrics of Nonmarket Valuation. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK.
Hailu, G., Boxall, P. C. & Mcfarlane, B., L. (2005). The Influence of Place Attachment on Recreation Demand. Journal of Economic Psychology. 26(4) : 581-598.
Hanizah, I.,Norhaslina, H., Safiah Yusmah, M. Y., Asra Zaliza, A., & Muhammad Faiz, R. (2017). Pembangunan Mampan Pelancongan Maritim di Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya.
Hagerty, D. & Moeltner, K. (2005). Specification of Driving Costs in Models of Recreation Demand. Land economics, 81 (1), 127–143.
Hesseln, H., Loomis, J.B., Gonzales-Caban, A., & Alexander, S. (2003). Wildfire Effects on Hiking and Biking Demand in New Mexico: A Travel Cost Study, Journal of Environmental Management, 69 (4), 359-368.
Hotelling, H. (1947). The Economics of Public Recreation. The Prewitt Report, National Parks Service. Washington.
Jala & L. Nandagiri. (2015). Evaluation of Economic Value of Pilikula Lake using Travel Cost and Contingent Valuation Methods. International Conference on Water Resources, Coastal and Ocean Engineering.
Jamaluddin Md. Jahi. (2009). Pembangunan Pelancongan & Impaknya terhadap Persekitaran Fizikal Pinggir Pantai. Malaysian Journal of Environmental Management 10(2) (2009) : 71-88
Kamarul, A. J. (2012). Metodologi Pengumpulan Data dalam Penyelidikan Kualitatif. Johor Bharu: Fakulti Tamadun Islam, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Keally, Mary Jo & Richard C. Bishop. (1986). Theoretical & Empirical Specifications Issues in Travel Cost Demand Studies ‘American Journal of Agricultural’ Economics 69(3): 660-667.
Kementerian Pelancongan & Kebudayaan Malaysia. http://www.motac.gov.my/jenisjenispelancong/ produkpelancongan
Kementerian Kewangan. (2018). Bajet 2018. Malaysia
King, D. M., & Mazzota, M. (1999). Ecosystem Valuation. Available at (www.ecosystemvaluation.org).
Layman, R.C., Boyce, J. R., Criddle, K. R., (1996). Economic Valuation of The Chinook Salmon Sport Fishery of The Gulkana River, Alaska, Under Current and Alternate Management Plans. Land Econ. 72:113–128.
Limaei, S. M., Ghesmati, H. R., Rashidi, N., & Yamini. (2014). Economic Evalution of Natural Forest Park using the Travel Cost Method: Case Study Masouleh Forest Park, North of Iran. Journal of Forest Science, 60, 2014 (6): 254-261.
Ling, N. G., & Mapjabil, J. (2012). Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kunjungan Ulangan Pelancong Antarabangsa : Suatu Ulasan Factors Influencing Revisit by International Tourists : A Review, 3(3), 1–11.
Liston, Heyes, C. & Heyes, A. (1999). Recreational Benefits from The Dartmuor National Park, Journal of Environmental Management Vol. 55, 69-80.
Loomis, J. (2003). Travel Cost Demand Model Based River Recreation Benefit Estimates with Onsite and Household Surveys: Comparative Results and A Correction Procedure. Water Resources Research, 39 (4), 1105.
Loomis, J. B., Walsh, R. C. (1997). Recreation Economic Decisions: Comparing Benefits and Costs. 2nd ed. Pennsylvania: Venture Publishing, Inc.
Louinord, V. et. al (2017). Valuing Cultural World Heritage Sites: An Application of The Travel Cost Method to Mont-Saint Michel, Applied Economics, 49:16, 1593- 1605.
Mahreda, E. S., Mahyudin, I., Mustika, R., & Febrianty, I. (2016). Agrotourism Economic Value Services in Takisung South Kalimantan Indonesia, J.Appl.Environ. Biol.Sci., 6(5), 54–58.
Perak. Majlis Perbandaran Manjung. http://www.mpm.gov.my/statistikpelancong.
Malaysia. (2017). National Ecotourism Plan (2016-2025). Kementerian Pelancongan & Kebudayaan Malaysia.
Malaysia. (2016). Rancangan Malaysia Ke-11 (2016-2020).
Malaysia. Malaysia Airport. http://www.malaysiaairports.com.my/facctsheet/pdf_pdf_pangkor_stolport2015 _434703247_1038358857.pdf.
Malaysia. Malaysia Airport. http://www.malaysiaairports.com.my/?m=business&c=business_about&id=34
Mapjabil, J., Ab Rahman, B., Yusoh, M. P., Marzuki M., Ibrahim, M. Z., Mohd Noor, H. (2015). Tourism attraction and development of Pangkor Island: A Study of Foreign Tourists’ Perceptions. GEOGRAFIA Online Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 11 issue 12 (100-111).
Mario du Preez & Stepehen G. Hosking. (2011). The Value of The Trout Fishery at Rhodes, North Eastern Cape, South Africa: A Travel Cost Analysis Using Count Data Models, Journal of Environment Planning and Management, 54:2, 267- 282.
Mathieson, A. & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, Physical & Social Impacts. New York: Longman.
Martinez-Espineira, R. and Amoako-Tuffour, J., 2008a. Recreation Demand Analysis Under Truncation, Overdispersion, and Endogenous Stratification: An Application to Gros Morne National Park. Journal of environmental management, 88 (4), 1320–1332.
McConnell, K. E., & Strand, I. (1981). Measuring the Cost of Time in Recreation Demand Analysis: An Application to Sportfishing. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63(1), 153.
Mckean, J.R., Walsh, R.G., & Johnson, D. M., (1996). Closely Related Good Prices in the Travel Cost Model, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, volume 78, Issue 3, August 1996, 640-646, htttps://doi.org/10.2307/1243281.
McKean, J. R., Johnson, D., & Taylor, R.G., (2003). Measuring Demand for Flat WaterRecreation Using A Two-stage/Disequilibrium Travel Cost Model with Adjustment for Overdispersion and Self-selection. Water Resources Research, 39 (4), 1107.
Mitchell, R. C., & Carson, R. T. (1989). Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method. Washington, DC: Resources for Future.
Mohd. Anuar Md. Amin. (2009). Faktor Tarikan Pelancongan Pinggir Pantai: Kajian Kes di Pantai Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan. Prosiding PERKEM IV, JILID 2 (2009) 243-254.
Nde, T. P. (2011). Non-market Valuation of Beach Recreation using The Travel Cost Method (TCM) in the Context of The Developing World : An Application to Visitors of The Ngoé Beach in Kribi, Cameroon. (704).
Norlida Hanim Mohd Salleh. (1999). Valuing Outdoor Recreational Resources: A Case Study at Taman Negara, Pahang Darul Makmur. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Norman, J., Ellingson, L., Boman, M., Mattsson, L. (2010). The Value of Forests for Outdoor Recreation in Southern Sweden: Are Broadleaved Trees Important? Ecological Bulletins. 53:21-31.
Nurul Shahirawati Mohamed Rosli. (2010). Application of The Travel Cost Method to Urban Forest in Johor Bahru. Johor Bharu: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Omar, Z. (2017, 12 Oktober). Malaysia Negara ke-12 Paling Banyak Dikunjungi Pelancong di Seluruh Dunia. Utusan Malaysia. http://www.m.utusan.com.my
Omunga, P. M. (2001). Valuation of Natural Resources: A Critical Examination of Economic Valuation Approaches used in Estimating the Value of Biodiversity. Unpublished (Master’s Dissertation), Department of Land Development, University of Nairobi.
Patton, M.Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods( 2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication, Inc.
Pagiola, S, Ritter, K.Von, & Bishop, J. (2004). Assesing The Economic Value of Ecosystem Conservation, (October) https://www.Researchgate.net/publication/23748873. Washington DC: World Bank.
Paula, N.Q., & Jose I. B. (2015). Design & Implementation from Recreational Valuation Studies. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Parsons, G. R. (2003). The Travel Cost Method. In: P.A. Champ, K.J. Boyle, and T.C. Brown, eds. A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 269–329.
Pearce, P.L. (2005). Tourist Behaviour: Themes and Conceptual Schemes.UK: Multilingual Matter Ltd.
Perak. Majlis Perbandaran Manjung. http://mpm.gov.my/ms/pelawat/statistik pengunjung-pelancong-luar-negara
Perak. Majlis Perbandaran Manjung. http://www.mpm.gov.my/ms/pelawat/statistikpengunjung- pelancong-0/page/0/1.
Pertubuhan Bangsa Bersatu Pelancongan Dunia (UNWTO). (2014). Glossary of Tourism Terms. New York: United Nation.
Pertubuhan Pelancongan Dunia (WTO). (2012). Definition of Tourism. New York: United Nation.
Peter, F., John, L., & Rick, E. (2000). Endogenously Chosen Travel Costs & Travel Cost Model: an Application to Moutain Biking at Moab, Utah Applied Economis 32:10.
Randall, A. (1994). A Difficulty with The Travel Cost Method, Land Economic, 70, 88-96.
Raphael, M. G., & Molina, R. (2007). Conservation of Rare or Little-Known Species: Biological anda Economic Considerations. USA, Island Press.
Raziah, M. L. (2003). Economic Valuation of Environmental Resources at Malaysia Agriculture Park, J.Trop.Agric. and Fd. Sc. 31(2), 261–271.
Remali, Y., & Nor’ Azurah, MD. K. (2017). Faktor Tarikan Pelancongan Pantai: Kajian Kes di Pantai: Kajian Kes di Pantai Irama, Bachok, Kelantan, Proceedings ICE 2017 P480-P492.
Rockel, M. L., & Kealy, M. (1991). The Value of Nonconsumptive Wildlife Recreation in The United States. Land Econ. 67:422–434.
Rosmini, I., Hartini J., & Khalizul, K. (2016). Estimating Perhentian Island’s Environmentally Sustainable Tourism Yield for the Recreational Segment. Asia- Pasific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism APJIHT Vol. 5 No.3 2016 pp. 51-70.
Rosniza Aznie, C. R. (2011). Persepsi dan Tingkat Kepuasan Pelancong di Pulau Pangkor. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 7 Special Issue Social & Spatial Challenges of Malaysia Development (155-168).
Sinyenga, G. (2005). Nature-Based Tourism Demand in Zambia. Homily Service, 38(November), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07321870500256931
Shawn, W. D. (1992). Searching for The Opportunity Cost of An Individual’s Time. Land Economics, 68(1): 107-115.
Shrestha, R. K., Seidl, A. F, Moraes, A. S. (2002). Value of Recreational Fishing in The Brazilian Pantanal: A Travel Cost Analysis using Count Data Models. Ecological Econ. 42:289–299.
Smith, V. K. (1993). Nonmarket Valuation of Environmental Resources: An Interpretive Appraisal. Land Economics, 69(1): 1-26.
Sohngen, B., Lichtkoppler, F., & Bielen, M. (1999). The Value of Day Trips to Lake Erie Beaches. Technical Bulletin TB-039. Columbus, OH: Ohio Sea Grant Extension.
Sohngen, B., Lichtkoppler, F., Bielen, M., (2000). The Value of Day Trips to Lake Erie Beaches. Columbus OH: Ohio Sea Grant Extension Technical Report TB-039.
Špaček, J., & Antouškova, M. (2013). Individual Single-site Travel Cost Model for Czech Paradise Geopark. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 61(7), 2851–2858. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361072851
Spash, C. L., Staghl, S., & Getzner, M. (2005). Exploring Alternative for Environmental Valuation. London, Routledge. http://clivespash.org/eaev.pdf.
Stock, J.H., & Watson, M.W. (2015). Introduction to Econometrics Solution (Third edition). United States: Pearson
Sukanya, D. (2013). Travel Cost Method for Environmental Valuation, Dissimination Paper-23, (February).
Syagga, P. M. (2002). Valuation of Outdoor Recreation. (Unpublished-article). Department of Land Development, University of Nairobi.
System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA). (2012). Central Framework: European Commission, FAO, IMF, OECD, UN, World Bank. Available at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/White_cover.
Tiantian, T. (2009). An Application of Travel Cost Method to Yuelu Mountain Park in Changsha, China. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
Turner, R.K, Georgiou , S. & Fisher, B. (2008). Valuing Ecosystem Services: The Case of Multi-functional Wetlands. UK: Cromwell Press.
United Nations. (1995). Guidelines on Environmentally Sound Development of Coastal Tourism. New York: United Nations.
Voltaire, L., Lévi, L., Alban, F., & Boncoeur, J. (2017). Valuing Cultural World Heritage Sites : An Application of The Travel Cost Method to Mont-. Applied Economics,49(16), 1593–1605. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1221046
Ward, F. (1984). Specification Consideration for The Price Variable in Travel Cost Demand Models, Land Economics, 60, 301-5.
Ward, F. A., & Beal, D., J. (2000). Valuing Nature with Travel Cost Models: A Manual. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Wolff, H. (2014). Value of Time: Speeding Behavior and Gasoline Prices. IZA Discussion Paper No. 6788. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2157930.
Xue, D., Cook, A., & Tisdell, C. (2000). Biodiversity and The Tourism Value of Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, China: A Travel Cost Approach. Tourism Economics, 6(4), 335–357. https://doi.org/doi:10.5367/000000000101297677.
Zandersen, M., & Tol, R. S.J. (2009). A Meta-analysis of Forest Recreation Value in Europe, Journal of Forest Economics, 15, 109-130.
Zawacki, W.T.A.M. & Bowker, J. M., (2000). A Travel Cost Analysis of Nonconsumptive Wildlife-associated Recreation in The United States. Forest science,46(4),496–50
|
This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. |