UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About
Menu Icon

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :LB Theory and practice of education
Main Author :Norsaliza Sabu
Title :Kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Pembangunan Manusia
Year of Publication :2020
Notes :with CD
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kesan penggunaan koswer multimedia interaktif dengan ejen pedagogi iaitu Nutri-Score dalam pembelajaran Nutrisi terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi, kemahiran mengelaskan, kemahiran membanding dan membeza serta kemahiran menyelesaikan masalah. Koswer multimedia interaktif ini telah dibangunkan berdasarkan dapatan analisis keperluan kajian terhadap topik-topik Biologi Tingkatan Empat yang dianggap sukar dengan menggunakan Model Alessi dan Trollip. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan reka bentuk eksperimen kuasi. Kaedah persampelan kelompok empat tahap digunakan untuk menentukan negeri-negeri di zon utara, daerah, sekolah dan pelajar. Seramai 181 orang responden tingkatan empat telah dipilih dari empat buah sekolah menengah kebangsaan iaitu masing-masing dua buah dari Kedah dan Pulau Pinang. Responden kumpulan rawatan (n=90) dan kumpulan kawalan (n=91) diagihkan kepada kumpulan prestasi tinggi, sederhana dan rendah berdasarkan tahap pengetahuan sedia ada untuk mengkaji kesan kaedah pembelajaran terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi. Instrumen kajian yang digunakan ialah set soalan asas Biologi (Ujian Kemasukan), set soalan Nutrisi (ujian pra dan ujian pasca) dan soal selidik Tahap Kompetensi Literasi Komputer. Data dianalisis menggunakan ujian Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Dapatan menunjukkan terdapat kesan yang signifikan terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi, kemahiran mengelaskan, kemahiran membanding dan membeza serta kemahiran menyelesaikan masalah bagi responden yang menggunakan Nutri-Score berbanding yang belajar secara tradisional [F(3,179)=20.52, p

References

Alhazmi, S., Thevathayan, C., & Hamilton, M. (2020). Interactive Pedagogical Agents for Learning Sequence Diagrams. Artificial Intelligence in Education, 10-14. Diperolehi daripada https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030­52240-7_2 

Al-Kaisi, A., Arkhangelskaya, A., Rudenko-Morgun, O., & Lopanova, E. (2019). Pedagogical agents in teaching language: types and implementation opportunities. International E-Journal of Advances in Education, 5(15). 

Ang, C. T. (2014). Pembinaan modul pendidikan seksualiti masalah pembelajaran peringkat menengah: Satu kajian berdasarkan analisis keperluan. (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang. 

Abdul Kadir. (2013). Konsep pembelajaran kontekstual di sekolah. Dinamika Ilmu, 13(3),17-38. 

Abdul Latif Gapor. (2010). Domain penilaian dalam teknologi pendidikan. Tanjung Malim: Penerbit Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. 

Aini Arifah A. B., & Norizan Mohd Yasin. (2008). Using teaching courseware to enhance classroom interaction as a method of knowledge sharing. Journal of Information Systems, Research and Practises, 1(1). 

Ainsworth, S. (2008). How do animations influence learning? Current Perspectives on Cognition, Learning and Instruction: Recent Innovations in Educational Technology that Facilitate Student Learning (pp 37-67). United States of America: Information Age Publishing. 

Alessi, S. M., & Trollip, S. R. (2001). Multimedia for learning: Methods and development (3rd edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 

Andala Rama Putra Barusman. (2014). Student Satisfaction as a Mediating Variable between Reputation, Image and Student Loyalty. Kertas dibentangkan di ITMAR 2014, 1, 414-436. 

Anderson, J. R. (1983). A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22(3), 261-295. 

Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A Taxonomy For Learning, Teaching and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Longman. 

Arends, I. R. (2004). Learning to teach. New York: McGraw Hill. 

Arolkar, H., Jain, S., Modi, N., & Dodiya, S, T. (2013). Introduction to Multimedia. Computer Studies: Standard 11. Gujarat State Board of School Textbooks, India. Diperolehi daripada http://gujarateducation.gov.in/textbook/Images/ std11_sem_1/ computer_studies11/index. pdf 

Ayres, P., & Sweller, J. (2012). The Split-Attention Principle in Multimedia Learning dalam The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, 135-146. New York: Cambridge University Press. Diperolehi daripada https://www.cambridge.org/ core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-multimedia-learning/splitattention-principle -in-multimedia-learning/497A2FCB9737E3009B3CF0E4D97F7B99 

Azam Majooni, Mona Masood, & Amir Akhavan. (2015). Scientific visualization based on intergrated model of text and picture comprehension via eye-tracking. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 176, 52-59. 

Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255, 556 – 559. 

Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2011). Spesifikasi kurikulum : Sains tingkatan 2 (Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. 

Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2012). Spesifikasi kurikulum : Biologi Tingkatan 4 (Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. 

Barak, M., & Shakhman, L. (2008). Fostering higher-order thinking in science class: Teachers’ reflections. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice,14(3), 191­208. 

Barak, M., Ashkar, T., & Dori, Y. J. (2011). Teaching science via animated movies: Its effect on students’ learning outcomes and motivation. Proceedings of the Chais conference on instructional technologies research 2010: Learning in the technological era. 

Barak, M., Ben-Chaim, D., & Zoller, U. (2007). Purposely teaching for the promotion of higher-order thinking skills: A case of critical thinking. Springer Science. doi 10.1007/s11165-006-9029-2 

Barkley E. F., Cross, K. P., & Major, C. H. (2005). Collaborative learning techniques: A handbook for college faculty. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychological, 51(6), 1173-1182. 

Bashah Abu Bakar. (2007). Kaedah analisis data penyelidikan ilmiah. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications and Distributors Sdn. Bhd. 

Basir Zahrom. (2012, Mac 23). Analisis SPM 2011. Pencapaian sekolah bandar, luar bandar catat peningkatan. Berita Harian. Diperolehi daripada http://myadha. blogspot.com/2012/03/ analisis-spm-2011-pencapaian-sekolah.html 

Baylor, A. L. (2001). Permutations of control: Cognitive considerations for agent-based learning environments. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 12(4), 403­425. 

Bayrak, B. K., & Bayram, H. (2010). The effect of computer aided teaching method on the students’ academic achievement in the science and technology course. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 235–238. 

Beavers, D. (2001). Professional development: Outside the workshop box. Principal Leadership, 1(9), 43-46. 

Bernama. (2014, April 27). Only 37pc in science stream. New Sunday Times. 

Bernama. (2014, April 27). Get children keen on science while they are still young, parents urged. Sunday Star. 

Beyer, B. K. (1988). Developing a thinking skills program. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. 

Biggs, M. J. G. (2006). Comparison of student perceptions of classroom instruction : Traditional, hybrid and distance learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education – TOJDE April 2006 ISSN 1302-6488, 7(2), 4. 

Blair, K., & Schwartz, D. L. (2014). Pedagogical agents for learning by teaching: Teachable agents. Diperolehi daripada aaalab.stanford.edu/papers/Teachable _Agent_Life.pdf 

Brooks, C., Chavez, O., Tritz, J., & Teasley, S. (2015). Reducing Selection Bias in Quasi-Experimental Educational Studies. ACM Digital Library. Diperolehi daripada https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2723576.2723614 

Caliskan, I. (2014). A Case Study About Using Instructional Design Models In Science Education. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116(2014), 394 – 396. 

Campbell, L., & Campbell, B. (2009). Mindful learning: 101 strategies for student and teacher success. Thousand Oaks, CS: Corwin Press. 

Campbell, L. (2004). The design and development of a simulation to teach water conservation to primary school students. International Education Journal,4(4), 42. 

Campbell, N. A., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Reece, J. B. (2018). Biology: A global approach (11th edition). New York: Pearson. 

Chou, C. Y., Chan, T. W., & Lin, C. J. (2003). Redefining the learning companion : The past, present and future of educational agents. Computers & Education, 40, 255-269. 

Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. New York: Cambridge University Press. 

Che Soh Said, Irfan Naufal Umar, Balakrishnan Muniandy, & Shakinaz Desa. (2015). Aplikasi Teknologi Multimedia dalam Pembelajaran Sains Biologi: Kesan Terhadap Pelajar Berbeza Tahap Keupayaan Spatial. Journal of ICT in Education, 2, 15-25. 

Chee, H. M., Onn, C. W., & Sun, Y. G. (2009). Preliminary study for the usage of multimedia in education. Kertas dibentangkan di Symposium on Progress in Information and Communication Technology. 

Chua, Y. P. (2006). Kaedah dan Statistik Penyelidikan: Kaedah penyelidikan (Buku 1). Shah Alam: McGraw-Hill Education (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. 

Chua, Y. P. (2013). Asas statistik penyelidikan: Analisis data skala likert (Buku 3). (Ed. Ke-2). Shah Alam: McGraw-Hill Education (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. 

Chua, Y. P. (2014a). Ujian univariat dan multivariat (Buku 4). (Ed. Ke-2). Shah Alam: McGraw-Hill Education (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. 

Chua, Y. P. (2014b). Statistik penyelidikan lanjutan: Ujian regresi, analisis faktor dan analisis SEM. Shah Alam: McGraw-Hill Education (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. 

Clark, R. C., Nguyen, F., & Sweller, J. (2011). Efficiency in Learning: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Manage Cognitive Load. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. 

Coffield, F. J., Moseley, D. V., Hall, E., & Ecclestone, K. (2004). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: A systhematic and critical review. London: Learning and Skills Research Centre. 

Computer skills checklist. Diperolehi daripada www.oregon.gov/ccwd/abe/pdf/ computerskills checklistfinal.pdf 

Craig, S. D., Gholson, B., & Driscoll, D. M. (2002). Animated pedagogical agents in multimedia educational environments: Effects of agent properties, pTMKure features and redundancy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(2), 428-434. 

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (5th edition). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc. 

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed method research (2nd edition). London: SAGE. 

Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon Publishers. Sudjimat, D. A., & Chandra Permadi, L. (2019). Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan, 25 (2), 204-212. doi: 10.21831/jptk.v25i2.24416 

Davidson, R., Snelling, C., Karanicolas, S., Crotti, T., & Phillips, B. (2019). Authentic Assessment as a Tool to Bridge the Transition Between Learning and Work dalam Employability via Higher Education: Sustainability as Scholarship. Switzerland: Springer. 

Edelson, D. C., & Reiser, B. (2006). Making authentic practices accessible to learners. Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences. Cambridge University Press, New York. 

Ertmer, P. A., Conklin, D., Lewandowski, J., Osika, E., Selo,M., & Wignall, E. (2003). Increasing preservice teacher’s capacity for technology integration through the use of electronic models. Teacher Education Quarterly. Diperolehi daripada http://www.edci. purdue.edu/ ertmer/docs/AECT01proceedings.pdf 

Evi Suryati, & Kamisah Osman. (2018). Contextual Learning: Innovative Approach towards the Development of Students’ Scientific Attitude and Natural Science Performance. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(1):61-76. doi: 10.12973/ejmste/79329 

Faaizah Shahbodin, & Halimah Badioze Zaman. (2009). Penerapan pendekatan pbl dalam pakej multimedia C2HADAM: Konstruk keberkesanan. Jurnal Teknologi Maklumat & Multimedia, 5, 25-46. 

Fairbrother, R. W. (1975). The realibility of teacher’s judgements of the ability being tested by multiple-choice items. Educational Researcher, 17(3), 202-201. 

Fani, M. M., Mehravar, S., & Mehravi, M. (2014). Level of learning and satisfaction through traditional methods and the use of multimedia: A comparative study. Interdisciplinary Journal of Virtual Learning In Medical Sciences, 5(2), 72-78. Diperolehi daripada http://ijvlms.sums.ac.ir/article_46111.html 

Fazzlijan Mohamed Adnan Khan, & Mona Masood (2013). The Development and Testing of Multimedia-assisted MasteryLearning Courseware with regard to the Learning of Cellular Respiration. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103( 2013), 999 – 1005. 

Fazzlijan Mohamed Adnan Khan, & Mona Masood (2015). The effectiveness of an interactive multimedia courseware with cooperative mastery approach in enhancing higher order thinking skills in learning cellular respiration. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 176( 2015 ), 977 – 984. 

Field, A., Miles, J., & Field, Z. (2012). Discovering statistics using R. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. 

Frey, B. A., & Sutton, J. M. (2010). A model for developing multimedia learning projects. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 6(2). 

Friedler, Y., Amir, R., & Tamir, P. (1987). High school students’ difficulties in understanding osmosis. International Journal of Science Education, 9, 541-551. 

Gagne, R. M., & Briggs, L. J. (1979). Principles of instructional design (2nd edition). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 

Gagne, R. M. (1987). Instructional technology: foundations. Hillsdale, N. J. : L. Erlbaum Associates. 

Gagne, R. M., Wager, W. W., Golas, K. C., & Keller, J. M. (2005). Principles of Instructional  Design (5th edition). Wadsworth: Thomson. 

Gan, W. Y., Manoharan Subramaniam, & Azmah Rajion. (2005). Biology form 4: Integrated curriculum for secondary schools. Kuala Lumpur: Bakaprep Sdn. Bhd. 

Gan, W. Y., Manoharan Subramaniam, & Azmah Rajion. (2011). Biology Tingkatan 4: Kurikulum bersepadu sekolah menengah. Kuala Lumpur: Bakaprep Sdn. Bhd. 

Garson, G. D. (2012). Testing statistical assumptions. North Carolina State University: Statistical Associates Publishing. 

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. 

Gulistan Mohammed Saido, Saedah Siraj, Abu Bakar Nordin, & Omed Saadallah. (2015). Higher order thinking skills among secondary school students in science learning. The Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Science, 3(3). Diperolehi daripada file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/12778-1561-25080-1-10­20180801.pdf 

Guolla, M. (1999). Assessing the teaching quality to student satisfaction relationship: Applied customer satisfaction research in the classroom. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 7(3), 87-97. 

Gilovith, T. (1991). How we know what isn’t so. New York: Free Press. 

Hailikari, T., Katajavuori, N., & Lindblom-Ylanne, S. (2008). The Relevance of Prior Knowledge in Learning and Instructional Design. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(5), 113. 

Hair, F.J., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, Boston: Pearsoned. 

Hamad Alsowat. (2016). An EFL flipped classroom teaching model: Effects on English language higher-order thinking skills, student engagement and satisfaction. Journal of Education and Practise, 7(9). 

Hamed Taherdoost. (2016). Sampling methods in research methodology: How to choose a sampling technique for research. International Journal for Academic Research in Management, 5(2), 18-27. 

Hegarty, M., & Kriz, S. (2007). Effects of knowledge and spatial ability on learning from animation in Learning with animation: Research implications for design. New York: Cambridge University Press. 

Ifwan Tun Tuah. (2013, Mac 17). Rangsang kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi. Berita Harian. 

In, J. (2017). Introduction of a pilot study. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 70(6). Diperolehi daripada https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716817 

Jamalludin Harun, & Zaidatun Tasir. (2001). Macromedia Flash 5: Konsep dan asas penggunaan. Kuala Lumpur: Venton Publishing. 

Jacobs, G. (2004). Cooperative learning: Theory, principles, and techniques. Online Submission. 

Jancheski, M. (2011). The importance of animations and simulation in the process of 8th e-learning. Kertas dibentangkan di Conference on Informatics and Information Technology with International Participation (CIIT 2011). 

Jia, J., He, Y., & Le, H. (2020). A Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction System and Its Application in Smart Learning Environments. Blended Learning, Education in a Smart Learning Environment, 3-14. Diperolehi daripada: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-51968-1_1 

Johnson, A. M., Ozogult, G., & Reisslein, M. (2014). Supporting multimedia learning with visual signaling and animated pedagogical agent: moderating effects of prior knowledge. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. doi: 10.1111/jcal.12078 

Johnson, W. L., Rickel, J. W., & Lester, J. C. (2000). Animated pedagogical agents: Face-to-face interaction in interactive learning environments. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 11(1), 47-78. 

Jonassen, D. H., Peck, K. L., & Wilso, B. G. (1999). Learning with technology: A constructivist perspective. Ohio: Prentice Hall. 

Kalyuga, S., & Sweller, J. (2012). The Redundancy Principle in Multimedia Learning dalam The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, 247-262. New York: Cambridge University Press. Diperolehi daripada https:// www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-multimedia-learning/ redundancy-principle-in-multimedialearning/1CB52515DB655365BDBEBD 85FEFD680A 

Kamisah Osman, Zanaton Iksan, & Lilia Halim. (2007). Sikap terhadap Sains dan sikap saintifik di kalangan pelajar Sains. Jurnal Pendidikan, 32(2007), 39-60. 

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2013a). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2015 (Pendidikan prasekolah hingga lepas menengah). Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Diperolehi daripada http://www. moe.gov.my/cms/upload_files/articlefile/2013/articlefile_file _003107 . pdf 

Kementerian Pendidikan  Malaysia. (2013b). Program kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi: Konsep KBAT. Diperolehi daripada http://asiskl.org/v4/wp-content/ uploads/ 2014/01/1.-KONSEP-KBAT-dan-i-THINK.pdf 

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. (2016). Panduan Pelaksanaan Sains, Teknologi, Kejuruteraan dan Matematik (STEM) dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Putrajaya: Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. 

Khalil, T. M. (2000). Management of technology: The key to competitiveness and wealth creation. New York: Irwin McGraw-Hill. 

Kim, C., & Baylor, A. L. (2008). A virtual change agent : Motivating pre-service teachers in their future classrooms. Educational Technology and Society, 11(2), 309-321. 

King, F. J., Goodson, L., & Rohani, F. (1997). Statewide assessment of listening and verbal communication skills, information literacy skills, and problem-solving skills. Tallahassee: Florida State University. 

Knorzer, L., Brunken, R., & Park, B. (2016). Emotions and multimedia learning: the moderating role of learner characteristics. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12158 

Kriz, S., & Hegarty, M. (2007). Top-down and bottom-up influences on learning from animations. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 65(11), 911­930. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.06.005 

Kruse, K. (2008). Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction: An Introduction. Diperolehi daripada http://thailandpod.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/4.GagneStyle.pdf 

Lau, H. Y., Lau, P. Y., Yong, L. K., & Helmi Yaakob. (2015). Sains tingkatan 123: Wow PT3. Petaling Jaya: Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. 

Lee, T. T. (2013). Pembinaan dan keberkesanan modul interaktif dengan agen pedagogi dalam pembelajaran elektrokimia (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. 

Lee, T. T., & Kamisah Osman (2012). Interactive multimedia module in learning of electrochemistry: Effects on student’s understanding and motivation. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 1323-1327. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro. 2012.05.295 

Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia. (2010). Kupasan Mutu Jawapan SPM 2010 Biologi 2 4551/2. Putrajaya. Diperolehi daripada https://dokumen.tips/documents/ biology-k2-spm-2010-kupasan-mutu-jawapan-calon.html 

Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia. (2013). Kupasan Mutu Jawapan SPM 2013 Biologi 2 4551/2. Putrajaya. Diperolehi daripada http://lp.moe.gov.my/images/bahan/ spm/KMJ/KMJ_SPM_2013/4551_2%20BIOLOGI.pdf 

Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia. (2014). Kupasan Mutu Jawapan SPM 2014 Biologi 2 4551/2. Putrajaya. Diperolehi daripada http://lp.moe.gov.my/images/bahan/ spm/KMJ/KMJ_SPM_2014/Siri%202/Biologi%202.pdf 

Lembaga Peperiksaan Malaysia. (2017). Kupasan Mutu Jawapan SPM 2014 Biologi 2 4551/2. Putrajaya. Diperolehi daripada http://lp.moe.gov.my/images/ bahan/ spm/KMJ/KMJ_SPM_2017/BIOLOGI%202%20(4551_2).pdf 

Lo, C. C. (2010). How student satisfaction factors affect perceived learning. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 10(1). 

Loving, G. D. (2011). On the possibility of friendship between teachers and students: The pedagogical suspension of the amical. Philosophical Studies in Education, 42, 44-54. 

Lowe, R. K. (2003). Animation and learning: Selective processing of information in dynamic graphics. Learning and Instruction, 13(2), 157-176. 

Li, W., Wang, F., Mayer, R. E., & Liu, H. (2019). Getting the point: Which kinds of gestures by pedagogical agents improve multimedia learning? Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(8), 1382–1395. doi.org/ 10.1037/ edu0000352 

Lin, L., Ginns, P., Wang, T., & Zhang, P. (2020). Using a pedagogical agent to deliver conversational style instruction: What benefits can you obtain? Computers & Education. Diperolehi daripada https://reader.elsevier.com /reader/sd/pii/ S0360131519302118?token= 63060E5DBF58EA5B9D484177 FB965498BB0 BEE8D363EAF75C1CF6FFFE3E469F6596D4DEEAC5A1594C7796AF88C 1E55D4 

Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(382–385). 

M. Hifzuddin Ikhsan. (2014, April 27). Belajar sains mesti seronok. Berita Harian. 

Magennis, S., & Farrell, A. (2007). Teaching and learning activities: Expanding the repertoire to support student learning. Diperolehi daripada http://www.aishe. org/readings/2005-1/magennis.pdf 

Marzano, R. J., & Kendall, J. S. (2007). The new taxonomy of educational objectives (2nd edition). California: Corwin Press. 

Marzano, R. J., Paynter, D. E., & Doty, J. K. (2003). The pathfinder project: Exploring the power of one teacher’s manual. Conifer, CO:Pathfinder. 

Marzano, R. J., Pickering, D., & McTighe, J. (1993). Assessing student outcomes: Performance assessment using the dimensions of learning model. Alexandria, Virginia : Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD). 

Mastoor Al Kaboody. (2013). Second language motivation: The role of teachers in learners’motivation. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies, 3(4), 45-54. 

Mayer, R. E. (2001). Multimedia learning. New York: Cambridge University Press. 

Mayer, R. E. (2005). A cognitive theory of multimedia learning. Dalam R. E. Mayer (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning. New York: Cambridge University Press. 

Mayer, R. E. (2008). Research-based principles for learning with animation. Dalam R. Lowe & W. Schnotz, Learning with Animation. New York: Cambridge University Press. 

Mayer, R. E. (2010). Applying the science of learning to medical education. Medical Education, 44, 543–549. 

Mayer, R. E. (2014). Principles based on social cues in multimedia learning: personalization, voice, image, and embodiment principles dalam The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, 345-368. New York: Cambridge University Press. Diperolehi daripada https://www.cambridge. org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-multimedia-learning/principles-based­on-social-cues-in-multimedia-learning-personalization-voice-image-and­embodiment-principles/3841340D8AD820C26DBCD39AE664BCEC 

Mayer, R. E. (2020). Designing Multimedia Instruction in Anatomy: An Evidence-Based Approach. Medical and Dental Education, 33, 2-11. 

Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (2003). Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologists, 38, 43-52. 

Mayer, R. E., Fennell, S., Farmer, L., & Campbell, J. (2004). A personalization effect in multimedia learning: Students learn better when words are in conversational style rather than formal style. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96, 389-395. 

McConnell, D. (2000). Implementing computer supported cooperative learning (2nd edition). London: Kogan Page. 

Mehmood, N., Anwer, M., & Ahmed Tatlah, I. (2017). Effect of Combined Teaching Strategies on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) of Biology Students. Global Regional Review (GRR), II(I), 389-404. 

Mehrens, W. A., & Lehmann, I. J.  (1991). Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology (4th edition). USA: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. 

Meir, E., Perry, J., Stal, D., Maruca, S., & Klopter, B. (2005). How effective are stimulated molecular-level experiments for teaching diffusion and osmosis? Cell Biology Education, 43, 235-248. 

Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Sweller, J. (2010). Cognitive Load Theory and Complex Learning: Recent Developments and Future Directions. Educational Psychology Review, 17(2). doi: 10.1007/s10648-005-3951-0 

Miller, G. A., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K. H. (1960). Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 

Mnguni, L. E. (2014).The theoretical cognitive process of visualization for science education. SpringerPlus, 3:184. Diperolehi daripada https://springerplus. springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/2193-1801-3-184 

Mohamad Sahari Nordin. (2002). Pengujian dan penaksiran di bilik darjah. Kuala Lumpur: Mulia Erat Sdn. Bhd. 

Mohamad Khairi Mat Said (2012). Analisis item. Diperolehi daripada https://www.academia.edu/24310087/MOHAMAD_KHAIRI_BIN_MAT_SA ID 

Moreno, R. (2000). Life-like pedagogical agents in constructivist multi-media environments. Kertas dibentangkan diEDMEDIA 2000 Conference, 26 Jun – 1 Julai 2000, Montreal, Canada. 

Moreno, R. (2004). Decreasing cognitive load for novice students: Effects of explanatory versus corrective feedback in discovery-based multimedia. Instructional Science, 32, 99-113. 

Moreno, R. (2005). Multimedia learning with animated pedagogical agents. In Mayer, R. E., The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, 507-523. New York: Cambridge University Press. 

Morozov, M., Tanakov, A., & Bystrov, D. (2004). A team of pedagogical agents in multimedia environment for children. Educational Technology and Society, 7(2), 19-24. 

Moundridou, M., & Virvou, M. (2002). Evaluating the persona effect of an interface agent in a tutoring system. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 18(3), 253­261. 

Mohamadhasani, N., Fardanesh, H., Hatami, J., Mozayani, N., & Fabio, R. A. (2018). The pedagogical agent enhances mathematics learning in ADHD students. Education and Information Technologies, 23, 2299–2308. 

Nik Azis Nik Pa. (2014). Penghasilan disertasi berkualiti dalam pendidikan Matematik. Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya. 

Nooriza Kassim, & Effandi Zakaria. (2015). Integrasi kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Matematik: Analisis keperluan guru. Persidangan Serantau Siswazah Pendidikan. 

Norhailmi Abdul Mutalib, & Ahmad Azrul Arefe Ahmad Rosdi. (2017). Pembelajaran abad 21: Bukan sekadar susun kerusi dan meja. Kangar: Percetakan Perlis (1990) Sdn. Bhd. 

Norhailmi Abdul Mutalib, & Ahmad Azrul Arefe Ahmad Rosdi. (2018). STEM: Amalan terbaik bilik darjah. Kangar: Percetakan Perlis (1990) Sdn. Bhd. 

Othman Talib. (2006). Computer-animated instruction and students’ achievement gains in electrochemistry (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor. 

Othman Talib. (2013). Asas penulisan: Tesis pengkajian dan statistik. Serdang: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia. 

Othman Talib, Matthews, R., & Secombe, M. (2006). Innovative Constructivist – Animated Instruction in Teaching Complex, Abstract and Dynamic Science Concepts. Jurnal Pendidikan. Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. 

Ormrod, J. E. (2008). Human learning. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 

Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 

Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (Version 12). New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. 

Park, B., Flowerday, T., & Brunken, R. ( 2015). Cognitive and affective effects of seductive details in multimedia learning. Computers in Human Behaviour, 44(2015), 267-278. 

Parsons, N. (2016). Do visuals really trump text? Diperolehi daripada https://www.liveplan.com/blog/2016/01/scientific-reasons-why-you-should­present-your-data-visually/ 

Peffer, M. (2020). I have learned to hate Science. The American Biology Teacher, 82 (3),137. doi.org/10.1525/abt.2020.82.3.137 

Pennings, R. D. (2001). Basic Computer Literacy Skills Expected Of Students By Instructors At Wisconsin Indianhead Technical College. Tesis sarjana tidak diterbitkan. University of Wisconsin-stout. 

Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. P. (2016). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. New York & London:  Taylor & Francis Group. 

Pokhariyal, G. P. (2019), Importance of moderating and intervening variables on the relationship between independent and dependent variables. International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics 2019, 4(5), 01-04. 

Rajendran, N. (2001). Pengajaran kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi: kesediaan guru mengendalikan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Kertas kerja dibentangkan pada Seminar Projek KBKK: Poster Warisan-Pendidikan-Wawasan 2001. 

Rian Vebrianto, Radjawaly Usman Rery, & Kamisah Osman (2016). BIOMIND Portal for Developing 21st Century Skills and Overcoming Students’ Misconception in Biology Subject. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 14(4), 55-67. 

Riaza Mohd Rias, & Halimah Badioze Zaman. (2010). Designing multimedia learning application with learning theories: A case study on a computer science subject with 2-D and 3-D animated versions. Asia Pacific Forum on Science Learning and teaching. 12(2), p.1. 

Riaza Mohd Rias, & Halimah Badioze Zaman. (2013). Understanding the role of prior knowledge in a multimedia learning application. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 29(4). 

Roberts, T. S. (2005). Computer-supported collaborative learning in higher education. Central Queensland University: Idea Group Publishing. 

Rogers, J., & Revesz, A. (2019). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs. Diperolehi daripada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334250281_ Experimental_and_quasi-experimental_designs 

Roth, T., Appel, J., Schwingel, A., & Rumpler, M., (2019). Learning in virtual physics laboratories assisted by a pedagogical agent. Journal of Physics: Conference series, 1223. 

Rose, S., Spinks, N., & Canhoto, A. I. (2015). Management research: Applying the principles. London & New York: Routeledge. 

Rozinah Jamaluddin. (2005). Pembangunan dan keberkesanan pakej multimedia kemahiran berfikir bagi mata pelajaran Kimia (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. 

Ruiz, J. G., Cook, D. A., & Levinson, A. J. (2009). Computer animations in medical education: A critical literature review. Medical Education, 43, 838-846. 

Ryu, J., & Baylor, A. L. (2005). The psychometric structure of pedagogical agent persona. Technology, Instruction, Cognition and Learning, 2, 291-314. 

Saidatul et al. (2007). Tahap realisme agen pedagogi dan hubungannya dengan pencapaian dan motivasi pelajar dalam pembelajaran atas talian. Kertas kerja dibentangkan dalam 1st International Malaysian Educational Technology Convention, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 

Saliman (2013). Pembelajaran Kontekstual Contextual Teaching & Learning (CTL) ­Presentation Transcript. Diperolehi daripada http://www.slideshare.net/ abeyow/pembelajarankontekstualcontextual-teaching-learning-ctl 

Samson, B., Marshall, I., & Dugard, P. (1994). Multimedia courseware cost modelling. 9th COCOMO Forum 5-7 October 1994. University of Abertay Dundee, United Kingdom. 

Sezer, B. (2017). The effectiveness of a technology-enhanced flipped science classroom. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 55(4), 471-494. Doi 10.1177/0735633116671325 

Soika, K., Reiska, P., & Miksar, R. (2010). The importance of animation as a visual method in learning Chemistry. Concept Maps: Making Learning Meaningful. Kertas dibentangkan di Proc. Of Fourth Int. Conference on Concept Mapping, Vina del Mar, Chile. 

Shukran Abdul Rahman, & Nor Faridah Abdul Manaf. (2017). A critical analysis of Bloom’s Taxonomy in teaching creative and critical thinking skills in Malaysia through English Literature. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 10(9). doi: 10.5539/elt.v10n9p245 

Siti Noridah Ali. (2012). Malaysian polytechnic lecturers’ teaching practices with TMK utilization to promote higher order thinking skills. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. 

Siti Nurkhadijah Aishah Ibrahim, & Ali Selamat. (2008). Analisis keberkesanan sistem penyelarasan kos projek pembengunan koswer menggunakan Model Reka Bentuk Awalan Cocomo II. Jurnal Teknologi, 48(1), 91-103. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai. 

Siti Salwa Md. Sawari, & Azlina Mustaffa. (2014). Guru bersahsiah mulia menurut pandang Ibnu Sahnun: Analisa buku adab Al-Mualimin. The Online Journal of Islamic Education, 2(2). 

Siti Zubaidah. (2010). Pembelajaran koperatif dan group investigation (sebagai salah satu teknik pembelajaran kolaboratif. Diperolehi daripada: https:// www. researchgate.net/publication/318040393 

Slavin, R. E. (1991). Synthesis of research on cooperative learning. Educational Leadership, 48(5), 71-82. Diperolehi daripada: http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/ pdf/journals/ ed_lead/el_199102_slavin.pdf 

Slavin, R. E. (1998). Cooperative learning. Review of Educational Research. doi: 10.3102/00346543050002315. Diperolehi daripada https://www.researchgate. net/publication/258183246 

Slavin, R. E. (2015). Cooperative learning in schools. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 4(2),881-886. 

Stiggins, R. J. (1999). Evaluating classroom assessment training in teacher education. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 18(1), 23-27. 

Stromme, T. A., & Mork, S. J. (2020). Students’ Conceptual Sense-making of Animations and Static Visualizations of Protein Synthesis: a Sociocultural Hypothesis Explaining why Animations May Be Beneficial for Student Learning. Research in Science Education. Diperolehi daripada https://link. springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11165-020-09920-2.pdf 

Sudjimat, & Chandra Permadi (2019). Effect of Work-Based Learning Model on Students’ Achievement Motivation. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan, 25(2), 204-212. 

Suzilawati Shamsuddin. (2016). Pembinaan dan penilaian modul pembelajaran Biologi berteraskan pembelajaran berasaskan masalah berperancahan (Tesis doktor falsafah tidak diterbitkan). Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim, Perak. 

Swain, K. T. (2012). Meaningful use of animation and simulation in the science classroom. Education and Human Development Master’s Thesis, paper 143. 

Sweeney, J. C., & Ingram. D. (2001). A Comparison of Traditional and Web Marketing Education: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Marketing Education, 23(1), 55­62. 

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (seventh edition). United States of America: Pearson Education. 

Tajularipin Sulaiman, Vickneswary Muniyan, Diwiyah Madhvan, Raidah Hasan, & Suzieleez Syrene Abdul Rahim (2017). Implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills in Teaching of Science: a case study in Malaysia. International Research Jurnal of Education and Sciences (IRJES), 1(1). 

Talib, O., Matthews, R., & Secombe, M. (2019). Computer-animated instruction and students’ conceptual change in electrochemistry: Preliminary qualitative analysis. International Education Journal, 5(5), 29-42. 

Tamayo-Moreno, S., & Perez-Marin, D. (2016, September). Adapting the design and the use methodology of a pedagogical conversational agent of secondary education to childhood education. International Symposium on Computers in Education. doi: 10.1109/SIIE.2016.7751819 

Tang, S. M., & Lim, K. T. (2002). Hubungan antara hubungan pengajaran dan pembelajaran dengan kepuasan pelajar: Satu tinjauan. Kualiti Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran, 3(1). 

Tee, H. T. (2015). Sains tingkatan 2: Exploring my apps (KBSM). Serdang: Cemerlang Publications Sdn. Bhd. 

Tessema, M. T., Ready, K., & Yu, W. C. W. (2012). Factors affecting collegestudents’ satisfaction with major curriculum: evidence from nine years of data. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(2). 

Tversky, B., & Morrison, J. (2002). Animation: Can it facilitate? International Journal Human-Computer Studies, 57, 247-262. 

Tversky, B., Heiser, J., Mackenzie, R., Lozano, S., & Morrison, J. (2008). Enriching animations. Dalam R. Lowe & W. Schnotz, Learning with Animation. New York: Cambridge University Press. 

Vaughan, T. (2011). Multimedia: Making it work (8th edition). St. Francisco: Mc Graw-Hill. 

Wang, C., Fang, T., & Gu, Y. (2020). Learning performance and behavioral patterns of online collaborative learning: Impact of cognitive load and affordances of different multimedia. Computers and Education, 143(2020), 103683. 

Walker, S. L. (2003). Development and Validation of an Instrument for Assessing Distance Education Learning Environments in Higher Education: The Distance Education Learning Environments Survey (DELES). (Unpublished Degree of Doctor of Science EducationThesis). Curtin University of Technology. Diperolehi daripada http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au/R/? func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14269&local_base=GEN01-ERA02 

Weidmann, W., & Humphrey, M. B. (2002). Building a network to empower teachers for school reform. School Science and Mathematics, 102(2), 88-93. 

Woo, H. L. (2009). Designing multimedia learning environments using animated pedagogical agents: factors and issues. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 25, 203-218. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00299.x 

Wu, H. K., & Shah, P. (2004). Exploring Visuospatial Thinking in Chemistry Learning. ScienceEducation, 88(3), 465 – 492. 

Yilmaz, F. G. K., Olpak, Y. Z., & Yilmaz, R. (2017). The Effect of the Metacognitive Support via Pedagogical Agent on Self-Regulation Skills. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 1–22. doi: 10.1177/0735633117707696 

Yong, B. C. S. (2003). Language problems in the learning of Biology through the medium of English. Journal of Applied Research in Education, 7(1), 97-104. 

Yong, B. C. S. (2009). Students’ motivational orientations and their associations with achievement in Biology. Brunei International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 1(1), 52-64. 

Zaidatun Tasir, & Mohd Salleh Abu. (2003). Analisis data berkomputer: SPSS 11.5 for Windows. Kuala Lumpur: Venton Publishing. 

Zoller, U. (1993). Are lecture and learning compatible? Maybe for LOCS: Unlikely for HOCS (SYM). Journal of Chemistry Educational, 70, 195-197.


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.