UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :Q Science
Main Author :Fakhira Liyana Mohd Zaki
Title :Investigation of essential oils, Phytochemistry and anatomical of Vitex negundo, Vitex trifolia, Plectranthus amboinicus and Plectranthus monostachyus (LAMIACEAE)
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains dan Matematik
Year of Publication :2021
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :Login required to access this item.

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
This study aimed to analyze the essential oils composition, phytochemistry, anatomical and antioxidant activity of the genus Vitex (V. negundo and V. trifolia) and Plectranthus (P. amboinicus and P. monostachyus) from Lamiaceae family. The essential oils were obtained via hydrodistillation technique and their chemical compositions were determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The phytochemicals were obtained using chromatography techniques and their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic data and comparison with literatures. The anatomical study have been investigated on the lamina, midrib and petiole of the leaves part. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils was investigated using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The study showed a total of 14 and 18 components were identified from the leaf oils of V. negundo (92.8%) and V. trifolia (91.5%), respectively. The results revealed that the essential oils are made up principally of δ-elemene (43.1%), spathulenol (9.8%), δ-selinene (7.8%) for V. negundo, while viridiflorol (42.3%), β-caryophyllene (21.7%), and β-elemene for V. trifolia. In the case of Plectranthus essential oils, 20 components was found from P. amboinicus (91.1%) and 37 components were identified from P. monostachyus (98.8%) oils. The major components of P. amboinicus oil were carvacrol (54.4%), β-caryophyllene (8.9%), and α-cisbergamotene (7.7%), whereas P. monostachyus oil gave β-caryophyllene (26.2%), germacrene D (12.5%), δ-cadinene (9.2%), and germcarene B (8.8%). In addition, viridiflorol and carvacrol have been successfully isolated from the crude oils, whereas vanillic acid, vanillin, β-sitosterol and β-sitostenone were identified from the crude extracts. The essential oil of P. amboinicus displayed strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value 32.5 μg/mL. Meanwhile, the oil gland has been found in lamina, midrib and petiole of all essential oils. As conclusion, the composition of the essential oils from four species of Lamiaceae family have shown various chemical components and proved via anatomical study. The implication of this study demonstrates the importance of the characterization of Lamiaceae taxa in elucidating phylogenetic relationships as well as the potential of Plectranthus essential oils as a source of natural antioxidants.

References

Abu Bakar, F.I., Abu Bakar, M.F., Abdullah, N., Endrini, S. & Rahmat, A. (2018). A review of 

malaysian medicinal plants with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Advances in Pharmacological 

Sciences, 1, 1-13.

 

Abulfatih, H.A. (1987). Medicinal Plants in Southwestern Saudi Arabia (1st Ed.). Al Thaghr Press.

 

Aeri, V., Anantha Narayana, D.B. & Singh, D. (2020). Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia.

Powdered Crude Drug Microscopy of Leaves and Barks, Elsevier Science.

 

Ajdzanovic, V., Spasojevic, I., Pantelic, J., Sosic-Jurjevic, B., Filipovic, B., Milosevic, V. et 

al. (2012). Vitex agnus-castus L. essential oil increases human erythrocyte membrane fluidity. 

Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 31(3), 1-6.

 

Ali, N.A., Wurster, M., Denkert, A., Arnold, N., Fadail, I., Al-Didamony, G. et al. (2012). 

Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of essential oils of 

Plectranthus cylindraceus and Meriandra benghalensis from Yemen. Natural Product Communications, 

7(8), 1099-1102.

 

Almatar, M.,  Rahmat, Z.  &  Salleh, F.M.  (2013).  Preliminary  morphological  and anatomical 

study of Orthosiphon stamineus. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research, 1(4), 

01-06.

 

Alsamadani, H.A. (2008). Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Plectranthus L. (Lamiaceae) In Saudi 

Arabia, King Abdulaziz University.

 

Alves, F.A., Morais, S.M., Sobrinho, A.C., Silva, I.N., Martins, C.G., Silva, A.A. et al. (2018). 

Chemical composition, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils and extracts from 

Plectranthus spp. against dermatophytes fungi. Revista Brasileira De Saúde E Produção Animal, 

19(1), 105-115.

 

Arumugam, G., Swamy, M. & Sinniah, U. (2016). Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng: Botanical, 

phytochemical, pharmacological and nutritional significance. Molecules, 21(4), 369.

 

Asdadi, A., Hamdouch, A., Oukacha, A., Moutaj, R., Gharby, S., Harhar, H. et al. (2015). Study on 

chemical analysis, antioxidant and in vitro antifungal activities of essential oil from wild Vitex 

agnus-castus L. seeds growing in area of argan tree of Morocco against clinical strains of Candida 

responsible for nosocomial infections.

Journal of Medical Mycology, 25(4), 118-127.

 

Ashwathy, G., & Krishnakumar, K. (2020). Trichome diversity studies in selected species of sida. 

Current Botany, 11, 117-120.

 

Asiah, O., Lim, H.F., Chee, B.J., Musaadah, M.N., Mastura, M., Getha, K. et al. (2015).

Prosiding Persidangan Industri Herba. Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia. 

 

Atanasov, A.G., Waltenberger, B., Pferschy-Wenzig, E.M., Linder, T., Wawrosch, C.,

Uhrin, P. et al. (2015). Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant- derived natural 

products: A review. Biotechnology Advances, 33(8), 1582-1614.

 

Azizuddin, Makhmoor, T., & Choudhary, M.I. (2010). Radical scavenging potential of compounds 

isolated from - Vitex agnus-castus. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 34(1), 119-126.

 

Azhar, M.A.M. & Salleh, W.M.N.H.W. (2020). Chemical composition and biological activities of 

essential oils of the genus Litsea (Lauraceae) – a review. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 

85(2), 97-103.

 

Badria,  F.A.  &  Aboelmaaty, W.S.  (2019).  Plant  histochemistry:  a  versatile  and 

indispensible tool in localization of gene expression, enzymes, cytokines, secondary metabolites 

and detection of plants infection and pollution. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(7), 

88-100.

 

Bajpai, A., Ojha, J.K. & Sant, H.R. (1995). Medicobotany of the varanasi District Uttar Pradesh, 

India. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 33(2), 172-176.

 

Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D. & Idaomar, M. (2007). Biological effects of essential oils 

– a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2), 446-475.

 

Bello, M.O., Zaki, A.A., Aloko, S., Fasinu, P.S., Bello, E.O., Ajao, U.L., Oguntoye, O.S. (2018). 

The genus Vitex: An overview of iridoids as chemotaxonomic marker. Beni-Suef University Journal of 

Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(4), 414-419.

 

Bombarda, I., Raharivelomanana, P., Ramanoelina, P.R., Faure, R., Bianchini, J.P. & Gaydou, E.M. 

(2001). Spectrometric identifications of sesquiterpene alcohols from niaouli (Melaleuca 

quinquenervia) essential oil. Analytica Chimica Acta, 447, 113-123.

 

Bosabalidis, A. M., & Sawidis, T. (2014). Glandular and non-glandular hairs in the seasonally 

dimorphic origanum dictamnus L. (Lamiaceae) as a means of adaptation to cold stress. Acta 

Agrobotanica, 67(1), 15-20.

 

Boudouris, J. & Queenborough, S. (2013). Diversity and distribution of extra-floral nectaries in 

the cerrado savanna vegetation of Brazil. Peer Journal, 1(1), e219.

 

Boveiri, D.A., Mahmoodi, S.M., Boveiri, D.P., Vitalini, S., Iriti, M. & Mottaghipisheh, J. (2019). 

A comparative study of essential oil constituents and phenolic compounds of arabian lilac (Vitex 

trifolia var. Purpurea): An evidence of season effects. Foods, 8(2), 52-66.

 

Bramley, G.L.C. (2019). Flora Malesiana. Djakarta.

 

Bugayong, A.M., Cruz, P., Padilla, P.I. (2019). Antibacterial activity and chemical

composition of essential oils from leaves of some aromatic plants of Philippines.

Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 22(4), 932-946.

 

Burkill, I.H. (1966). A Dictionary of the Economic Product of the Malay Peninsula.

Volumes I & II. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Kuala Lumpur.

 

Cabral, C., Gonçalves, M.J., Cavaleiro, C., Sales, F., Boyom, F. & Salgueiro, L. (2009).

Composition and anti-fungal activity of the essential oil from Cameroonian Vitex

rivularis Gürke. Natural Product Research, 23(1), 1478-1484.

 

Cabral, C., Gonçalves, M.J., Cavaleiro, C., Salgueiro, L., Antunes, T., Sevinate-Pinto, I.

et al. (2008). Vitex ferruginea Schumach. et Thonn. Subsp. Amboniensis (Gürke)

Verdc: glandular trichomes micromorphology, composition and antifungal activity

of the essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 20(1), 86-90.

 

Callmander, M.W., Phillipson, P.B. & Schatz, G.E. (2014). Towards a revision of the

genus Vitex L. (Lamiaceae) In Madagascar I: A distinctive new species from

Northeastern Madagascar. Candollea, 69(2), 141-147.

 

Camelo, A.L., Oliveira, F.C., Correia, F.T., Barbosa, F.G., Mafezoli, J., Diógenes, I.C. et

al. (2019). Discrimination of Vocs of the Plectranthus grandis by

hydrodistillation, HS-SPME and cytotoxic activity. Industrial Crops and

Products, 127, 225-231.

 

Ch. Nebie, R.H., Yameogo, R.T., Belanger, A. & Sib, F.S. (2005). Chemical composition

of essential oils of Vitex diversifolia Bak. from Burkina Faso. Journal of Essential

Oil Research, 17(3), 276-277.

 

Chaudhry, G.E.S., Jan, R., Zafar, M.N., Sung, Y.Y., & Muhammad, T.S.T. (2020).

Phytochemistry and biological activity of vitex rotundifolia. Research Journal of

Pharmacy and Technology, 13(11), 5534-5538.

 

Coleman, R. (2000). The impact of histochemistry - a historical perspective. Acta

Histochemica, 102(1), 5-14.

 

Dai, D.N., Thang, T.D., Ogunwande, I.A. & Lawal, O.A. (2015). Study on essential oils

from the leaves of two Vietnamese plants: Jasminum subtriplinerve C.L. Blume

and Vitex ouinata (Lour) F.N. Williams. Natural Product Research, 30(7), 860-

864.

 

Dao, T.P., Nguyen, D.C., Nguyen, D.T., Tran, T.H., Nhan, N.P.T., Hong, L. et al. (2019).

Extraction process of essential oil from Plectranthus amboinicus using

microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and evaluation of it’s antibacterial activity.

Asian Journal of Chemistry, 31(5), 977-981.

 

Damayanti, M., Susheela, M. & Sharma, G.J. (1996). Effect of plant extracts and

systemic fungicide on the pineapple fruit-rotting fungus, Ceratocystis paradoxa.

Cytobios, 86(346), 155-165.

 

De Brum, T.F., Boligon, A.A., Frohlich, J.K., Schwanz, T.G., Zadra, M., Piana, M. et al.

(2013). Composition and antioxidant capacity of the essential oil of leaves of Vitex

megapotamica (Sprengel) Moldenke. Natural Product Research, 27(8), 767-770.

 

De Sena Filho, J.G., Barreto, I.C., Soares Filho, A.O., Nogueira, P.C., Teodoro, A.V.,

Cruz Da Silva, A.V. et al. (2017). Volatile metabolomic composition of Vitex

species: Chemodiversity insights and acaricidal activity. Frontiers in Plant

Science, 8, 1-9.

 

Dhifi, W., Bellili, S., Jazi, S., Bahloul, N., & Mnif, W. (2016). Essential oils’ chemical

characterization and investigation of some biological activities: A critical review.

Medicines, 3(4), 25-28.

 

Duarte, M.D. & Lopes, J.F. (2007). Stem and Leaf Anatomy of Plectranthus neochilus

Schltr., Lamiaceae. Revista Brasileira De Farmacognosia, 17(4), 549-556.

 

Duymuş, H., Çiftçi, G.A., Yildırim, S.U., Demirci, B. & Kirimer, N. (2014). The

cytotoxic activity of Vitex agnus castus L. Essential oils and their biochemical

mechanisms. Industrial Crops and Products, 55, 33-42.

 

Dykgraaf, A.C. (1992). Princely Puriri. New Zealand Geography.

 

Ebadollahi, A., Ziaee, M. & Palla, F. (2020). Essential oils extracted from different

species of the Lamiaceae plant family as prospective bioagents against several

detrimental pests. Molecules, 25(7), 1556-1571.

 

Edward, F.G. (1999). Vitex trifolia ‘Variegata’ - Variegated Vitex. Fact Sheet, 1, 1‑3.

 

El Kamari, F., Taroq, A., Atki, Y.E., Aouam, I., Lyoussi, B. & Abdellaoui, A. (2018).

Chemical composition of essential oils from Vitex agnus-castus L. growing in

Morocco and its in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacteria responsible

for nosocomial infections. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical

Research, 11(10), 365-370.

 

El-Ahmady, S.H. (2014). Histochemical application for the identification of thymol and

carvacrol chemotypes of various essential oil producing plants. Journal of

Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 17(5), 880-885.

 

Erny, S.M.N., Razali, M., Mirfat, A.H.S. & Mohd Shukri, M.A. (2014). Antimicrobial

activity and bioactive evaluation of Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil.

American Journal of Research Communication, 2, 634-641.

 

Eryigit, T., Çig, A., Okut, N., Yildirim, B. & Ekici, K. (2015). Evaluation of chemical

composition and antimicrobial activity of Vitex agnus castus L. fruits’ essential

oils from West Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil, 18(1), 208-214.

 

Escalona, J., Peres-Roses, R., Rodriguez, J., Laurido, C., Vinet, R., Lafourcade, A. et al.

(2015). Traditional medicine in Cuba: Experience in developing products based on

medicinal plants. Therapeutic Medicinal Plants, 5, 174-187.

 

Fang, S.T., Kong, N.N., Yan, B.F., Yang, C.Y., Wang, J.H., Liu, S.J. et al. (2016)

Chemical constituents and their bioactivities from the fruits of Vitex negundo var.

cannabifolia. Natural Product Research, 30(24), 2856-2860.

 

Ferreira, R., Candeias, F., Simoes, F., Nascimento, J., & Cruz Morais, J. (1997). Journal

of Ethnopharmacology, 58(1), 21-30.

 

Freiberg, M., Winter, M., Gentile, A., Zizka, A., Muellner-Riehl, A.N., Weigelt, A. et al.

(2020). LCVP, The Leipzig catalogue of vascular plants, a new taxonomic

reference list for all known vascular plants. Science Data, 7, 416.

 

Galletti, G.C., Russo, M.T. & Bocchini, P. (1995). Pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass

spectrometry used to simultaneously determine essential oil and phenolic

compounds in the monks' pepper Vitex agnus-castus L. Rapid Communications in

Mass Spectrometry, 9(13), 1252-1260.

 

Garg, V., Hackel, A. & Kühn, C. (2020). Subcellular targeting of plant sucrose

transporters is affected by their oligomeric State. Plants, 9(2), 158.

 

Gaspar-Marques, C., Rijo, P., Simões, M.F., Duarte, M.A., Rodriguez, B. (2006).

Abietanes from Plectranthus grandidentatus and P. hereroensis against

methicillin-and vancomycin-resistant bacteria. Phytomedicine, 13, 267-271.

 

Geetha N.M.K. (1994). Analysis of Essential Oils of Vitex negundo, var. negundo & Vitex

negundo, var. purpurescens. Isolation, Structural Elucidation and Biological

Properties of Secondary Metabolites in Some Plant. Department of Chemistry,

University of Calicut.

 

Geleta, G.A. & De Meulenaer, B. (2019). The effect of peeling and cooking processes on

nutrient composition of Oromo dinich (Plectranthus edulis) tuber. Food Research

International, 116, 387-396.

 

Ghannadi, A., Bagherinejad, M.R., Abedi, D., Jalali, M., Absalan, M. & Sadeghi, N.

(2012). Antibacterial activity and composition of essential oils from Pelargonium

Graveolens L’Her and Vitex agnus-castus L. Iran Journal of Microbiology, 4(4),

171-176.

 

Gijsen, H., Wijnberg, J., Stork, G., De Groot, A. (1992). The synthesis of mono- and

dihydroxy aromadendrane sesquiterpenes starting from natural (+)-

armomadendrene-III. Tetrahedron, 48, 2465-2476.

 

Glas, J., Schimmel, B., Alba, J., Escobar-Bravo, R., Schuurink, R. & Kant, M. (2012).

Plant glandular trichomes as targets for breeding or engineering of resistance to

herbivores. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(12), 17077-17103.

 

Goncalves, J. (2001). Antiviral effect of flavonoid-rich extracts of (Verbenaceae) against

acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1. Phytomedicine, 8(6), 477-480.

 

Gupta, P.P., Srimal, R.C. & Tandon, J.S. (1993). Antiallergic activity of some traditional

indian medicinal plants. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 31(1), 15-18.

 

Habbab, A., Sekkoum, K., Belboukhari, N., Cheriti, A. & Aboul-Enein, Y.H. (2016).

Essential oil chemical composition of Vitex agnus-castus L. from Southern-West

Algeria and its antimicrobial activity. Current Bioactive Compounds, 12(1), 51-

60.

 

Hamid, A.A., Usman, L.A., Adebayo, S.A., Zubair, M.F. & Elaigwu, S.E. (2010).

Chemical constituents of leaf essential oil of North-Central Nigerian grown Vitex

agnus-castus. Advances in Environmental Biology, 4(2), 250-253.

 

Hanlidou, E.S., Kokkini, A.M. Bosabalidis, & Bessiere, M. (1991). Glandular trichomes

and essential oil constituents of Lamiaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution,

177(1-2): 17-26.

 

Hassani, M. S., Zainati, I., Zrira, S., Mahdi, S., & Oukessou, M. (2012). Chemical

composition and antimicrobial activity of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spring

essential oil from Archipelago of Comoros. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing

Plants, 15(4), 637-644.

 

Hazzoumi, Z., Moustakime, Y., Hassan Elharchli, E., & Joutei, K. A. (2015). Effect of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and water stress on growth, phenolic

compounds, glandular hairs, and yield of essential oil in basil (Ocimum

gratissimum L). Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 2(1), 1-10.

 

Hazzoumi, Z., Moustakime, Y., & Amrani Joutei, K. (2020). Essential oil and glandular

hairs: Diversity and roles. Essential Oils - Oils of Nature, IntechOpen, United

Kingdom.

 

Hegde, S. & K, K. (2020). Comparative leaf anatomy of some species of Habenaria Wild

(Orchidaceae). Authorea, 1, 1-6.

 

Herrera, M.M., Morgan, A.R. & Vargas, F.D. (2004). Partial physicochemical and

nutritional characterization of the fruit of Vitex mollis. Journal of Food

Composition and Analysis, 17(2), 205-215.

 

Hoda Sany, H, Said, A.H., Mauro, A.A. & Tess Astatkie, R.P. (2020). Effects of NaCl on

growth, essential oil and chemical composition of Plectranthus amboinicus. Plant

Archives, 20(1), 2471-2477.

 

Hsu, K.P, Ho, C.L. (2019). Antimildew effects of Plectranthus amboinicus leaf essential

oil on paper. Natural Product Communications, 6, 1-6.

 

Hu, P., Li, D.H., Jia, C.C., Liu, Q., Wanga, X.F., Li, Z.L. et al. (2017). Bioactive

constituents from Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and their antioxidant and aglucosidase

inhibitory activities. Journal of Functional Foods, 35, 236-244.

 

Huang, H., Chang, T., Chang, L., Wang, H., Yih, K., Hsieh, W. et al. (2012). Inhibition of

melanogenesis versus antioxidant properties of essential oil extracted from leaves

of Vitex negundo Linn and chemical composition analysis by GC-MS. Molecules,

17(4), 3902-3916.

 

Huang, Y., Ding, G.Y., Hu, P. (2019). Vitexnegheteroin M, a new phenolic glycoside

from Vitex negundo var. heterophylla. Natural Product Research,

10.1080/14786419.2019.1656628.

 

Irsyam, A.S. & Mountara, A. (2018). Plectranthus monostachyus (P. Beauv.) B. J. Pollard

(Lamiaceae) Di Jawa. Floribunda, 6(1), 1-5.

 

Jaarsveld, E.J. & Thomas, V. (2007). The Southern African Plectranthus and the Art of

Turning Shade to Glade. Fernwood Press.

 

Johansen, D.A. (1940). Plant microtechnique New York, McGraw-Hill Book.

 

Jokic, S., Jerkovic, I., Rajic, M., Aladic, K., Bilic, M., Vidovic, S. (2017). SC-CO2

extraction of Vitex agnus-castus L. fruits: The influence of pressure, temperature

and water presoaking on the yield and GC-MS profiles of the extracts in

comparison to the essential oil composition. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids,

123, 50-57.

 

Joshi, R.K. (2014). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of

Plectranthus mollis (Lamiaceae) from Western Ghats Region, Karnataka, India.

Revista De Biología Tropical, 62(2), 31-423.

 

Kesheni, M. (2013). The antimicrobial properties and chemical composition of leaf

essential oils of indigenous Plectranthus (Lamiaceae) Species. University of the

Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

 

Khalik, K.N.A. & Karakish, E.A. (2016). Comparative anatomy of stems and leaves of

Plectranthus L. (Lamiaceae) in Saudi Arabia and systematic implications.

Microscopy Research & Techniques, 79(7), 583-594.

 

Khan, A., Naz, S., Farooq, U., Shahid, M., Ullah, I., Ali, I. et al. (2018). Bioactive

chromone constituents from Vitex negundo alleviate pain and inflammation.

Journal of Pain Research, 11, 95-102.

 

Khattree, R. & Naik, D.N. (2000). Multivariate data reduction and discrimination with

SAS Software. SAS Institute Inc.

 

Khorshid, F., Ali, S.S., Alsofyani, T. & Albar, H. (2010). Plectranthus tenuiflorus (Shara)

promotes wound healing: in vitro and in vivo studies. International Journal of

Botany, 6(2), 69-80.

 

Khoury, M., Stien, D., Eparvier, V., Ouaini, N. & El Beyrouthy, M. (2016). Report on the

medicinal use of eleven Lamiaceae species in Lebanon and rationalization of their

antimicrobial potential by examination of the chemical composition and

antimicrobial activity of their essential oils. Evidence-Based Complementary and

Alternative Medicine, 1-17.

 

Kilani, A.M. (2006). Antibacterial assessment of whole stem bark of Vitex doniana Sweet

against some Enterobactriaceae. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(10), 958-

959.

 

Kim, C., Bu, H.J., Lee, S.J., Hyun, C.G. & Lee, N.H. (2014). Chemical compositions and

anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils from Aster spathulifolius and Vitex

rotundifolia Maxim. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 4(10), 12-15.

 

Kok, R.D. (2008). The genus Vitex (Labiatae) in the flora Malesiana region, excluding

New Guinea. Springer Netherlands, 63, 17-40.

 

Koudou, J., Ouoba, A.M., Some, N., Ouedraogo, S. & Guissou, I.P. (2014). Acute

toxicity and irritancy of the essential oil of the leaves of Vitex simplicifolia Oliv.

(Verbenaceae) in Burkina Faso. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 9(1),

62-67.

 

Kowalski, R., Kowalska, G., Jankowska, M., Nawrocka, A., Kałwa, K., Pankiewicz, U.,

& Włodarczyk-Stasiak, M. (2019). Secretory structures and essential oil

composition of selected industrial species of lamiaceae. Acta Scientiarum

Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(2), 53-69.

 

Kuster, V. C., & Vale, F. H. (2016). Leaf histochemistry analysis of four medicinal

species from Cerrado. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 26(6), 673-678.

 

Kustrak, D., Kuftinec, J. & Blazević, N. (1994). Oil of Vitex agnus-castus L. Journal of

Essential Oil Research, 6(4), 341-344.

 

Ladda, P.L., Magdum, C.S. (2012). Vitex negundo Linn.: ethnobotany, phytochemistry

and pharmacology- a review. International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy,

Biology and Chemistry, 1(1), 111-120.

 

Lai, P., Wang, C. & Ma, L. (2018). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the

essential oil of Plectranthus ‘Mona Lavender’. Chemistry of Natural Compounds,

54(3), 588-590.

 

Leitao, S.G., Santos, T.C., Delle, M.F., Matheus, M.E., Fernandes, P.D., Marinho, B.G.

(2011). Phytochemical profile and analgesic evaluation of Vitex cymosa leaf

extracts. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 21(5), 874-883.

 

Lengbiye, E.M., Koto, T.N.N., Gedeon, N.B., Lin, M.M., Olivier, P.N., Joséphine, N.M.

et al. (2018). Vitex madiensis Oliv. (Lamiaceae): Phytochemistry, pharmacology

and future directions, a mini-review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and

Phytochemistry, 7(2), 244-251.

 

Li, C.Z., Su, Y.F., Jin, X.J. (2005). Advances in studies on chemical constituents from

plants ofVitexL. and theirbioactivities. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 36,

930-938.

 

Liu, Q.Y., Chen, Y.S., Wang, F., Chen, S.W., Zhang, Y.H. (2014). Chemical of Vitex

trifolia. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi, 39(11), 2024-2028.

 

Lucks, B.C., Sorensen, J. & Veal, L. (2002). Vitex agnus-castus essential oil and

menopausal balance: a self-care survey. Complementary Therapies in Clinical

Practice, 8(3), 148-154.

 

Lukhoba, C.W., Simmonds, M.S. & Paton, A. J. (2006). Plectranthus: a review of

ethnobotanical uses. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 103(1), 1-24.

 

MacEachern, S., Stewart, J. (2001). Herbs for the soul. Tamara Kircher, Hong Kong.

 

Makwana, H.G., Ravishankar, B., Shukla, V.J., Bhaskarannair, R., Vijayan, N.P.,

Sasikala, C. K. et al. (1994). General pharmacology of Vitex leucoxylon Linn

leaves. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 38(2), 95-100.

 

Males, Z., Blazevic, N. & Antolic, A. (1998). The essential oil composition of Vitex

agnus-castus F.Rosea leaves and flowers. Planta Medica, 64(3), 286-287.

 

Manjamalai, A., Alexander, T. & Berlin Grace, V.M. (2012). Bioactive evaluation of the

essential oil of Plectranthus amboinicus by GC-MS analysis and its role as a drug

for microbial infections and inflammation. International Journal of Pharmacy and

Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(3), 205-211.

 

Mariotti, J.P., Tomi, F., Casanova, J., Costa, J., Bernardini, A.F. (1997). Composition of

the essential oil of Cistus ladaniferus L. cultivated in Corsica (France). Flavour

and Fragrance Journal, 12, 147-151.

 

Marwah, R., Fatope, M., Deadman, M., Ochei, J. & Al-Saidi, S. (2007). Antimicrobial

activity and the major components of the essential oil of Plectranthus

cylindraceus. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103(4), 1220-1226.

 

Meena, A.K., Singh, U., Yadav, A.K., Singh, B. & Rao, M.M. (2010). Pharmacological

and phytochemical evidences for the extracts from plants of the genus Vitex – a

review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2(1), 1-9.

 

Metcalfe, C.R. & Chalk, L. (1972) Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, vol. II. Oxford

University Press, Oxford.

 

Metcalfe, C.R. & Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of dicotyledons – leaves, stem, and wood in

relation to taxonomy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

 

Mitra, M., Gantait, S. & Mandal, N. (2020). Coleus forskohlii: Advancements and

prospects of in vitro biotechnology. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,

104(6), 2359-2371.

 

Monzote, L., Scherbakov, A.M., Scull, R., Gutiérrez, Y.I., Satyal, P., Cos, P. et al. (2020).

Pharmacological assessment of the carvacrol chemotype essential oil from

Plectranthus amboinicus growing in Cuba. Natural Product Communications,

15(10), 1934578-2096223.

 

Mota, A.P., Dantas, J.C. & Frota, C. C. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils

from Lippia alba, Lippia sidoides, Cymbopogon citrates, Plectranthus

amboinicus, And Cinnamomum zeylanicum Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Ciência Rural, 48(6), 1-9.

 

Mothana, R.A., Khaled, J.M., Noman, O.M., Kumar, A., Alajmi, M.F., Al-Rehaily, A.J.

et al. (2018). Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of the cytotoxic,

antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from three Plectranthus

species grown in Saudi Arabia. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine,

18(1), 1-10.

 

Muravnik, L. E., Kostina, O. V., & Mosina, A. A. (2019). Glandular trichomes of the

leaves in three doronicum species (Senecioneae, Asteraceae): Morphology,

histochemistry, and ultrastructure. Protoplasma, 256(3), 789-803.

 

Nep, E.I., Ngwuluka, N.C., Ochekpe, N.A. & Kemas, U.C. (2020). Physicochemical,

rheological and functional properties of modified starches from the tubers of

Plectranthus esculentus Starch. British Journal of Pharmacy, 4(2), 1-8.

 

Neves, R.C.S. & Camara, C.G.D. (2016). Chemical composition and acaricidal activity of

the essential oils from Vitex agnus-castus L. (Verbenaceae) and selected

monoterpenes. Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciências, 88(3), 1221-1233.

 

Ngo-Mback, M., Famewo, E., Mubarakali, D., Eke, P., Thajuddin, N., Afolayan, A. et al.

(2019). An investigation of chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of

essential oils extracted from Aeollanthus and Plectranthus species. Biocatalysis

and Agricultural Biotechnology, 22, 101412.

 

Nyiligira, E., Viljoen, A., Başer, K., Õzek, T., Van Vuuren, S. & Houghton, P. (2004).

Essential oil composition and in vitro antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity

of South African Vitex species. South African Journal of Botany, 70(4), 611-617.

 

Ondo, J.P., Lekana-Douki, J.B., Bongui, Zangedou, E.S., Zatra, R., Toure-Ndouo, F.S. et

al. (2012). In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts and

fractions of Vitex madiensis, medicinal plant of Gabon. Tropical Medicine and

International Health, 17(3), 316-321.

 

Ono, M., Yanaka, T., Yamamoto, M., Ito, Y. & Nohara, T. (2002). New diterpenes and

norditerpenes from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia. Journal of Natural Products,

65, 357-541.

 

Ozturk Cali, I. (2017). Glandular Trichomes in Marrubium cephalanthum ssp. montanum

(Lamiaceae) Growing in Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology,

19(4), 697-700.

 

Pages, N., Fournier, G., Chamorro, G. & Salazar, M. (1991). Teratogenic effects of

Plectranthus fruticosus essential oil in mice. Phytotherapy Research, 5(2), 94-96.

 

Pantelic, J., Filipovic, B., Sosic-Jurjevic, B., Ajdzanovic, V., Trifunovic, S., Medigovic, I.

& Milosevic, V. (2013). Vitex agnus-castus essential oil affects thyroid c cells and

bone metabolism in middle-aged male rats. Acta Veterinaria, 63(1), 23-35.

 

Patel, R., Mahobia, N., Gendle, R., Kaushik, B. & Singh, S. (2010). Diuretic activity of

leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng in male albino rats.

Pharmacognosy Research, 2(2), 86-90.

 

Paton, A.J., Springate, D., Suddee, S., Otieno, D., Grayer, R.J., Harley, M.M., Willis, F.,

Simmonds, M.S.J., Powell, M.P., Savolainen, V. (2004). Phylogeny and evolution

of basils and allies (Ocimeae, Labiatae) based on three plastid DNA regions.

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31, 277-299.

 

Pei, J., Chen, S.L. (1982). Flora of China; Science Press: Beijing, China.

 

Pereira, E.J., Do, V.J.P., Da Silva, P.T., Lima, J.D., Alves, D.R., Costa, P.S. et al. (2018).

Circadian rhythm, and antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activities of essential

oils from Vitex gardneriana. Natural Product Communications, 13(5), 635-638.

 

Pires, V. A., Cardozo-Junior, E. L., Ortmann, C. F., Maraschin, J. C., Favreto, W.,

Donaduzzi, C. M., Reginatto, F. H., & Assreuy, J. (2018). Lipid-lowering and

antiatherogenic effects of Vitex megapotamica (Spreng.) Moldenke in a mice

experimental model. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 215, 14-20.

 

Prachayasittikul, S., Suphapong, S., Worachartcheewan, A., Lawung, R., Ruchirawat, S.,

Prachayasittikul, V. (2009). Bioactive metabolites from Spilanthes acmella Murr.

Molecules, 14(2), 850-867.

 

Qiu, C., Tong, L., Yuan, T., Wang, F., Zhao, F., Chen, L. (2017). Constituents from Vitex

negundo var. heterophylla and their inhibition of nitric oxide production. Journal

of Natural Medicine, 71(1), 292-298.

 

Rabe, T. & Van Staden, J. (1998). Screening of Plectranthus species for antibacterial

activity. South African Journal of Botany, 64(1), 62-65.

 

Rahman, M.A., Mohd Noor, N.N. & Mohamed, F. (2019). Leaf morphology and

numerical taxonomic evaluation of Cleodendrum L. (Lamiaceae). Malayan Nature

Journal, 71(1), 1-13.

 

Ramamoorthy, P.K. & Bono, A. (2007). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid

content of Morinda citrifolia fruit extracts from various extraction processes.

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2, 70-80.

 

Raman, V., Budel, J. M., Zhao, J., Bae, J., Avula, B., Osman, A. G., Ali, Z., &

Khan, I. A. (2018). Microscopic characterization and HPTLC of the leaves, stems

and roots of Fadogia agrestis - an African folk medicinal plant. Revista Brasileira

de Farmacognosia, 28(6), 631-639.

 

Rezaei, M., Razmjoo, J., Ehtemam, M.H., Karimmojeni, H. & Zahedi, M. (2019). The

interaction between shade and drought affects essential oil quantity and quality of

Vitex agnus-castus L. leaves and seeds. Industrial Crops and Products, 137, 460-

467.

 

Rice, L., Brits, G., Potgieter, C. & Van Staden, J. (2011). Plectranthus: A plant for the

future? South African Journal of Botany, 77(4), 947-959.

 

Roberts, M.J. & Roberts, S. (2017). Indigenous Healing Plants. Southern Book

Publishers.

 

Ruberto, G. & Baratta, M.T. (2000) Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil

components in two lipid model systems. Food Chemistry, 69, 167-174.

 

Sabra, A.S., Astatkie, T., Alataway, A., Mahmoud, A.A., Gendy, A.S., Said-Al Ahl, H.A.

et al. (2018). Response of biomass development, essential oil, and composition of

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng to irrigation frequency and harvest time.

Chemistry & Biodiversity, 15(3), 1-8.

 

Saka, F.A., Karabet, F., Daghestani, M. & Soukkarieh, C. (2015). Composition, in vitro

antioxidant and antileishmanial activities of Vitex agnus-castus L. and Thymus

syriacus Boiss. essential oils. International Journal of Chemtech Research, 8(8),

53-60.

 

Salleh, W.M.N.H.W., Ahmad, F., Khong, H.Y. & Zulkifli, R.M. (2016). Comparative

study of the essential oils of three Beilschmiedia species and their biological

activities. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51, 240-249.

 

Santos, T.C., Schripsema, J., Monache, F.D. & Leitão, S.G. (2001). Iridoids from Vitex

cymosa. The Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 12(6), 763-766

 

Santos, N., Mariane, B., Lago, J., Sartorelli, P., Rosa, W., Soares Adalbert, M. et al.

(2015). Assessing the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential

oils from Brazilian Plants-Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteraceae), Plectrantuns

barbatus and P. amboinicus (Lamiaceae). Molecules, 20(5), 8440-8452.

 

Sarikurkcu, C., Arisoy, K., Tepe, B., Cakir, A., Abali, G. & Mete, E. (2009). Studies on

the antioxidant activity of essential oil and different solvent extracts of Vitex

agnus castus L. fruits from Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(10), 2479-

2483.

 

Satongrod, B. & Wanna, R. (2020). Chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oil

from Indian Borage (Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) against Callosobruchus

maculatus F. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 16(5), 1243-1256.

 

Sawadogo, W.R., Meda, A., Lamien, C.E., Kiendrebeogo, M., Guissou, I.P. & Nacoulma,

O.G. (2006). Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of six Acanthaceae from

Burkina Faso. Journal of Biological Sciences, 6, 249-252.

 

Senatore, F., Della Porta, G. & Reverchon, E. (1996). Constituents of Vitex agnus-castus

L. Essential Oil. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 11(3), 179-182.

 

Senatore, F., Napolitano, F. & Dung, M.O. (2003). Chemical composition and

antibacterial activity of essential oil from fruits of Vitex agnus-castus L.

(Verbenaceae) growing in Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 6(3), 185-

190.

 

Shahidi, F. & Zhong, Y. (2007). Measurement of antioxidant activity in food and

biological systems, in antioxidant measurement and applications, ACS symposium

series 956, United States of America: American Chemical Society.

 

Sharifi-Rad, M., Varoni, E.M., Iriti, M., Martorell, M., Setzer, W.N., Del Mar Contreras,

M. et al. (2018). Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review.

Phytotheraphy Research, 32(9), 1675-1687.

 

Sharma, R.L., Prabhakar, A., Dhar, K.L., Sachar, A. (2009). A new iridoid glycoside

from Vitex negundo Linn (Verbenacea). Natural Product Research, 23(13), 1201-

1209.

 

Shimada, K., Fujikawa, K., Yahara, K. & Nakamura, T. (1992). Antioxidative properties

of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. Journal of

Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40(6), 945-948.

 

Silva, P., Santos, H., Teixeira, A., Bandeira, P., Holanda, C., Vale, J. et al. (2019).

Seasonal variation in the chemical composition and larvicidal activity against

Aedes aegypti of essential oils from Vitex gardneriana Schauer. The South African

Journal of Botany, 124, 329-332.

 

Silva, T.C., Medeiros, P.M., Balcazár, A.L., Sousa Araújo, T.A., Pirondo, A. &

Medeiros, M.F. (2014). Historical ethnobotany: an overview of selected studies.

Ethnobiology and Conservation, 5, 1-12.

 

Simpson, M.G. (2019). Plant morphology. Plant Systematics, 469-535.

 

Sonibare, O.O., Effiong, I., Oladosu, I. & Ekundayo, O. (2009). Chemical constituents

and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Vitex doniana Sweet

(Verbernaceae). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12(2), 185-188.

 

Sorensen, J. & Katsiotis, S. (1999). Variation in essential oil yield and composition of

Cretan Vitex agnus-castus L. fruits. Planta Medica, 11(5), 599-605.

 

Sorensen, J. & Katsiotis, S. (2000). Parameters influencing the yield and composition of

the essential oil from Cretan Vitex agnus-castus fruits. Planta Medica, 66(03),

245-250.

 

Sripathi, R., Jayagopal, D. & Ravi, S. (2017). A study on the seasonal variation of the

essential oil composition from Plectranthus hadiensis and its antibacterial activity.

Natural Product Research, 32(7), 871-874.

 

Stojkovic, D., Sokovic, M., Glamoclija, J., Dzamic, A., Ciric, A., Ristic, M. et al. (2011).

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Vitex agnus-castus L. fruits

and leaves essential oils. Food Chemistry, 128(4), 1017-1022.

 

Suksamrarn, A., Werawattanametin, K. & Brophy, J.J. (1991). Variation of essential oil

constituents in Vitex trifolia species. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 6(1), 97-99.

 

Tadesse, S., Mazumder, A., Bucar, F., Veeresham, C. & Asres, K. (2011). Chemical

composition and biological activities of the essential oil of Plectranthus caninus

Roth. Pharmacognosy Journal, 3(26), 1-7.

 

Tamokou, J., Mbaveng, A. & Kuete, V. (2017). Antimicrobial activities of african

medicinal spices and vegetables. Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa,

207-237.

 

Teixeira, A., Lima, I., Xavier, M., Pereira, R., Gonçalves, B., De Sena, D. et al. (2018).

Vibrational spectroscopy study of essential oils from Plectranthus amboinicus

Lour. Spreng and Vanillosmopsis arborea Baker. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 98,

22-29.

 

Tewtrakul, S., Miyashiro, H., Nakamura, N., Hattori, M., Kawahata, T., Otake, et al.

(2003). HIV-1 integrase inhibitory substances from Coleus parvifolius.

Phytotherapy Research, 17, 232-239.

 

Tissier, E., Philip, D.M., John, S., Jill, F.J. (2014). Distribution of Vegetation along

Environmental Gradients on Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Ecoscience, 20(4), 361-

372.

 

Tiwari, N., Yadav, A.K., Gupta, M.M. (2013). Validated HPTLC method for the

simultaneous quantification of diterpenoids in Vitex trifolia L. Journal of

Separation Science, 36(14), 2373-2378.

 

Tooley, P. (1971). Chemistry in industry Fats, Oils and Waxes. John Murray Ltd.

 

Toplana, G.G., Kurkcuoglub, M., Can Baserb, K.H. & Sariyara G. (2015). Composition

of the essential oils from samples of Vitex agnus-castus L. growing in Turkey.

Journal of Essential Oil Research, 27(4), 1-6.

 

Ulukanli, Z., Çenet, M., Öztürk, B., Bozok, F., Karabörklü, S. & Demirci, S.C. (2015).

Chemical characterization, phytotoxic, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of

Vitex agnus-castus. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 18(6), 1500-1507.

 

Vale, J.P., Ribeiro, L.H., Vasconcelos, M.A., Sá-Firmino, N.C., Pereira, A.I.,

Nascimento, M.F. et al. (2019). Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial

and antibiofilm activities of Vitex gardneriana Schauer leaves's essential oil.

Microbial Pathogenesis, 135, 103608.

 

Van Vuuren, S., Ramburrun, S., Kamatou, G. & Viljoen, A. (2019). Indigenous South

African essential oils as potential antimicrobials to treat foot odour (Bromodosis).

South African Journal of Botany, 126, 354-361.

 

Villella, S. (2016). The clinical management of menstrual migraine and headache by the

herbal medicine practitioner. Australian Journal of Herbal Medicine, 28(3), 1-5.

 

Wagner, G.J. (1991). Secreting Glandular Trichomes: More than Just Hairs. Plant

Physiology, 96(3), 675-679.

 

Wang, W., Wu, N., Zu, Y.G. & Fu, Y.J. (2008). Antioxidative activity of Rosmarinus

officinalis L. essential oil compared to its main components. Food Chemistry, 108,

1019-1022.

 

Wang, G. (2014). Recent progress in secondary metabolism of plant glandular trichomes.

Plant Biotechnology, 31(5), 353-361.

 

Wanna, R. & Krasaetep, J. (2019). Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of

Indian borage essential oil against maize weevil. International Journal of

Geomate, 16(56), 59-64

 

Wanna, R. & Kwang-Ngoen, P. (2019). Efficiency of Indian borage essential oil against

cowpea bruchids. International Journal of Geomate, 16(56), 129-134.

 

Werker, E. (2006). Function of essential oil-secreting glandular hairs in aromatic plants of

Lamiaceae a review. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 8(5), 249-255.

 

Yamasaki, T., Kawabata, T., Masuoka, C., Kinjo, J., Ikeda, T., Nohara, T. et al. (2008).

two new lignanglucosides from the fruit of Vitex cannabifolia. Journal of Natural

Medicines, 62, 47-51.

 

Yoganarasimhan, S.N. (2000). Medicinal Plants of India, Tamilnadu. Cyber Media.

 

Yuan, Y., Mabberley, D.J., Steane, D.A. & Olmstead, R.G. (2010). Further disintegration

and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): Implications for the understanding

of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy. Taxon, 59(1), 125-133.

 

Zerbo, P., Millogo, R.J., Nacoulma, O.O. & Van Damme, P. (2011). Plantes médicinales

et pratiques médicales AU Burkina Faso: Cas Des Sanan. Bois & Forets Des

Tropiques, 307(307), 41-42.

 

Zhao, F., Chen, Y.P., Salmaki, Y., Drew, B.T., Wilson, T.C., Scheen, A.C. et al. (2021).

An updated tribal classification of Lamiaceae based on plastome phylogenomics.

BMC Biology, 19(2), 1-27.

 

Zhelev, B.T., Georgieva, L., Dzhambazov, B., Stoyanova, A. & Dimitrova-Dyulgerova.

(2016). Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of essential

oil from Vitex agnus-castus fruits, growing in Bulgaria. Oxidation

Communications, 30(16), 145-156.

 

Zheng, C.J., Tang, W.Z., Huang, B.K., Han, T., Zhang, Q.Y., Zhang, H. et al. (2009).

Bioactivity-guided fractionation for analgesic properties and constituents of Vitex

negundo L. seeds. Phytomedicine, 16, 560-567.

 

Zheng, C.J., Lan, X.P., Cheng, R.B., Huang, B.K., Han, T., Zhang, Q.Y. et al. (2011).

Furanofuran lignans from Vitex negundo seeds. Phytochemistry Letters, 4(3), 298-

300.

 

Zheng, C.J., Zhang, X.W., Han, T., Jiang, Y.P., Tang, J.Y., Brömme, D. et al. (2014).

Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporotic lignans from Vitex negundo seeds.

Fitoterapia, 93, 31-38.

 

Zoghbi, M.G.B., Andrade, E.H.A. & Maia, J.G.S. (1999). The essential oil of Vitex

agnus-castus L. growing in the Amazon Region. Flavour and Fragrance Journal,

14, 211-213.

 

Zwaving, J. & Bos, R. (1996). Composition of the essential fruit oil of Vitex agnuscastus.

Planta Medica, 62(01), 83-84.

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries with this repository, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or Whatsapp +60163630263 (Office hours only)