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UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
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| Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris |
| This study addressed four main purposes, which are: (1) to examine the effects of
outdoor adventure program towards participants’ mental toughness; (2) to investigate the influence
of socio demographic variables on the improvement of mental toughness; (3) to identify which of the
psychological factors of Model of Mental Toughness (Loehr, 1986) that are mostly affected by
outdoor adventure program; and (4) to determine the primary outdoor activity that affects participant mental toughness. This study
utilized pre and post quasi experimental with control group design. The 42 items of Psychological
Performance Inventory (PPI; Loehr, 1986) was administered among 265 (n = 165, experimental group; n
= 100, control group) diploma level intervarsity athletes and age in a range of 17-30 years old.
The primary finding of this study supported that outdoor adventure camp is effective in improving
participants’ mental toughness. This study found that only the socio demographic variables of: (1)
types of sports; (2) category of sports; and (3) level of participation had significant influences
on participant’s mental toughness improvement. The study also highlighted three psychological
factors of: (1) self confidence; (2) negative energy control; and (3) attention control indicated
significant improvement as a result of the camp. Survival activity was ranked as the most
influential activity toward mental toughness improvement. Implications of the findings provide
evidences on the effectiveness of outdoor adventure program in improving participants’ mental
toughness. This study also addressed the importance of specific design outdoor adventure program
for improving mental toughness. The study also provides an empirical data for future
study in this field.
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