UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About
Menu Icon

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :HN Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Main Author :Roshdan Ahmad
Title :The effects of vertical versus horizontal based strength training on muscle activation, kinematics and kinetics output in relation with the method of instructions given
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan
Year of Publication :2021
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of vertical versus horizontal based training on muscle activation, kinematics and kinetics output in relation to instructional delivery methods. A total of 30 recreationally active male participants aged between 19-29 years old were recruited for the purpose of this study. All participants went through 8 weeks of vertical and horizontal training based on two instructional methods (verbal and video). Pre and post tests were conducted. Electromyography (EMG) was used to measure muscle activation, force platform was used to measure kinetics output, and high-speed motion analysis system was used to measure kinematics variables. MANOVA was used to determine significant differences in muscle activation, kinematic output and kinetic output for both groups of instruction, verbal and video methods in pre- and post-test, One way ANCOVA was used to compare the effectiveness of strength training using the vertical ( lunges) and horizontal (squat) to the kinematic output, kinetic output and muscle activation between verbal and video instruction groups, with Pearson Product Moment was used to determine relationship between variables. The results of the study found that there were no significant difference for both groups in the pre-test and post-test, except for biceps femoris muscle activation and ankle kinematics during the lunge and squat. Based on percentage of differences, verbal mode of instruction was better than video mode of instruction. In conclusion, result of this study indicated that mode of instructions given in not much different between each other, as long as the instructions able to ensure accurate mechanical performance For future studies, it is suggested to look further on the focus of each of the instructions from mechanical point on participants from various skill’s level background.

References

Amara, S., Mkaouer, B., Nassib, S.H., Chaaben, H., Hachana, Y., & Ben Salah, F.Z. (2015). Effect of 

video modelling process on teaching/learning hurdle clearance situations on physical education 

students. Advances in Physical Education, 5 (4), 225-233

 

Anderson, K., & Behm, D.G. (2005). Trunk muscle activity increases with unstable squat movements. 

Canadian Journal Applied Physiology, 30(1): 33-45.

Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology

 

Arnold, E. M., Hamner, S. R., Seth, A., Millard, M., & Delp, S. L. (2013). How muscle fiber lengths 

and velocities affect muscle force generation as humans walk and run at different speeds. The 

Journal of Experimental Biology, 216 (11), 2150- 2160. doi: 10.1242/jeb.075697

 

Ball, NB, and Zanetti, S (2012). Relationship between reactive strength variables in horizontal and 

vertical drop jumps. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (5), 1407-1412

 

Baudry, L., Leroy, D., & Chollet, D. (2006). The effect of combined self- and expert- modelling on 

the performance of the double leg circle on the pommel horse. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24 (10), 

1055-1063

 

Behm, D.G., Anderson, K. & Curnew, R.S. (2002). Muscle force and activation under stable and 

unstable conditions. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 16 (3), 416-422

 

Benjaminse, A., Welling, W., Otten, B. & Gokeler, A. (2018). Transfer of improved movement 

technique after receiving verbal external focus and video instruction. Knee Surgery, Sports 

Traumatology, Arthroscopy ,26, 955–962

 

Bogaerts,  A.,  Delecluse,  C.,  Claessens,  A.L.,  Coudyzer,  W.,  Boonen, S., &Verschueren, 

S.M.P. (2007). Impact of whole-body vibration training versus fitness training on muscle strength 

and muscle mass in older men: A 1- year randomized controlled trial. The Journals of Gerontology: 

Series A, 62 (6), 630–635

 

Bompa, T. O. (1999). Periodization: theory and methodology of training . Champaing; IL: Human 

Kinetics.

 

Bompa, T. O., & Carrera, M. C. (2005). Periodization training of sports Champaign, IL: Human 

Kinetics.

 

Brookham, R. L., Middlebrook, E. E., Grewal, T., & Dickerson, C. R. (2011). The

co-activation ratio for muscle force prediction

through optimization. Journal of Biomechanics, 44, 1582-1587.

 

Buchanan, J.J. & Dean, N.J. (2010) Specifificity in practice benefifits learning in novice

models and variability in demonstration benefifits observational practice.

Pschycological Research, 74, 313-326

 

Buchheit, M., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Delhomel, G., Brughelli, M., & Ahmaidi, S.

(2010). Improving repeated sprint ability in young elite soccer players:

Repeated shuttle sprints vs. explosive strength training. The Journal of Strength

& Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2715-2722

 

Canavan, P.K., Garret, G.E., & Armstrong, L.E. (1996). Kinematic and kinetic

relationships between an olympic-style lift and the vertical jump. Journal of

Strenght and Conditioning Research, 10 (2), 127-130

 

Chan, J.M., Lambdin, L., Laarhoven, T.V., & Johnson, J.W. (2013). Teaching leisure

skills to an adult with developmental disabilities using a video prompting

Intervention Package. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental

Disabilities, 48 (3), 412-420

 

Chauhan, B., Hamzeh, M. A., & Cuesta-Vargas, A. I. (2013). Prediction of muscular

architecture of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis from EMG during

isometric contractions in soccer players. SpringerPlus, 2, 548.

 

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for Behavior Science (2nd ed.). Hillsdale,

New Jersey: Lawrence Eribaum Association.

 

Conroy, C.J., & O'Sullivan, K. (2008). Influence of exercise instruction method on the

activation of vastus medialis obliques and vastus lateralis during a mini-squat.

Physiotherapy Ireland, 29(1), 55-60

 

Cormie, P., McGuigan, M., & Newton, R. (2011). Developing maximal neuromuscular

power. Sports Medicine, 41(1), 17-38. doi: 10.2165/11537690-000000000-

00000

 

Cowling, E.J., Steele, J.R., & McNair, P.J. (2003). Effect of verbal instructions on

muscle activity and risk of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament during

landing. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37, 126-130.

 

Crewther, B. T., Cronin, J., & Keogh, J. W. L. (2008). The contribution of volume,

technique, and load to single-repetition and total-repetition kinematics and

kinetics in response to three loading schemes. The Journal of Strength &

Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1908-1915

1910.1519/JSC.1900b1013e3181839f3181861.

 

Cross, M.R., Brughelli, M.E., & Cronin, J.B. (2014). Effects of vest loading on sprint

kinetics and kinematics. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28 (7)

1867-1874

 

Dello Iacono, A., Martone, D., Milic, M., & Padulo, J. (2017). Vertical- vs. Horizontaloriented

drop jump training: Chronic effects on explosive performances of elite

handball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31 (4), 921-

931

 

De Stefani, E., Roda, F., Volta, E., Pincolini, V., Farnese, A., Rossetti, S., Pedretti, F.,

& Ferrari, P.F. (2020). Learning new sport actions: Pilot Study to investigate

the imitative and the verbal instructive teaching methods in motor education.

Plus One, 15(8); 1-18

 

Di Nardo, F., & Fioretti, S. (2013). Statistical analysis of surface electromyographic

signal for the assessment of rectus femoris modalities of activation during gait.

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 23, 56-61.

 

Dill, K.E., Begalle, R.L., Frank, B.S., Zinder, S.M., & Padua, D.A. (2014). Altered

knee and ankle kinematics during squatting in those with limited weightbearing–

lunge ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion. Journal of Athletic

Training 49 (6): 723–732

 

Dwyer, M.K., Boudreau, S.M., Mattacola, C.G., Timothy, L. & Lattermann, C. (2010).

Comparison of lower extremity kinematics and hip muscle activation during

rehabilitation tasks between sexes. Journal of Athletic Training, 45 (2), 181–

190.

 

Earp, J. E., Kraemer, W. J., Cormie, P., Volek, J. S., Maresh, C. M., Joseph, M., &

Newton, R. U. (2011). Influence of muscle-tendon unit structure on rate of force

development during the squat, countermovement, and drop jumps. The Journal

of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(2), 340-347

 

Ebben, W.P., Fauth, M.L., Petushek, E.J., Garceau, L.R., Hsu, B.E., Lutsch, B.N., &

Feldmann, C.R. (2010) gender-based analysis of hamstring and quadriceps

muscle activation during jump landings and cutting. Journal of Strength and

Conditioning Research, 24 (2), 408-415

 

Farrokhi, S., Pollard, C,D., Souza, R,B., Chen, Y.J., Reischl, S., & Powers, C.M.

(2008). Trunk position influences the kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity

of the lead lower extremity during the forward lunge exercise. Journal of

Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 38 (7), 403-409

 

Ferrari, S.F., Borges, P.H., Teixeira, D. & Marques, P.G. (2018). Impact of verbal

instruction and demonstration methohds on self-efficacy and motor learning in

insexperienced handball players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport,

18(2), 816-820

 

Filipa, A., Byrnes, R., Paterno, M. V., Myer, G. D., & Hewett, T. E. (2010).

Neuromuscular training improves performance on the star excursion balance

test in young female athletes. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical

Therapy, 40(9), 551-558. doi: 2475 [pii] 10.2519/jospt.2010.3325 [doi]

 

Folland, J., & Williams, A. (2007). Morphological and neurological contributions to

increased strength. Sports Medicine, 37(2), 145-168. doi: 10.2165/00007256-

200737020-00004

 

Garcia-Vaquero, M. P., Moreside, J. M., Brontons-Gil, E., Peco-Gonzalez, N., & Vera-

Garcia, F. J. (2012). Trunk muscle activation during stabilization exercises with

single and double leg support. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology,

22(3), 398-406. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.02.017

 

Gheidi, N., Kernozek, T.W., John D.Willson, J.D., Revak, A., & Diers, K. (2018).

Achilles tendon loading during weight bearing exercises. Physical Therapy in

Sport, 32, 260-268

 

Gorsuch, J., Long, J., Miller, K., Primeau, K., Rutledge, S., Sossong, A., & Durocher,

J. J. (2013). The effect of squat depth on multiarticular muscle activation in

collegiate cross-country runners. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning

Research, 27(9), 2619-2625

 

Guilhem, G. l., Cornu, C., & Guavel, A. (2011). Muscle architecture and EMG activity

changes during isotonic and isokinetic eccentric exercises. European Journal of

Applied Physiology, 111(11), 2723-2733. doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-1894-3

 

Haguenauer, M., Fargier, P., Legreneur, P., Dufour, A.B., Cogerino, G., Begon, M.,

& Monteil, K.M. (2005). Short-term effects of using verbal instructions and

demonstration at the beginning of learning a complex skill in figure skating.

Perceptual and Motor Sk ills, 100 (1), 179-191

 

Hakkinen, K., Kallinen, M., Linnamo, V., Pastinen, U. M., Newton, R. U., & Kraemer,

W. J. (1996). Neuromuscular adaptations during bilateral versus unilateral

strength training in middle-aged and elderly men and women. Acta

Physiologica Scandinavica, 158(1), 77-88. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-

201X.1996.523293000.x

 

Halperin, I., Williams, K.J., Martin, D.T., & Chapman, D.W. (2016). The effects of

attentional focusing instructions on force production during the isometric

midthigh pull. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30 (4), 919-

923

 

Han, H.R., Yi, C.H., You, S.H., Cynn, H.S., Lim, O.B., & Son, J.I. (2016). Comparative

effects of 4 single-leg squat exercises in subjects with gluteus medius weakness.

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 27 (6), 513-519

 

Hanson, A.M., Padua, D.A., Blackburn, J.T., William E. Prentice, W.E., & Hirth, C.J.

(2008). Muscle activation during side-step cutting maneuvers in male and

female soccer athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 43 (2): 133–143.

 

Hermassi , S., Sellami, M., Boughaf, E.G., Schwesig, R. & De Giorgio, A. (2019).

Effect of verbal instruction in motor learning ability of anaerobic and explosive

exercises in physical education university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 10,

1-8

 

Hermens, H. J., Freriks, B., Merletti, R., Stegeman, D., Blok, J., Rau, G., . . . Hagg, G.

(1999). European recommendations for surface electromyography. from

Roessingh Research and Development http://www.seniam.org/

 

Hodges, N.J. & Coppola, T. (2015). What we think we learn from watching others: the

moderating role of ability on perceptions of learning from observation.

Psychological Researh, 79: 609-620

 

Hofmann, C.L., , Holyoak, D.T., & Juris, P.M. (2016). Trunk and shank position

influences patellofemoral joint stress in the lead and trail limbs during the

forward lunge exercise. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 47

(1), 31-40

 

Holm, D.J., Stålbom, M., Keogh, J.W.L., & Cronin, J. (2008). Relationship between

the kinetics and kinematics of a unilateral horizontal drop jump to sprint

performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22 (5), 1589-

1596

 

Iguchi, J., Tateuchi, H., Taniguchi, M. & Ichihashi, N. (2014). The effect of sex and

fatigue on lower limb kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity during

unanticipated side-step cutting Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 22, 41–

48

 

Jafari, M., Zolaktaf, V., & Marandi, S. M. (2013). Determination of the best pre-jump

height for improvement of two-legged vertical jump. International Journal of

Preventive Medicine, 4(1), 104-109.

 

Janelle, C.M., Champenoy, J.D., Coombes, S.A., & Mousseau, M.B. (2003).

Mechanisms of attentional cueing during observational learning to facilitate

motor skill acquisition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21 (10), 825-838

 

Jo, H.D., & Park, H.Y. (2020). Kinematic analysis between three groups according to

proficiency in Fencer's Fente Movement. Korean Journal of Sport

Biomechanics, 30(1): 51-61

 

Joan, A.C., Bernat, B.S.T., Javier, P., Azahara, F.V., Mònica, S.T., & José, M.A.

(2019). Suspended lunge exercise: assessment of forces in different positions

and paces. Aloma, 58, 37(1), 57-64.

 

Kageyama, M., Sugiyama, T., Takai, Y,. Kanehisa, H & Maeda, A. (2014) kinematic

and kinetic profiles of trunk and lower limbs during baseball pitching in

collegiate pitchers. Journal of Sport Science & Medicine, 13(4): 742–750.

 

Katis, A., Giannadakis, E., Kannas, T., Amiridis, I., Lees, A., & Kellis, E. (2013).

Mechanisms that influence accuracy of the soccer kick. Journal of

Electromyography and Kinesiology, 23, 125-131.

 

Kernodle, M.W., Johnson, R., & Arnold, D.R. (2001). Verbal instruction for correcting

errors versus such instructions plus videotape replay on learning the overhand

throw. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92 (3) 1039-1051

 

Khuu, S., Musalem, L.L., & Beach, T.A.C. (2015), suggests verbal instructions should

be controlled or clearly written when using drop vertical jumps to assess

potential athlete performance and injury risk.

 

Klimstra, M., Dowling, J., Durkin, J. L., & MacDonald, M. (2007). The effect of

ultrasound probe orientation on muscle architecture measurement. Journal of

Electromyography and Kinesiology, 17(4), 504-514. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.04.011

 

Kopper, B., Csende, Z., Sáfár, S., Hortobágyi, T., & Tihanyi, J. (2013). Muscle

activation history at different vertical jumps and its influence on vertical

velocity. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 23, 132-139.

 

Kraemer, W. J., Fleck, S. J., & Evans, W. J. (1996). Strength and power training:

physiological mechanisms of adaptation. Exercise and sport sciences reviews,

24, 363-397.

 

Lacourpaille, L., Nordez, A., & Hug, F. (2013). Influence of stimulus intensity on

electromechanical delay and its mechanisms. Journal of Electromyography and

Kinesiology, 23, 51-55.

 

Lebon, F., Guillot, A., & Collet, C. (2012). Increased muscle activation following motor

imagery during the rehabilitation of the anterior cruciate ligament. Applied

Psychophysiol Biofeedback , 37, 45–51

 

Lee, S. S. M., & Piazza, S. J. (2009). Built for speed: Musculoskeletal structure and

sprinting ability. Journal of Experimental Biology, 212(22), 3700-3707. doi:

10.1242/jeb.031096

 

Leporace, G., Praxedes, J., Pereira, G. R., Pinto, S. M., Chagas, D., Metsavaht, L., . . .

Batista, L. A. (2013). Influence of a preventive training program on lower limb

kinematics and vertical jump height of male volleyball athletes. Physical

Therapy in Sport, 14, 35-43.

 

Lichtwark, G. A., Bougoulias, K., & Wilson, A. M. (2007). Muscle fascicle and series

elastic element length changes along the length of the human gastrocnemius

during walking and running. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(1), 157-164. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.10.035

 

Lichtwark, G. A., & Wilson, A. M. (2008). Optimal muscle fascicle length and tendon

stiffness for maximising gastrocnemius efficiency during human walking and

running. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 252(4), 662-673. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.01.018

 

Lockie, R. G., Murphy, A. J., Schultz, A. B., Jeffriess, M. D., & Callaghan, S. J. (2013).

Influence of sprint acceleration stance kinetics on velocity and step kinematics

in field sport athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(9),

2494-2503

 

Lockie, R. G., Murphy, A. J., Schultz, A. B., Knight, T. J., & Janse de Jonge, X. A. K.

(2012). The effects of different speed training protocols on sprint acceleration

kinematics and muscle strength and power in field sport athletes. The Journal

of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(6), 1539-1550

 

Loturco, I., Pereira, L.A., Kobal, R., Zanetti, V., Kitamura, K., Cal Abad, C.V., &

Nakamura, F.Y. (2015). Transference effect of vertical and horizontal

plyometrics on sprint performance of high-level U-20 soccer players. Journal

of Sports Sciences, 33 (20), 2182-2191

 

Loturco, I., Contreras, B., Kobal, R., Fernandes, V., Moura, N., Siqueira, F., Winckler,

C., Suchomel, T., & Pereira, L.A. (2018). Vertically and horizontally directed

muscle power exercises: Relationships with top-level sprint performance. PLOS

One, 1-13

 

Madhavan, S., & Shields, R.K. (2009). Movement Accuracy Changes Muscle-

Activation Strategies in Female Subjects During a Novel Single-Leg Weight-

Bearing Task. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1 (4), 319-328

 

Marchant, D. C. (2011). Attentional focusing instructions and force production.

Frontiers in psychology, 1, 210.

 

Marín,P.J., & T.J. Hazell, T.J. (2014). Effects of whole-body vibration with an unstable

surface on muscle activation. Journal Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact,14 (2),

213-219

 

Maryama, C, Darusha, N. & Mojtabab, I. (2009). The comparison of effect of videomodelling

and verbal instruction on the performance in throwing the discus and

hammer. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 2782-2785

 

Maulder, P., & Cronin, J. (2005). Horizontal and vertical jump assessment: reliability,

symmetry, discriminative and predictive ability. Physical Therapy in Sport, 6,

74-82.

 

McBeth, J. M., Earl-Boehm, J. E., Cobb, S. C., & Huddleston, W. E. (2012). Hip

Muscle Activity During 3 Side-Lying HipStrengthening Exercises in Distance

Runners. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(1), 15-23.

 

Meaney, K. S. (1994). Developmental modelling effects on the acquisition, retention.

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65(1), 31-39.

 

Meylan, C.M.P., Cronin, J.B., Oliver, J.L., Hughes, M.G., & McMaster, D.T. (2012).

The Reliability of Jump Kinematics and Kinetics in Children of Different

Maturity Status. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (4), 1015-

1026

 

Milner, C. E., Fairbrother, J. T., Srivatsan, A., & Zhang, S. (2012). Simple verbal

instruction improves knee biomechanics during landing in female athletes. The

Knee, 19(4), 399-403.

 

Mohamad, N. I., Cronin, J. B., & Nosaka, K. K. (2012). Difference in kinematics and

kinetics between high- and low-velocity resistance loading equated by volume:

Implications for hypertrophy training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning

Research, 26(1), 269-275.

 

Morais, J.E., Garrido, N.D., Marques, M.C., Silva, A.J., Marinho, D.A., & Barbosa,

T.M. (2013). The Influence of Anthropometric, Kinematic and Energetic

Variables and Gender on Swimming Performance in Youth Athletes. Journal of

Human Kinetics, 39, 203-211

 

Morin, J. B., Edouard, P., & Samozino, P. (2011). Technical ability of force application

as a determinant factor of sprint performance. Medicine and science in sports

and exercise, 43(9), 1680-1688.

 

Mun, K.R., Guo, Z., & Yu, H. (2016). Restriction of pelvic lateral and rotational

motions alters lower limb kinematics and muscle activation pattern during overground

walking. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 54, 1621–

1629

 

Nelson, J., Czech, D.R., Joyner, A. B., Munkasy, B. & Lachowetz, T. (2008). The

effects of video and cognitive imagery on throwing performance of baseball

pitchers: a single subject design. The Sports Journal, 11, 1.

 

Namburete, A. I. L., Rana, M., & Wakeling, J. M. (2011). Computational methods for

quantifying in vivo muscle fascicle curvature from ultrasound images. Journal

of Biomechanics, 44, 2538-2543.

 

Park, Y.K. & Kim, J.H. (2017). Effects of kinetic chain exercise using EMGbiofeedback

on balance and lower extremity muscle activation in stroke

patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29, 1390-1393

 

Parsons, J.L., & Alexander, M. J.L. (2012). Modifying Spike Jump Landing

Biomechanics in Female Adolescent Volleyball Athletes Using Video and

Verbal Feedback. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (4), 1076-

1084

 

Perilli,V.,Lancioni, G.E.,Hoogeveen,F., Caffo’, A., Singh, N.,O’Reilly,M., Sigafoos,

J., Cassano, G., & Oliva,D.(2013). Video Prompting Versus Other Instruction

Strategies for Persons With Alzheimer’s Disease. American Journal of

Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias,28(4),393-402

 

Porter, J. M., Ostrowski, E. J., Nolan, R. P., & Wu, W. F. W. (2010). Standing longjump

performance is enhanced when using an external focus of attention. The

Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1746-1750

 

Porter, J.J., Wu, W.F.W. & Partridge, J.A. (2010). Focus of Attention and Verbal

Instructions; Strategies of Elite Track and Field Coaches and Athletes. Sport

Science Review; 19(3-4), 199-211

 

Quinzi, F., Camomilla, V., Felici, F., Di Mario, A., & Sbriccoli, P. (2013). Differences

in neuromuscular control between impact and no impact roundhouse kick in

athletes of different skill levels. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology,

23, 140-150.

 

Ramirez, F. R. (2010). Pettlep Imagery and Video-Observation: a motovation case

study of four badminton players pettlep and intrinsic motivated badminton

performance Pol. J. Sport Tourism, 17, 239-244.

 

Ramírez-Campillo, R, Gallardo, F, Henriquez-Olguín, C, Meylan, CMP, Martínez, C,

Álvarez, C, Caniuqueo, A, Cadore, EL, and Izquierdo, M (2015). Effect of

vertical, horizontal, and combined plyometric training on explosive, balance,

and endurance performance of young soccer players. The Journal of Strength &

Conditioning Research, 29 (7), 1784-1795

 

Ray, T., Adams, K.J., & DeBeliso, M. (2017). The Relationship Between Core Stability

& Squat Ratio in Resistance-Trained Males. International Journal of

Kinesiology & Sports Science, 5 (2).

 

Requena, B., Garcia, I., Requena, F., Saez-Saez de Villarreal, E., & Cronin, J. B.

(2011). Relationship between traditional and ballistic squat exercise with

vertical jumping and maximal sprinting. The Journal of Strength &

Conditioning Research, 25(8), 2193-2204

 

Roddey, T. S., Olson, S. L., Gartsman, G. M., Hanten, W. P., & Cook, K. F. (2002). A

randomized controlled trial comparing 2 instructional approaches to home

exercise instruction following arthroscopic full-thickness rotator cuff repair

surgery. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 32(11), 548-559.

 

Ruan, M., & Li, L. (2008). Influence of a horizontal approach on the mechanical output

during drop jumps. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79(1), 1-9.

 

Sakadjian, A., Panchuk, D., & Pearce, A.J. (2014). Kinematic and kinetic

improvements associated with action observation facilitated learning of the

power clean in australian footballers, Journal of Strength and Conditioning

Research, 28 (6), 1613-1625

 

Shirey, M., Hurlbutt, M., Johansen, N., King, G.W., Wilkinson, S.G., & Hoover, D.L.

(2012). The influence of core musculature engagement on hip and knee

kinematics in women during a single leg squat. International Journal of Sports

Physical Theraphy, 7 (1), 1-12

 

Singh, D., & Singh, S. (2012). Effects of progressive depth jumping on vertical jump

performance Medicina Sportiva, 8(3), 1915-1921.

 

Snyder, B. J., & Fry, W. R. (2012). Effect of verbal instruction on muscle activity

during the bench press exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning

Research, 26(9), 2394-2400

 

Stastny, P., Lehnert, M., Zaatar, A.M.Z., Svoboda, Z., & Xaverova, Z. (2015). Does the

dumbbell-carrying position change the muscle activity in split squats and

walking lunges? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(11), 3177–

3187.

 

Stastny, P., Tufano, J.J., Lehnert, M., Golas, A., Zaatar, A., Xaverova, Z., & Maszczyk,

A. (2015). Hip abductors and thigh muscles strength ratios and their relation to

electromyography amplitude during split squat and walking lunge exercises.

Acta Gymnica, 45 (2), 51–59

 

Stodden, D.F., Fleisig, G.S., McLean, S.P., Lyman, S.L, & Andrews, J.R. (2001).

Relationship of Pelvis and Upper Torso Kinematics to Pitched Baseball

Velocity. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 17 (2), 164–172

 

Swinton, P. A., Stewart, A., Agouris, I., Keogh, J. W., & Lloyd, R. (2011). A

biomechanical analysis of straight and hexagonal barbell deadlifts using

submaximal loads. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(7),

2000-2009

 

Thomas, S. J., Swanik, C. B., Higginson, J. S., Kaminski, T. W., Swanik, K. A., Kelly

IV, J. D., & Nazarian, L. N. (2013). Neuromuscular and stiffness adaptations in

division I collegiate baseball players. Journal of Electromyography and

Kinesiology, 23, 102-109.

 

Vera-Garcia, F. J., Moreside, J. M., & McGill, S. M. (2011). Abdominal muscle

activation changes if the purpose is to control pelvis motion or thorax motion.

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 21(6), 893-903. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.08.003

 

Victor, A., Madelen, F., Peter, H., & Svein, K. (2013). Importance of neck muscle tonus

in head kinematics during pedestrian accidents. International Research Council

on the Biomechanics of Injury, 747-761

 

Wernbom, M., Augustsson, J., & Thomee, R. (2007). The influence of frequency,

intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle crosssectional

area in humans. Sports Medicine, 37(3), 225-264. doi:

10.2165/00007256-200737030-00004

 

Wu, W.F.W., Porter, J.M., & Brown, L.E. (2012). Effect of attentional focus strategies

on peak force and performance in the standing long jump. Journal of Strength

and Conditioning Research, 26 (5), 1226-1231

 

Wuyts, I. J., & Buekers, M. J. (1995). The effects of visual and auditory models on the

learning of a rhythmical synchronization dance skil. Research Quarterly for

Exercise and Sport, 66(2), 105-115.

 

Yakubova, G.& Doughty, T.T.(2013). Effects of video modelling and verbal prompting

on social skills embedded within a purchasing activity for students with autism.

Journal of Special Education Technology, 28 (1), 35-47

 

Zaggelidis, G. & Lazaridis, S. (2013). Muscle activation profiles of lower extremities

in different throwing techniques and in jumping performance in elite and novice

greek judo athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics, 37, 63-70

http://seniam.org/sensor_location.htm

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or 016-3630263. Office hours only.