UPSI Digital Repository (UDRep)
Start | FAQ | About

QR Code Link :

Type :thesis
Subject :GV Recreation Leisure
Main Author :Mohd Shariman Shafie
Title :The development and validation of adventure based mental toughness inventory (AbMTI) for adventure based program in Malaysia
Place of Production :Tanjong Malim
Publisher :Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Kejurulatihan
Year of Publication :2022
Corporate Name :Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
PDF Guest :Click to view PDF file
PDF Full Text :Login required to access this item.

Abstract : Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Since the turn of the 21st century, recent research has demonstrated that adventurebased programs are linked to positive psychological outcomes, including mental toughness. However, there are very limited studies conducted on how to design a specific instrument and model of the adventure-based mental toughness program. There are three primary objectives of study as follows: 1) determine whether there is a significant need to develop an Adventure-based Mental Toughness Inventory (AbMTI); 2) to validate the consensus on the development of AbMTI; and 3) to validate the AbMTI and Adventure-based Mental Toughness Model (AbMTM). The study is based on the modified Development and Design Research (DDR). There were total of 507 participants in the study who participated in an adventure-based programs. The statistical tools IBM Statistics (SPSS) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were used as the primary statistical tools in this study. The findings of the study significantly validated the development of AbMTI and AbMTM. The study provides a foundation on which to build coherent and systematic scholarly work to linked adventure-based program and mental toughness. The study findings, methodology, the conceptual model, and the set of discussion can guide subsequent research.

References

Adnyani, L. D. S., Mahayanti, N. W. S., & Suprianti, G. A. P. (2020). Powtoon-based video media for teaching English for young learners: An example of design and development Research. Proceeding of the International Conference on Innovative Research Across Disciplines, 221-226. https://doi.org/10.2991/ assehr.k.200115.036 

Affendy, A. H., Asmat-Nizam, A. T., & Farid, M. S. (2015). Entrepreneurial orientation effects on market orientation and SMEs business performance-A SEM approach. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 4(3), 259 

Afthanorhan, W. M. A. B. W. (2013). A comparison of partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and covariance based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) for confirmatory factor analysis. International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology, 2(5), 198-205 

Ahad, R., Mustafa, M. Z., Mohamad, S., Abdullah, N. H. S., & Nordin, M. N. (2021). Work Attitude, Organizational Commitment and Emotional Intelligence of Malaysian Vocational College Teachers. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 13(1), 15-21 

Ahmad H., (2014). Panduan Analisis Data Secara Efisien: Panduan lengkap berajah untuk menganalisa data. Dubook Press. ISBN 9798-967-0723-08-2 

Adler, M., & Ziglio, E. (1996). Gazing into the oracle: The Delphi method and its application to social policy and public health. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 

Alderman, A. K., & Salem, B. (2010). Survey research. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 126(4), 1381-1389. https://doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181ea44f9. PMID: 20885261 

Alias, N., (2010). Pembangunan Modul Pedagogi Berasaskan Teknologi dan Gaya Pembelajaran Felder-Silverman Kurikulum Fizik Sekolah Menengah. Unpublished doctoral thesis of University of Malaya: Kuala Lumpur 

Amol K. B., Livia R., Uwe A. & Schneider. (2021). Preparing for a better future: Delphi forecasts on competency development to enhance climate-resilient farming in Northeastern India. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 28 (3), 255-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2020.1765043 

Anatalia N. E., (2019). Structural equation modeling of mental toughness among university learners. Global Journal of Health Science. 11 (4). https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n4p149 

Anderson, G. (1994). A proactive model for training needs analysis. Journal of European Industrial Training. 18(3), 23-28 

Andre K. A., Williams N., Schwartz F., & Bullard C., (2017). Benefits of campus outdoor recreation programs: A review of the literature. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 9(1),15–25 https://doi.org/ 10.18666/JOREL-2017-V9-I1-7491 

Andrews, C. G., & Allen, J. M. (2002). Utilization of technology-enhanced Delphi techniques. In Workforce Education Forum ,29 (1), 1-15 

Anizu, M., Kumaraswamy, N., Singh, R. & Rusli, M. (2003). Mental toughness profile as one of predictor of injuries among Malaysian professional football players. Paper presented at the Seminar Kebangsaan Memperkasakan Sistem Pendidikan, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. 

Annear, M. J., Toye, C., McInerney, F., Eccleston, C., Tranter, B., Elliott, K. E., & Robinson, A. (2015). What should we know about dementia in the 21st Century? A Delphi consensus study. BMC Geriatrics, 15(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0008-1 

Alreck, P., Settle, R. (2002). Gender effects on Internet, catalogue, and store shopping. J Database Mark Cust Strategy Management. 9, 150–162  

Austin M. L., Martin, B., Mittelstaedt, R., Schanning, K., & Ogle, D. (2009). Outdoor orientation program effects: Sense of place and social benefits. Journal of Experiential Education, 31(3), 435–439. 

Awang, Z., (2016). Research Methodology and Data Analysis (2nd ed.).  Universiti Teknologi Mara. UiTM Press. ISBN 978-967-363-422-4 

Awang, Z., Afthanorhan, A., & Mamat, M. (2016). The Likert scale analysis using parametric based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Computational Methods in Social Sciences, 4(1), 13 

Aziz, S. F. A. (2016). Evaluating training effectiveness using the Malaysian sample: Tracing the mediation effect of training motivation using SEM-AMOS. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(S6), 94-100 

Bandan, A. P., & Dewanti, R. (2019). Designing ICT competences-integrated syllabuses of reading courses (design and development study of English language education program syllabuses). International Journal of Language Education and Cultural Review, 5(2), 1-13 

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191 

Baninajarian, N. & Zulhamri A. (2009). Groups in context: A model of group effectiveness. European Journal of Social Sciences, 8(2), 335-340 

Beattie, S., Hardy, L., & Woodman, T. (2004). Pre competition self-confidence: The role of the self. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(3), 427-441. 

Beattie, S., Hardy, L., Savage, J., Woodman, T., & Callow, N. (2011). Development and validation of a trait measure of robustness of self-confidence. Psychology of sport and exercise, 12(2), 184-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010 .09.008 

Beckford, T. S., Poudevigne, M., Irving, R. R., & Golden, K. D. (2016). Mental toughness and coping skills in male sprinters. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 338-347 

Behjati, S., Pandya, S., & Kumar, D. (2012). Application of structural equation modelling (SEM) to explain online purchasing intention: An extension of Theory of Planed Behaviour (TPB). Industrial Engineering Letters, 2(6), 33-41. 

Beightol, J., Jevertson, J., Gray, S., Carter, S., & Gass, M. A. (2012). Adventure education and resilience enhancement: A mixed methods study. Journal of Experiential Education, 35 (2), 307-325. https:/doi.org/ 10.1177/105382591203500203 

Bell, J. J., Hardy, L., & Beattie, S. (2013). Enhancing mental toughness and performance under pressure in elite young cricketers: A 2-year longitudinal intervention. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2(4), 281 

Bhattacharjee, K. K., Shankar, R., Gupta, M. P., & Dey, P. (2011). Interpretive structural modelling of knowledge management enablers for technical institutions of higher learning in India. Global Journal of e-Business and Knowledge Management, 7(1), 1-18 

Biggs, A., Brough, P., & Drummond, S. (2017). Lazarus and Folkman’s psychological stress and coping theory. The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice, Hoboken, NJ, US: Wiley Blackwell. 351-364 

Blanca, M. J., Arnau, J., López-Montiel, D., Bono, R., & Bendayan, R. (2013). Skewness and kurtosis in real data samples. Methodology 9, 78-84. https//doi:10.1027/1614-2241/a000057 

Bonett, D. G., & Wright, T. A. (2015). Cronbach's alpha reliability: Interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size planning. Journal of organizational behavior, 36(1), 3-15 

Bowen, D. J., Neill, J. T., Williams, I. R., Mak, A. S., Allen, N. B., & Olsson, C. A. (2016). A profile of outdoor adventure interventions for young people in Australia. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 8(1). 

Bowen, D., & Neill, J. (2013). A meta-analysis of adventure therapy outcomes and moderators. The Open Psychology Journal, 6(1), 28–53 

Boyle, I. (2002). The impact of outdoor adventure-based training on team cohesion and psychological skills development in elite sporting teams. Unpublished doctoral thesis., University of Wollogong, Wollogong. 

Branch, R. M. (2014). The ASSURE Model: The Legacy Continues. 60-64 

Brand, S., Gerber, M., Kalak, N., Kirov, R., Lemola, S., Clough, P. J., & Holsboer-Trachsler, E. (2014). Adolescents with greater mental toughness show higher sleep efficiency, more deep sleep and fewer awakenings after sleep onset. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(1), 109-113 

Braun, T., & Dierkes, P., (2016). Connecting students to nature – how intensity of nature experience and student age influence the success of outdoor education programs. Journal of Environmental Education Research. 23 (7), 937-949. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1214866 

Brockner, J., & Higgins E. T., (2001). Regulatory focus theory: Implications for the study of emotions at work. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 86, (1), 35-66 

Brunner, M., & SÜß, H. M. (2005). Analysing the reliability of multidimensional measures: An example from intelligence research. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65(2), 227-240 

Bryant, F. B. (1989). A four-factor model of perceived control: Avoiding, coping, obtaining, and savouring. Journal of personality, 57(4), 773-797 

Buhrow, C., Digmann, J., & Waldron, J. J. (2017). The relationship between sports specialization and mental toughness. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(1), 44-52 

Bull, S., Shambrook, C, James, W., & Brooks, E. (2005). Towards an understanding of mental toughness in elite English cricketers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 209-227.  

Butt, J., Weinberg, R., & Cuip, B. (2010). Exploring mental toughness in NCAA athletes.  Joumal of Intercollegiate Sport, 3, 316-332 

Chang, P. L., Hsu, C. W., & Chang, P. C. (2011). Fuzzy Delphi method of evaluating hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36, 14172-14179 

Charan, P., Shankar, R., & Baisya, R. K. (2008). Analysis of interactions among the variables of supply chain performance measurement system implementation. Business Process Management Journal, 14,512-529, https://doi .org /10.1108/ 14637150810888055 

Chen, I. J., & Paulraj, A. (2004). Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of operations management, 22(2), 119-150 

Chiang, Y. T., Fang, W. T., Kaplan, U., & Ng, E., (2019). Locus of control: the mediation effect between emotional stability and pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Sustainability, 11 (3), 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/su110 30820 

Çiftçi, S. K., & Yildiz, P. (2019). The effect of self-confidence on mathematics achievement: the meta-analysis of Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 683-694 

Clair-Thompson S. H., Giles R., McGeown S. P., Putwain, D., Clough, P., & Perry J., (2017). Mental toughness and transitions to high school and to undergraduate study. International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology, 37, 792-809. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2016.1184746 

Clough, P., & Strycharczyk, D. (2012). Developing mental toughness: improving performance, wellbeing, and positive behaviour in others. Kogan Page Publishers. 

Clough, P., Houge Mackenzie, H., S., Mallabon, L., & Brymer, E. (2016). Adventurous physical activity environments: a mainstream intervention for mental health. Sports Medicine, 46(7), 963-968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0503-3 

Clough, P., Earle, K., Sewell, D. (2002) Mental toughness: the concept and its measurement. In Cockerill, I. (Ed.) Solutions in sport psychology. London: Thompson. 32–45 

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research Methods in Education (8 ed.). Routledge 

Connaughton, D., Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (2010). The development and maintenance of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 24(2), 168-193. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.24.2.168 

Connole, I. (2009) Towards an understanding of mental toughness in high School boys' basketball. California State University, Fullerton:  ProQuest LLC. 

Cotchett, M. P., Landorf, K. B., Munteanu, S. E., & Raspovic, A. M. (2011). Consensus for dry needling for plantar heel pain (plantar fasciitis): a modified Delphi study. Acupuncture in Medicine, 29(3), 193-202 

Coulter, T. J., Mallett, C. J., & Singer, J. A. (2016). A subculture of mental toughness in an Australian Football League club. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 98-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.06.007 

Coulter, T., Mallett, C. J., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2010). Understanding mental toughness in australian soccer: perceptions of players, parents, and coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 699-716. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/02640411003734085 

Covassin, T., & Pero, S. (2004). The relationship between self-confidence, mood state, and anxiety among collegiate tennis players. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 27(3), 121-124 

Cresswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative & quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks: Saga Publication 

Creswell, R. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Sage Publications, USA 

Creswell, L. (2010), Educational research - planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research, (4th Ed.), Pearson Merril Prentice Hall, New Jersey 

Crust, L. (2007). Mental toughness in sport: A review. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(3), 270-290 

Crust, L., & Keegan, R. (2010). Mental toughness and attitudes to risk-taking. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(3), 164-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.026 

Crust, L., & Clough, P. J. (2011). Developing mental toughness: From research to practice. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2011.563436 

Crust, L., & Swann, C. (2011). Comparing two measures of mental toughness. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 217-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.032 

Crust, L. (2008). A review and conceptual re-examination of mental toughness: Implications for future researchers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 576-583 

Crust, L. & Azadi, K. (2010). Mental toughness and athletes’ use of psychological strategies. European Journal of Sport Science, 10(1), 43-51 

Culley, J. M. (2011). Use of a computer-mediated Delphi process to validate a mass casualty conceptual model. Computers, informatics, nursing: CIN, 29(5), 272 

Debata, B. R., Patnaik, B., Mahapatra, S. S., & Sreekumar. (2012). An integrated approach for service quality improvement in medical tourism: an Indian perspective. International Journal of Services and Operations Management, 13(1), 119-145 

Debnath, R. M., & Shankar, R. (2012). Improving service quality in technical education: use of interpretive structural modelling. Quality Assurance in Education. 20 (4), 387-407. https://doi.org/10.1108/09684881211264019 

Delahaij, R., & Van, D, K., (2017). Coping with acute stress in the military: The influence of coping style, coping self-efficacy and appraisal emotions. Personality and Individual Differences. 119 (1), 13-18 

Daniel J. M., Dale G. S., & Tian L. K., (2005). Minimum Sample Size Recommendations for Conducting Factor Analyses, International Journal of Testing, 5(2), 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327574ijt0502_4 

Darst, P. W., & Armstrong, G. P. (1980). Outdoor adventure activities for school and recreation programs. Prospects Height, IL: Waveland 

Davidson C., (2016). Building character through adventure education: a study of levels of grit and resilience in outward bound students. Indiana University. ProQuest LLC 

Davidson C., Ewert A., and Chang Y., (2016). Multiple methods for identifying outcomes of a high challenge adventure activity. Journal of Experiential Education, 39 (2) 164–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825916634116 

Debarnot, U., Sperduti, M., Di Rienzo, F., & Guillot, A. (2014). Experts’ bodies, experts minds: How physical and mental training shape the brain. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 280. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00280 

Debnath, R. M. (2012). Improving service quality in technical education: use of interpretive structural modelling. Quality Assurance in Education, 20(4),387-407. https://doi.org/10.1108/09684881211264019 

De Lira, M. R., De Oliveira, A. S., França, R. A., Pereira, A. C., Godfrey, E. L., & Chaves, T. C. (2020). The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS-Br) showed acceptable reliability, validity, and responsiveness in chronic low back pain. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 21(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03308-z 

Delaney, B., Crandell, D., & Barfield, P., (2014). Sport-based therapeutic recreation: Perceived outcomes and implications. Research Palaestra 28 (3), 21-32 

Dewhurst, S. A., Anderson, R. J., Howe, D., & Clough, P. J., (2019). The relationship between mental toughness and cognitive control: Evidence from the item-method directed forgetting task. Journal of Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33 (5), 943-951 

De Winter, J. C., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2016). Comparing the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients across distributions and sample sizes: A tutorial using simulations and empirical data. Psychological methods, 21(3), 273 

DeWitt, D., Siraj, S., Alias, N., & Leng, C. H. (2013). Retrospective evaluation of a collaborative learningscience module: The users' perspective. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 1(2), 33-43 

DeWitt D, Siraj S., Alias N., (2014). Collaborative mLearning: A module for learning secondary school science. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 17 (1), 89-101  

Dickson, T. J., Gray, T. & Mann, K. (2008). Australian outdoor adventure activity benefits catalogue. University of Canberra, 2-31 

Dillon. J., Rickinson, M., Teamey, K., Morris, M., Choi, M. Y., Sanders, D. & Benefield, P. (2006). The value of outdoor learning: evidence from research in the UK and elsewhere. School Science Review, 87(320), 107-110 

DiStefano, C., Liu, J., Jiang, N., & Shi, D. (2018). Examination of the weighted root mean square residual: Evidence for trustworthiness? Structural Equation Modelling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25(3), 453-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2017.1390394 

Divya, L. R., & Sudhier, K. G. (2018). Attitude to PIM Behaviour of Research Scholars at the University of Kerala. KLA Journal of Information Science & Technology, 14-23 

Drees, M. J., & Mack, M. G. (2012). An examination of mental toughness over the course of a competitive season. Journal of Sport Behavior, 35(4) 

Dwi Y. N., Randy S. S., Bambang P. J., Muhammad G. A. F., Aidil I., Muhammad I. B., Fadila K. R., Nurlifiana S., (2020). The mediating effect of motivation and competitive experience variables on the effect of mental toughness and competitive anxiety on athletes. Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreations, 9 (2), 122 – 130. https://doi.org/10.15294/active.v9i2.38731 

Edwards, P. (2010). Questionnaires in clinical trials: guidelines for optimal design and administration. Trials, 11(1), 1-8. 

Ellie Lawrence-Wood and Ivan Raymond (2011). Exploring post-program psychological adjustment for adult staff facilitating a wilderness adventure program. Journal of Experiential Education., 33(4) 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/105382591003300404 

Ellis, T. J., & Levy, Y. (2010, June). A guide for novice researchers: Design and development research methods. Proceedings of Informing Science & IT Education Conference (InSITE). 10, 107-118. 

Ewert, A., & Hollenhorst, S. (1989). Testing the adventure model: Empirical support for a model of risk recreation participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 21(2), 124-139. 

Ewert, A. W., (1989). Outdoor adventure pursuits: Foundations, models, and theories.  Scottdale, AZ: Publishing Horizons, Inc. 

Ewert, A., & Yoshino, A. (2008). A preliminary exploration of the influence of short-term adventure-based expeditions on levels of resilience. Journal of Experiential Education, 30(3), 262-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/105382590703 000308 

Eyduran, E., Topal, M., & Sonmez, A. Y. (2010). Use of factor scores in multiple regression analysis for estimation of body weight by several body measurements in brown trouts. https://doi.org/10–164/DJZ/2010/12–4–611–615 

Fidell, L. S., & Tabachnick, B. G. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th Ed. Boston: Ally and Bacon 

Förster, J., & Higgins, E. T. (2005). How global versus local perception fits regulatory focus. Psychological science, 16(8), 631-636 

Fourie, S., & Potgieter, J. R. (2001). The nature of mental toughness in sport. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education & Recreation, 23, 62-73 

Fred B. B., (1989). A Four-Factor Model of Perceived Control: Avoiding, Coping, Obtaining, and Savoring. Journal of Personality. 57 (4), 773-797 

Frida P., & Cut E. R., (2021). 21st Century skills-based beginner level reading teaching materials: A need analysis result. Jurnal Bahasa Jepang Taiyou, 2(1), 54 – 76. https://doi.org/10.22236/taiyou.v2i1.7265 

Gaffar V., Yuniawati Y., & Ridwanudin, O., (2019). A study of outdoor recreation motivation and activity preferences. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University. 54 (3), https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.54.3.23 

Gaskin, J., James, M., and Lim, J. (2019). Master Validity Tool. AMOS Plugin  

Gaskin, J., & Lim, J. (2016). Model fit measures. Gaskination’s StatWiki, 1-55. 

Gaskin, J., & Lim, J. (2016). Master validity tool. AMOS Plugin In: Gaskination’s StatWiki. 

Gatzemann, T., Schweizer, K. & Hummel, A. (2008). Effectiveness of sports activities with an orientation on experiential education, adventure-based learning, and outdoor-education. Effectiveness of Sports: Kinesiology, 40(2), 146-152. 

George, I. S., Cullen, M., & Branney M., (2009). Healthline: Do primary care doctors agree with the advice? The Medical New Zealand Journal, 118 (1224). ISSN 1175-8716. 

George, T. R. (1994). Self-confidence and baseball performance: A causal examination of self-efficacy theory. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 16(4), 381-399 

Georgakopoulos, A. (2009). Teacher Effectiveness Examined as a System: Interpretive Structural Modeling and Facilitation Sessions with U.S. and Japanese Students. International Education Studies, 2 (3), 60-7 

Gerber, M., Kalak, N., Lemola, S., Clough, P. J., Perry, J. L., Pühse, U., & Brand, S. (2013). Are adolescents with high mental toughness levels more resilient against stress? Journal of Stress and Health, 29(2), 164-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2447 

Giannarou, L., & Zervas, E. (2014). Using Delphi technique to build consensus in practice. International Journal of Business Science & Applied Management (IJBSAM), 9(2), 65-82. 

Godbey, G. (2009). Outdoor recreation, health, and wellness: Understanding and enhancing the relationship. Resources for the Future, 2-29 

Goffin, R. D. (2007). Assessing the adequacy of structural equation models: Golden rules and editorial policies. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 831-839 

Goldberg A.S. (1998). Sports Slump Busting: 10 Steps to mental toughness and peak performance. Champing, IL: Human Kinetics 

Golby, J., Sheard, M., & Van Wersch, A. (2007). Evaluating the factor structure of the psychological performance inventory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105 (1), 309-325 

Gorman, C. A., Meriac, J. P., Overstreet, B. L., Apodaca, S., McIntyre, A. L., Park, P., & Godbey, J. N. (2012). A meta-analysis of the regulatory focus nomological network: Work-related antecedents and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 160-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.07.005 

Grant, J. S., & Davis L. L., (1998).  Selection and use of content experts for instrument development. Research in Nursing & Health. 20 (3), 269-274 

Gratton, C., & Jones, I. (2004). Research methods for studies. London: Routlegde 

Grimshaw, J., Campbell, M., Eccles, M., & Steen, N. (2000). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for evaluating strategies. Family Practices, 17, 11-18 

Gucciardi, D. F. (2012). Measuring mental toughness in sport: a psychometric examination of the Psychological Performance Inventory–A and its predecessor. Journal of personality assessment, 94(4), 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.660292 

Gucciardi D. F., (2017). Mental toughness: progress and prospects. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.010 

Gucciardi, D. F., Peeling, P., Kagan, D. J., & Dawson, B. (2016). When the going gets tough: Mental toughness and its relationship with behavioural perseverance. Journal Of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(1), 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.12.005 

Gucciardi, D. F., & Gordon, S. (2008). Personal constructs psychology and the research interview: The example of mental toughness in sport. Personal Construct Theory & Practice, 5, 119-130. 

Gucciardi D. F., Hanton S., Gordon S., Mallett C. J. &, Temby P., (2015). The concept of mental toughness: tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitress. Journal of Personality. 83 (1), 24-44. https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/jopy.12079 

Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2008). Towards an understanding of mental toughness in Australian football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20, 261-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200801998556 

Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2009a). Advancing mental toughness research and theory using personal construct psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2, 54-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840802705938 

Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2009b). Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: I. A quantitative analysis. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 307-323.  

Guite, L.D. (2002). Adventure education: Impact on team building, trust and cooperation. Unpublished master’s thesis: University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. 

Guillén, F., & Laborde, S. (2014). Higher-order structure of mental toughness and the analysis of latent mean differences between athletes from 34 disciplines and non-athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 60, 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.019 

Hamid, A. M. R., Sami, W., & Sidek, M. M. (2017, September). Discriminant validity assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT criterion. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series 890(1), 012163 

Hair, J.F., Celsi M., Money A., & Page M. J. (2015). The Essentials of Business Research Methods (3rd Ed). Routledge: Taylor dan Francis 

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). (2nd Ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 

Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Uppersaddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education Limited 

Hair, J. F., Gabriel, M., & Patel, V. (2014). AMOS covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM): Guidelines on its application as a marketing research tool. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13(2) 

Hanif A. R. (2009). The effect of outdoor education on students’ social emotional competencies development and engagement in classroom. Paper presented at Fourth International Outdoor Education Research Conference, La Trobe University, Beechworth, Victoria, Australia. 

Hallowell, M. R., & Gambatese, J. A. (2010). Qualitative research: Application of the Delphi method to CEM research. Journal of construction engineering and management, 136(1), 99-107 

Haluza, D., Schönbauer, R.., & Cervinka, R. (2014). Green perspectives for public health: a narrative review on the physiological effects of experiencing outdoor nature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11, 5445-5461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110505445 

Hardesty, D. M., & Bearden, W. O. (2004). The use of expert judges in scale development: Implications for improving face validity of measures of unobservable constructs. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 98-107. 

Hasson, F., Keeney, S., & McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal of advanced nursing, 32(4), 1008-1015. 

Henderson, E. J., & Rubin, G. P. (2012). Development of a community-based model for respiratory care services. BMC Health Services Research, 12(1), 1-10. 

Heiko, A. V. D. G. (2012). Consensus measurement in Delphi studies: review and implications for future quality assurance. Technological forecasting and social change, 79(8), 1525-1536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.04.013 

Henley Centre Headlight Vision (2005). A report for Natural England’s outdoor recreation strategy, 3-28. 

Henseler, J., C. M. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modelling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43 (1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 

Hogg, C. (2007).  An assessment of mental toughness in rugby union. Unpublished master’s thesis, Gloucester Academy, England. 

Holland, J.G. M., Woodcock, C., Cumming, J., & Duda L. J. (2010). Mental qualities and employed mental techniques of young elite team sport athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4, 19-38. 

Holly D., Michael S., & Bethany T., (2012). Advantages and limitations of the e-delphi technique. American Journal of Health Education, 43 (1), 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2012.10599216 

Hopwood, C. J., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). How should the internal structure of personality inventories be evaluated? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(3), 332-346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310361240 

Hoque, M. Z., Alam, M., & Nahid, K. A. (2018). Health consciousness and its effect on perceived knowledge, and belief in the purchase intent of liquid milk: Consumer insights from an emerging market. Foods, 7(9), 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7090150 

Hoque, A. S. M. M. (2018). The effect of entrepreneurial orientation on Bangladeshi SME performance: Role of organizational culture. International Journal of Data & Network Science, 2(1), 1-14https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2018.7.001 

Hu, L., Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. SEM, 6(1), 1-55 

Ismail, N. K., Mohamed, S., & Hamzah, M. I. (2019). The application of the fuzzy delphi technique to the required aspect of parental involvement in the effort to inculcate positive attitude among preschool children. Creative Education, 10(12), 2907-2921. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2019.1012216 

Jack E. F., (2008). Response rates and responsiveness for surveys, standards, and the journal. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 72(2), 43 

Jain, P. M., & Shandliya, V. K. (2013). A survey paper on comparative study between principal component analysis (PCA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 3(6), 415-424 

Jain, T., Sharma, R., Singh, A., & Mehta, K. (2020). Mental Toughness in Indian Elite Athletes: Psychometric Validation of the Psychological Performance Inventory. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 11(1), 671-676. https://doi.org/10.37506/v11/i1/2020/ijphrd /193901 

Jalili, F., Hosseini, S. A., Jalili, F., & Salehian, M. H. (2011). Comparison of personality dimensions, mental toughness, and social skills of female students’ athletes (team individual) and non-athletes. Annals of Biological Research, 2(6), 554-560. 

John M. D., Jayaratne K. S. U., & Anil K. C., (2020) Evaluation competencies and challenges faced by early career extension professionals: Developing a competency model through consensus building. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 26 (2), 183-201. https:// doi.org/ 10.1080/ 1389224X.2019.1671204 

Jonathan V. P., Milla G., Stephen A. F. Hendely A., & A., (2021). Motivation and Mental Toughness among Table Tennis Athletes: Achievement in Sports Performance. International Journal of Science and Management Studies. 4 (i3), 162-170 

Jones, M. I. (2020). Does mental toughness predict physical endurance? A replication and extension of Crust and Clough (2005). Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 9(3), 461–470 

Jones, J., & Hidiroglou, M. (2013). Capturing, coding, and cleaning survey data. Designing and conducting business surveys, 459-504 

Jones, J. G., & Cale, A. (1989). Precompetition temporal patterning of anxiety and self-confidence in males and females. Journal of Sport Behavior, 12(4), 183 

Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 205-218 

Joshi, V. A., & Kalode, R. D. (2019). A comparative study of mental toughness in elite taekwondo players. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition, & Physical Education, 4, 841-842 

Kelly, S. E., Moher, D., & Clifford, T. J. (2016). Defining rapid reviews: a modified Delphi consensus approach. International journal of technology assessment in health care, 32(4), 265-275 

Kim, B. (2010). An empirical investigation of mobile data service continuance: Incorporating the theory of planned behavior into the expectation–confirmation model. Expert systems with applications, 37(10), 7033-7039 

Kimhi, E., Reishtein, J. L., Cohen, M., Friger, M., Hurvitz, N., & Avraham, R. (2016). Impact of simulation and clinical experience on self-efficacy in nursing students: Intervention study. Nurse Educator, 41(1), E1-E4. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000194 

Klein, H. J., & Park, H. M. (2016). Commitment as a unidimensional construct. In Handbook of employee commitment. Edward Elgar Publishing 

Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd Ed.). New York: Guilford 

Klette, A. (2017). Mental toughness, job demands and job resources: testing the effects on engagement and stress of South African emergency personnel. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University) 

Koneru, I. (2010). ADDIE: Designing web-enabled information literacy instructional modules. Desidoc Journal of lLibrary & Information technology, 30(3), 23-33 

Korpela, K., Borodulin, K., Neuvonen, M., Paronen, O., & Tyrväinen, (2014). Analyzing the mediators between nature-based outdoor recreation and emotional well-being. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 37, 1-7, ISSN 0272-4944 

Kovach, J. S. (2019). Outdoor recreation increases self-confidence in women. The Journal of Student Leadership, 3(1), 27-35 

Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610 

Kuan, G.  & Roy, J. (2007). Goal profiles, mental toughness, and its influence on performance outcomes among Wushu athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences and Medicine, 6, 28-33 

Kumar A., (2017). A comparative study of mental toughness between team sports and individual sports. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 2017; 4(5): 182-184 

Lanaj, K., Chang, C. H., & Johnson, R. E. (2012). Regulatory focus and work-related outcomes: a review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(5), 998 

Laufer, D., & Jung, J. M. (2010). Incorporating regulatory focus theory in product recall communications to increase compliance with a product recall. Public Relations Review, 36(2), 147-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.03.004 

Li, C., Zhang, Y., Randhawa, A. K., & Madigan, D. J. (2020). Emotional exhaustion and sleep problems in university students: Does mental toughness matter? Personality and Individual Differences, 163, 110046. 

Lin, Y., Clough, P. J., Welch, J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Individual differences in mental toughness associate with academic performance and income. Personality and Individual Differences, 113, 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.039 

Lin, Y., Mutz, J., Clough, P. J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Mental toughness and individual differences in learning, educational and work performance, psychological well-being, and personality: A systematic review. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1345 

Lee, K., Jun, H., & Park, H., (2018). Social support, stress coping skill, and life satisfaction of middle-aged and elderly adults: A path analysis. Journal of Innovation Aging, 2(1). https://doi.org/103. 10.1093/geroni/igy023.386 

Lekies K. S., Yost G., & Rode J., (2015). Urban youth's experiences of nature: Implications for outdoor adventure recreation. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 9, 1-10 

Levy, A., Nicholls, A., & Polman, R. (2012). Cognitive appraisals in sport: The direct and moderating role of mental toughness. International Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(4), 71-76 

Liew, G. C., Kuan, G., Chin, N. S., & Hashim, H. A. (2019). Mental toughness in sport. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 49(4), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-019-00603-3 

Loehr, J. E. (1982). Athletic excellence: Mental toughness training for sports. New York: Forum Publishing Company 

Loehr, J. E. (1986). Mental toughness training for sports: Achieving athletic excellence. Lexington, MA: Stephen Greene Press 

Lopes, V. P., Saraiva, L., & Rodrigues, L. P. (2018). Reliability and construct validity of the test of gross motor development-2 in Portuguese children. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 250-260 

Mack, M. G., & Ragan B. G. (2008). Development of the mental, emotional, and bodily toughness inventory in collegiate athletes and non-athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(2), 125-132 

MacMillan, G., & St Clair-Thompson, H. (2021). The relationship between mental toughness and subjective mental illness recovery. New Ideas in Psychology, 63, 100881 

Mackenzie, S. H., Son, J. S., & Eitel, K. (2018). Using outdoor adventure to enhance intrinsic motivation and engagement in science and physical activity: An exploratory study. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 21, 76-86 

Maddi, S. R. (2004). Hardiness: An operationalization of existential courage. Journal of humanistic psychology, 44(3), 279-298 

Madrigal, L., Hamill, S., & Gill, D. L. (2013). Mind over matter: The development of the Mental Toughness Scale (MTS). The Sport Psychologist, 27(1), 62-77. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.1.62 

Mahoney J. W., Gucciardi. D. F., Mallett, C. J., & Nikos Ntoumanis, N., (2014). Adolescent performers’ perspectives on mental toughness and its development: The utility of the bioecological model. Human Kinetics Journal. 28 (3), 233-244. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2013-0050 

Malhotra N. K., Dash S. (2011). Marketing Research an Applied Orientation. London: Pearson Publishing 

Margono, G. (2013). The Development of instrument for measuring attitudes toward statistics using semantic differential scale. Proceeding of International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education, 241-250 

María-José R. C., Alicia G. H., Valentina, Z., & Francisco J. P., (2018). Delphi study to identify the young people priorities about digital society. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality, 242–246 

María J. B., Jaume A., Dolores L. M., Roser B., & Rebecca B., (2013). Skewness and Kurtosis in real data samples. 9 (2), 78-84. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000057 

Martin, S. C. (2009). The influence of outdoor school yard experiences on elementary students’ environmental knowledge, attitudes, behaviours, and comfort level. University of Florida 

Mason, K. J., & Alamdari, F. (2007). EU network carriers, low-cost carriers, and consumer behaviour: A Delphi study of future trends. Journal of air transport management, 13(5), 299-310 

McGeown, S. P., St Clair-Thompson, H., & Clough, P. (2016). The study of non-cognitive attributes in education: Proposing the mental toughness framework. Educational Review, 68(1), 96-113 

McGeown, S., St. Clair-Thompson, H., & Putwain, D. W. (2018). The Development and Validation of a Mental Toughness Scale for Adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 36(2), 148–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916673512 

Mckenzie S. H., Son, J. S., & Eitel, K., (2018). Using outdoor adventure to enhance intrinsic motivation and engagement in science and physical activity: An exploratory study. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism (21), 76-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2018.01.008 

McGinn, M. K., Niemczyk, E. K., & Saudelli, M. G. (2013). Fulfilling an ethical obligation: An educative research assistantship. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 59(1), 72-91. https://doi.org/10.11575/ajer.v59i1.55678 

Md Taff, M. A., (2012). Teori, Model Rekreasi dan Pendidikan Luar. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia. ISBN 978-983-3759-81-1 

Md Taff, M. A., (2020). Syarahan Profesor 2020: Realiti dan Cabaran Rekreasi Luar di Malaysia. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2159-42-1 

Md. Taff, M.A (2010). Effects of a residential outdoor education camp on environmental attitudes of first year undergraduate students from selected Malaysian universities. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia 

Md Taff, M. A., Shafie, M. S., Zakaria J., Mohd Yasim,M. & Abdul Rahman W. M., (2012). Effects of mental toughness in outdoor adventure program among Malaysian intervarsity athletes. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 52(1), 5 -6 

Merritt, S. M. (2012). The two-factor solution to Allen and Meyer’s (1990) affective commitment scale: Effects of negatively worded items. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(4), 421-436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-011-9252-3  

Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J., (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Advanced. Elsevier. Human Resource Management Review 1 (1), 61-89 

Middleton, S. C., Marsh, H. W., Martin, A. J., Richards, G. E., Savis, J., Perry Jr, C., & Brown, R. (2004). The Psychological Performance Inventory: Is the mental toughness test tough enough? International Journal of Sport Psychology. 33-37 

Miller, D., & Salkind, N. J. (2002). The roles of models in research design. Handbook of research design & social measurement, 46-49 

Miller, S. C., Schwartz, M. L., Lima, J. C., Shield, R. R., Tyler, D. A., Berridge, C. W., & Clark, M. A. (2018). The prevalence of culture change practice in US nursing homes: Findings from a 2016/17 nationwide survey. Medical care, 56(12), 985 

Middleton, S. C., Marsh, H. M., Martin, A. J., Richards, G. E., & Perry, C. (2004a).  Discovering mental toughness: A qualitative study of mental toughness in elite athletes. Psychology Today, 22, 60-72  

Middleton, S. C., Marsh, H. M., Martin, A. J., Richards, G. E., & Perry, C. (2004b). Mental Toughness: Is the mental toughness test tough enough? International Journal of Sport & Exercise Science, 35, 19-108 

Middleton, S. C., Marsh, H. M., Martin, A. J., Richards, G. E., & Perry, C. (2004c). Developing Mental Toughness Inventory (MTI). Self-Research Centre Biannual Conference, Berlin 

Miçoogullari, B. O., & Ekmekçi, R., (2017). Evaluation of a Psychological Skill Training Program on Mental Toughness and Psychological Wellbeing for Professional Soccer Players. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5 (12), 2312-2319 

Mohajan H. K., (2017). Two criteria for good measurements in research: Validity and Reliability. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 8 (17) 59-82 

Mohamad M. (2019). Budaya Sukan di Malaysia: Dimanakah Kita? Institute for Youth Research Malaysia (IYRES). ISBN 2180-4044 

Mohamad, M. M., Sulaiman, N. L., Sern, L. C., & Salleh, K. M. (2015). Measuring the validity and reliability of research instruments. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 204, 164-171 

Mohamad N, A., Omar F. M.s & Abu S. B. (2009). The effect of higher score of mental toughness in the early stage of the leagues towards winning Malaysian football players. Research Journal of International Studies, 12 (1), 68-78 

Mohamad, B., Saad, H. S. M., & Ismail, S. H. S. (2014). The role of integrity as a mediator between work satisfaction and work performance in the perspective of Islam: An empirical Approach using SEM/AMOS Model. International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences, 2(1), 71-84 

Moore, L. L., Grabsch, D. K., & Rotter, C. (2010). Using achievement motivation theory to explain student participation in a residential leadership learning community. Journal of leadership education, 9(2), 22-34 

Morris, C., Janssens, A., Tomlinson, R., Williams, J., & Logan, S. (2013). Towards a definition of neutralizability: a Delphi survey. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 55(12), 1103-1108. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12218 

Msibi, P.N., Mogale, R., De Waal, M. & Ngcobo, N., (2018). Using e-Delphi to formulate and appraise the guidelines for women’s health concerns at a coal mine: A case study. Curationis 41(1) 1-6 

Murray, T. J., Pipino, L. L., & Gigch, J. P. (1985). A Pilot Study of Fuzzy Set Modification of Delphi. Human System Management, 5, 76-80 

Mustapha, R., Hussin, Z., & Siraj, S. (2017). Analisis faktor penyebab ketidakjujuran akademik dalam kalangan mahasiswa: aplikasi teknik Fuzzy Delphi. JuKu: Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 5(2), 1-18. 

Mutz M., & Muller J., (2016). Mental health benefit of outdoor adventures: Results from two pilot studies. Journal of Adolescence 49, 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.009 

Najafi, N., Khalkhali, H., Moghaddam Tabrizi, F., & Zarrin, R. (2018). Major dietary patterns in relation to menstrual pain: a nested case control study. BMC women's health, 18(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0558-4 

Nancy O., Omara D., Mohammed J., Ian K., Mona K., & Kamran S., (2018). Which behaviour change techniques may help waterpipe smokers to quit? an expert consensus using a modified delphi technique. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Volume 20 (2), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw297 

Neill, J. (2001). The Impact of outward-bound challenge courses on disadvantaged youth. Unpublished manuscript, University of Canberra.  

Newland, A., Newton, M., Finch, L., Harbke, C. R., & Podlog, L. (2013). Moderating variables in the relationship between mental toughness and performance in basketball. Journal of sport and health science, 2(3), 184-192 

Nicol R. (2014). Entering the Fray: The role of outdoor education in providing nature-based experiences that matter. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 46 (5), 449-461 

Nicholls. A. R., Polman, R. C. J., Levy, A.R., & Bachhouse, S. H., (2008). Mental Toughness, optimism, pessimism, and coping among athletes. Personality and Individual Differences. 44, 1182-1192 

Nicholls, A. R., Perry, J. L., Jones, L., Sanctuary, C., Carson, F., & Clough, P. J. (2015). The mediating role of mental toughness in sport. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 55(7-8), 824-34 

Nideffer, R. M. (2007). Reliability and validity of the attentional and interpersonal style (TAIS) inventory concentration scales. Essential readings in sport and exercise psychology, (V), 28 

Nordbo I., & Prebensen K. N., (2015). Hiking as mental and physical experience. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, (11), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-354220150000011010 

Norlidah A., (2010). Pembangunan modul pedagogi berasaskan teknologi dan gaya pembelajaran Felder Silverman-kurikuluym fizik sekolah menengah. Unpublished PhD thesis of University of Malaysa: Kuala Lumpur 

Norris, E. K. (1999). Epistemologies of champions: A discursive analysis champions’ retrospective attributions; Looking back and looking within. Michigan: Michigan University Microfilms International 

Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(2), 166-180 

Ogbeifun, E., Agwa-Ejon, J., Mbohwa, C., & Pretorius, J. (2016, March). The Delphi technique: A credible research methodology. In International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (pp. 8-10). Kuala Lumpar, Malaysia 

Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Saputra, Y. H., Samad, N., Gheimi, Z., Asmuni, M. N., & Johar, M. (2012). Mental toughness among footballers: A case study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(1), 639 

Oliveira, T. P., Moral, R. A., Zocchi, S. S., Demetrio, C. G., & Hinde, J. (2020). An R package to estimate the concordance correlation, Pearson correlation and accuracy over time. Peer Journal, 8, e9850 

Outward Bound Malaysia. (1999). History of Outward-Bound Malaysia, Lumut. Retrieved 16th May 2011, from http://www.obslumut.org 

Papageorgiou, K. A., Malanchini, M., Denovan, A., Clough, P. J., Shakeshaft, N., Schofield, K., & Kovas, Y. (2018). Longitudinal associations between narcissism, mental toughness, and school achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 105-110. 

Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual - a step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows (version10), Buckingham Open University Press 

Parfitt, J. (2005). Questionnaire design and sampling. Methods in Human geography, 76-109 

Passarelli, A., Hall, E., & Anderson, M. (2010). A strengths-based approach to outdoor and adventure education: possibilities for personal growth. Journal of Experiential Education, 33(2), 120–132 

Pawlikowski, M., Nader, I. W., Burger, C., Stieger, S., & Brand, M. (2014). Pathological Internet use–It is a multidimensional and not a unidimensional construct. Addiction Research & Theory, 22(2), 166-175. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2013.793313 

Persai, D., Panda, R., & Kumar, R. (2016). A Delphi study for setting up tobacco research and practice network in India. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 14(1), 1-7 

Perry, J. L., Clough, P. J., Crust, L., Earle, K., & Nicholls, A. R. (2013). Factorial validity of the mental toughness questionnaire-48. Personality and individual differences, 54(5), 587-592 

Peterson, R. A., & Kim, Y. (2013). On the relationship between coefficient alpha and composite reliability. Journal of applied psychology, 98(1), 194. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030767 

Poirel, E., Lapointe, P., & Yvon, F. (2012). Coping with administrative constraints by Quebec school principals. Canadian journal of school psychology, 27(4), 302-318 

Powell, A. J., & Myers, T. D. (2017). Developing mental toughness: lessons from paralympians. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1270 

Powers, D. L. (2004). The effects of an outdoor education program on life effectiveness skills of participants. California State University 

Priest, S. & Gass, A. M. (2003). Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming (2nd ed). Human Kinetics. University of New Hampshire 

Ramos, B. N. (2019). Moving from access to success: How first-generation students of color can build resilience in higher education through mentorship. The Vermont Connection, 40(1), 9 

Ramos, D., Arezes, P., & Afonso, P. (2016). Application of the Delphi Method for the inclusion of externalities in occupational safety and health analysis. Dyna, 83(196), 14-20 

Raoprasert T., & Islam S., (2010). Designing an Efficient Management System: modeling of convergence factors exemplified by the case of Japanese businesses in Thailand. Springer Science & Business Media, 11-23 

Revelle, W., & Condon, D. M. (2019). Reliability from a to .: A tutorial. Psychological Assessment, 31(12), 1395–1411 

Reyes, Y., & Oreste, J. (2017). Acceptability level of developed material (SAI) using ASSURE model. The Educational Review, USA, 1(3), 61-69 

Richard G. C., Nicolas M., & Timothy R. D., (2021). A person-centered approach to achievement goal orientations in competitive tennis players: Associations with motivation and mental toughness. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 10 (1), 73-81 

Richard M. R., & Edward L. D., (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860 

Richey, R. C., & Klein, J. D. (2014). Design and development research. In Handbook of research on educational communications and technology, (pp. 141-150). Springer, New York, NY. 

Richey, R. C., & Klein, J. D. (2007). Design and development research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers 

Ridhuan M. M. J., Zaharah H., Nurul R. M. N., Ahmad A. S., & Norlidah A., (2013). Application of Fuzzy Delphi Method in educational research. design and developmental research. Kuala Lumpur: Pearson Malaysia  

Rios, M. J., & Brewer, J. (2014). Outdoor education and science achievement.  Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 13 (94), 234-240 

Rogers D. S., Loy D., & Brown-Bochicchio C., (2016). Sharing a new foxhole with friends the impact of outdoor recreation on injured military. Therapeutic Recreation Journal. L (3), 213–227 

Rosemary Stock, Siobhan Lynam & Moira Cachia (2018). Academic success: The role of mental toughness in predicting and creating success. Higher Education Pedagogies, 3(1), 429-433 

Rosli, M. S., Saleh, N. S., Alshammari, S. H., Ibrahim, M. M., Atan, A. S., & Atan, N. A. (2021). Improving questionnaire reliability using construct reliability for research in educational technology. International Journal of Interact. Mobility Technology, 15(4), 109-116. 

Rowley, J. (2014). Designing and using research questionnaires. Management Research Review, 37 (3), 308-330. 

Ruparel, N. (2020). Mental toughness: Promising new paradigms for the workplace. Cogent Psychology, 7(1), 1722354. https://doi.org/10.1080/233119 08.2020.1722354 

Sacramento, C. A., Fay, D., & West, M. A. (2013). Workplace duties or opportunities? Challenge stressors, regulatory focus, and creativity. Organizational behaviour and human decision processes, 121(2), 141-157. 

Saffie, N. A. M., Shukor N. M., & Rasmani K. A., (2016). Fuzzy delphi method: Issues and challenges. International Conference on Logistics, Informatics and Service Sciences (LISS), 2016, 1-7. 

Sahrir, M. S., Alias, N. A., Ismail, Z., & Osman, N. (2012). Employing Design and Development Research (DDR): Approaches in the Design and Development of Online Arabic Vocabulary Learning Games Prototype. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 11(2), 108-119. 

Said O. F. M., (2021). Pembangunan Instrumen Penilaian Kompetensi Jurulatih Pendidikan Luar Pusat Kokurikulum Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris 

Said, O. F. M., Taff, M. A. M., Hashim, A., Zakaria, J., Yasim, M. M., Shafie, M. S., & Johanis, N. J. (2020). Validity and reliability of model competency instrument of outdoor education co-curriculum centre in Malaysia. RIMS, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris 

Saidon, I. M. (2012). Moral disengagement in manufacturing: a Malaysian study of antecedents and outcomes. Doctoral dissertation, Curtin University 

Salimin, N., Elumalai, G., Shahril, M. I., & Subramaniam, G. (2015). The effectiveness of 8 weeks physical activity program among obese students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1246-1254 

Sarah J. W., Linda W., Tanya R., Guylaine L. D., (2019). Using the International Classification of functioning, disability, and health to identify outcome domains for a core outcome set for aphasia: a comparison of stakeholder perspectives. Journal of Disability and Rehabilitation. 41(5), 564-573 

Schaefer, J., Vella, S. A., Allen, M. S., & Magee, C. A. (2016). Competition anxiety, motivation, and mental toughness in golf. Journal of applied sport psychology, 28(3), 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2016.1162219 

Schuett, M. A. (1991). Testing the adventure model for outdoor adventure recreation participation. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 

Scott, C. (2018). Examining the relationship between basic needs theory and mental toughness transfer in mentally tough athletes. Illinois State University. 

Segù, M., Collesano, V., Lobbia, S., & Rezzani, C. (2005). Cross-cultural validation of a short form of the oral health impact profile for temporomandibular disorders. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology, 33(2), 125-130. 

Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2013). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (6th Ed.), Wiley, New York 

Shafie, M. S., Che Mat, H., Md Taff, M. A., Hamid, A. S. F., Basal, M. H., & Rahman M. W. A., (2015). Governing elite sport: intervention of outdoor adventure program in developing youth athletes’ mental toughness. Proceeding of Asian Association of Sport Management Conference, 12-13. 

Shafie. M. S., & Che Mat. H., (2014). Advancing recreational studies: An analysis of mental toughness in outdoor adventure program. Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology, p. 267-276. 

Shafie, M. S., Mat, H. C., Basal, M. H. B., Rahman, M. W. B. A., Hashim, M. B., Amri, H. F. H., & Ab Aziz, M. N., (2018). Analysing outdoor education program on athletes’ mental toughness. Proceeding of Malaysian Outdoor Recreation and Educstion, 24 

Shahin, A. (2017). A study on mental toughness among hockey players of Tiruvallur district (Avadi Town) research inspiration. An International Multidisciplinary e-Journal, 2(III), 18-21 

Shang, Y., & Yang, S. Y. (2021). The Effect of Social Support on Athlete Burnout in Weightlifters: The Mediation Effect of Mental Toughness and Sports Motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12 

Shariff, N. (2015). Utilizing the Delphi survey approach: A review. Journal Nursing Care, 4(3), 246 

Sheard, M. (2009) A cross-national analysis of mental toughness and hardiness in elite university rugby league teams. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 109, 213–223 

Sheard, M. (2012). Mental toughness: The mindset behind sporting achievement. Routledge 

Sheard, M., Golby, J., & Van Wersch, A. (2009). Progress toward construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 186-193. 

Sheard, M., & Golby, J. (2006). The efficacy of an outdoor adventure education curriculum on selected aspects of selected positive psychological development. The Journal of Experiential Education, 29(2), 187-209.    

Shellman. A., & Hill E., (2017). Flourishing through resilience: The impact of a college outdoor education program. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 35(4), 59–68. 

Sheng, H. T., Wei. R. L., & Tien. M. C., (2015). Toward a structural model of challenge experience in adventure recreation. Journal of Leisure Research, 47 (3), 322-336. 

Shkeer, A. S., & Awang, Z. (2019). Exploring the items for measuring the marketing information system construct: An exploratory factor analysis. International Review of Management and Marketing, 9(6), 87. 

Sholicha, I. F. (2020). Motivasi berprestasi dan ketangguhan mental atlet. PSIKOSAINS. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pemikiran Psikologi, 15(1), 91-99. 

Simmon, D. (2004). American outdoor recreation participation continues six years ascent. Retrieved 1st January 2011, from http://www.outdoorindustry.org/press . oia.php?news. _id=708&sort_year=2004. 

Singh, T., (2019). Comparative analysis among the players of selected team sports on mental toughness. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education, 4(2), 315-318.  

Singh, P., Fook C. Y., & Sidhu G. K. (2006). A comprehensive guide to writing a research proposal. London: Venton Professional. 

Siraj, S., & Ali, A. (2008). principals’ projections on the malaysian secondary school future curriculum. International Education Studies, 1(4), 61-78. 

Siraj S., Abdullah M. R. T. M., & Rozkee R. M., (2020). Pendekatan penyelidikan rekabentuk dan pembangunan: aplikasi kepada penyelidikan pendidikan. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2908-15-9. 

Siraj, S., Alias, N., DeWitt, D., & Hussin, Z., (2013). Design and Developmental Research; Emerging Trend in Educational Research. Pearson Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-349-283-1 

Sivo, S. A., Witta E. L., & Willse J. T. (2006). The search for "optimal" cut-off properties: fit index criteria in structural equation modelling. The Journal of Experimental Education 74(3), 267-288. 

Skulmoski, G. J., Hartman, F. T., & Krahn, J. (2007). The Delphi method for graduate research. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 6(1), 1-21 

St Clair-Thompson, H., Bugler, M., Robinson, J., Clough, P., McGeown, S. P., & Perry, J. (2015). Mental toughness in education: Exploring relationships with attainment, attendance, behaviour, and peer relationships. Educational Psychology, 35(7), 886-907 

Stacy T. T., John B., Mat D. D., Mark A. W., Meagan R., (2017). Self-Efficacy of Risk Taking in Outdoor Recreation as a Predictor of the Self-Efficacy of Risk Taking. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leisure. 2 (9), 33-34  

Stamp E., Crust L., Swann C., Perry J., Clough P., Marchant D., (2015). Relationships between mental toughness and psychological wellbeing in undergraduate students. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.038  

Streiner D. L., Norman G. R., & Cairney J., (2014). Health measurement scale: A practical guide to their development and use. Oxford Publisher: ISBN: 978-019-968-521-9 

Stock, R., Lynam, S., & Cachia, M. (2018). Academic success: the role of mental toughness in predicting and creating success. Higher Education Pedagogies, 3(1), 429-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2018.1507623 

Susan H. M., Julie S. S., Karla E., (2018). Using outdoor adventure to enhance intrinsic motivation and engagement in science and physical activity: An exploratory study. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 21, 76-86 

Swann, C., Crust, L., & Allen-Collinson, J. (2016). Surviving the 2015 Mount Everest disaster: A phenomenological exploration into lived experience and the role of mental toughness. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 157-167 

Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics (4th Ed.), Allyn and Bacon, Boston. ISBN 0-321-05677-9 

Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in science education, 48(6), 1273-1296. 

Tarrant A. M., Manfredo, M. J., & Driver L. B., (2018). Recollections of outdoor recreation experiences: A psychophysiological perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 26 (4), 357-371 

Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International journal of medical education, 2, 53 

Taylor, J. (1987). Predicting athletic performance with self-confidence and somatic and cognitive anxiety as a function of motor and physiological requirements in six sports. Journal of personality, 55(1), 139-153 

Taylor, F.L. (1989).  The influence of Outdoor Adventure Recreation class on personality type, locus control, self-esteem, and selected issues of identity development of college students. University of San Francisco: University Microfilms International 

Taylor, RM, Feltbower, RG, Aslam, N, Raine, R, Whelan, J and Gibson, F (2016). Modified international e-Delphi survey to define healthcare professional competencies for working with teenagers and young adults with cancer. BMJ Open. 6 (5), e011361 

Thomas, J. R., & Nelson, J. K. (2001). Research method in physical activity (4th Ed.). Illinois: Kuman Kinetics 

Timothy S. O., (2010) The effects of age, gender, and level of experience on motivation to sea kayak. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 10(1), 51-66 

Torma, E. P., & Balogh, L. (2021). Breakable performance-The role of mental toughness in elite sport. International outlook. Stadium-Hungarian Journal of Sport Sciences, 4(1) 

Tripathi, R., & Singh, T. (2009). Relationship of perceived motivational climate to goal orientation and mental toughness of male and female student athletes. Human Kinetics: Journal of Physical Education. 10(2), 5-13 

Tuckman, B. W., & Jensen, M. A. (1977). Stage of small group development revisited. Group and Organizational Studies, 2, 419-427 

Urdan, T., & Pajares, F., (2005). Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents. Information Age Publishing. 307-33 

Urs R., Carlos M., & Olarte S. (2020). An e-Delphi study generates expert consensus on the trends in future continuing medical education engagement by resident, practicing, and expert surgeons. Medical Teacher 42(4), 444-450 

Usry, J., Partington, S. W., & Partington, J. W. (2018). Using expert panels to examine the content validity and inter-rater reliability of the ABLLS-R. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 30(1), 27-38. 

Van Bruggen, V., Ten Klooster, P. M., van der Aa, N., Smith, A. J., Westerhof, G. J., & Glas, G. (2018). Structural validity of the world assumption scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(6), 816-825 

Vanitha, S., Balasubramanie, P., Arvind, K. S., Niveditha, V. R., & Elumalai, S. (2020). Internet of Things: A Review on their requisite in the digital ERA. 591-602 

Virden J. R. (2006). Outdoor and Adventure Recreation. Introduction to Recreation and Leisure.Illnois: Human Kinetics.  

Vogel, C., Zwolinsky, S., Griffiths, C., Hobbs, M., Henderson, E., & Wilkins, E. (2019). A Delphi study to build consensus on the definition and use of big data in obesity research. International Journal of Obesity, 43(12), 2573-2586 

Wahid, N. H. (2011, April 24). MSN sedia atlet lebih berwibawa; Pembinaan karektor persiapan Olimpik London 2012. Harian Metro, pp.61. 

Wagner, K. (2010).  The mental skills and characteristics related to a major league baseball player's performance: A qualitative study. Alliant International University San Diego: ProQuest LLC 

Waltz, C.F., Strickland, O. and Lenz, E.R. (2010) Measurement in nursing and health research. Springer Publishing Company, New York 

Wan, X., Wang, W., Liu, J., & Tong, T., (2014). Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med. Res. Methodology.14, 135 

Wang J. C. K., Liu W.C. & Kahlid A. (2006) Effects of a five-day Outward-Bound course on female students in Singapore. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 10(2), 20-28. 

White, D. D., (2008). a structural model of leisure constraints negotiation in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 30(4), 342-359 

Webb, D. J. (1999). Recreational outdoor adventure programs. In J. C. Miles & S. Priest (Eds.), Adventure programming. State College. PA: Venture 

WeiBo, Z., Kaur, S., & Jun, W. (2010). New development of organizational commitment: A critical review (1960-2009). African Journal of Business Management, 4(1), 012-020 

Werth, L., & Foerster, J. (2007). How regulatory focus influences consumer behavior. European journal of social psychology, 37(1), 33-51 

Williams, B., Onsman, A., & Brown, T. (2010). Australian paramedic graduate attributes: a pilot study using exploratory factor analysis. Emergency Medicine Journal, 27(10), 794-799 

Wuensch, K. L. (2005). What is a likert scale? and how do you pronounce 'likert?'. East Carolina University, 4 

Yahaya, T., Idris, K., Suandi, T., & Ismail, I. (2018). Adapting instruments and modifying statements: The confirmation method for the inventory and model for information sharing behaviour using social media. Management Science Letters, 8(5), 271-282. 

Yang, H. L., & Lai, C. Y. (2010). Motivations of Wikipedia content contributors. Computers in Human Behaviour, 26(6), 1377-1383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.04.011 

Yang, H. L., & Lai, C. Y. (2011). Understanding knowledge-sharing behaviour in Wikipedia. Behaviour & Information Technology, 30(1), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2010.516019 

Yildiz, K. (2021). Experiential learning from the perspective of outdoor education leaders. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 3,  100343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100343 

Young, J., A. & Pearce, A. J., (2011). Understanding, developing, and maintaining mental toughness in tennis. Medicine and Science in Tennis, 16 (2), 18-22 

Yousuf, A., & Khan, N. R. (2019). Determinants of transgender job satisfaction: Measuring the validity and reliability of the constructs. Journal of History and Social Sciences, 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.46422/jhss.v9i1.76 

Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019). ABC of content validation and content validity index calculation. Resource, 11(2), 49-54 

Zainuddin, N., Yusuff, R. C. M., & Samy, G. N. (2018). Adapting Design and Development Research (DDR) Approach in Developing Cloud Risk Assessment Method for Malaysian Healthcare. Open International Journal of Informatics (OIJI), 6(2), 32-42 

Zakaria, D. (2010). An Analysis of Ethical Judgements of Malaysian Auditors. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Universiti Sains Malaysia 

Zakaria, J. (2008). The effects of National Service programme in Perlis state on group cohesion. Unpublished master’s thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 

 

 

 


This material may be protected under Copyright Act which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials.
You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research.

Back to previous page

Installed and configured by Bahagian Automasi, Perpustakaan Tuanku Bainun, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
If you have enquiries with this repository, kindly contact us at pustakasys@upsi.edu.my or Whatsapp +60163630263 (Office hours only)