Over a few decades ago, meta-analysis has rapidly developed in various fields of studies to improve the quality of previous research by quantitative review. Quantitative review assesses an overall magnitude of the effect from multiple studies. Hence, the objective in this dissertation is to determine the methods of finding effect sizes for different conditions in meta-analysis. Two key findings of this study are as follows: Firstly, vote-counting method will be applied if the effect size estimates are not available. Next, fixed effects and random effects methods will be used in combining the effect size estimates when effect size estimates can be calculated. 55 Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) on Tamoxifen treatment for early breast cancer patients are observed according to recurrences and mortality cases, respectively. The data is then analysed by using the latest statistical software, Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version 2.0. CMA is found to be beneficial and interactive in t.....

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The aim of this study was to extract and identify the chemical compounds isolated from Alstonia spathulata and Kopsia singapurensis. The isolated compounds were tested for their biological activities include cytotoxicity (MCF-7 cell line), antibacterial (Bacillus cereus) and antioxidant (DPPH). The separation of the chemical components from both species was carried out using different chromatographic techniques (column chromatography and thin layer chromatography). The structures of isolated compounds have been elucidated through spectral analysis including 1D-NMR (1H, 13C and DEPT), 2D-NMR (1H-1H COSY, HSQC/HMQC and HMBC), IR, UV, MS (GCMS) and also by comparison with previous literature data. Studies on the chemical constituents of the bark of Alstonia spathulata has led to the isolation of five triterpenes; β-amyrin 113, β-amyrin acetate 114, β-sitosterol 115, lupeol acetate 116, stigmasterol 117 and a mixture of three triterpenes (lupeol 118, α-amyrin 119 and β-amyrin 113). Fo.....

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