Kajian ini dilakukan bagi melihat perkaitan di antara orientasi matlamat dan motif penglibatan atlet olahraga bawah 18 tahun, 15 tahun, dan 12 tahun di daerah Tambunan Sabah yang menyertai Kejohanan Olahraga MajIis Sukan Sekolah-Sekolah Gabungan Keningau Kali Ke-40 Tahun 2007 iaitu seramai 106 di mana 45 atlet 18 tahun ke bawah, 41 atlet 15 tahun ke bawah dan 20 lagi atlet 12 tahun ke bawah. Kajian ini menggunakan "Task and Ego Orientations Questionnaire (Duda & Whitehead, 1998)" yang terdiri dari orientasi tugasan dan ego serta "Participation Motivation Inventory (Gill, Gross & Huddleston, 1983)" yang mengandungi lapan factor motivasi iaitu pencapaian/status, suasana berpasukan, kecergasan, keseronokan, rakan-rakan, penggunaan tenaga perkembangan kemahiran dan faktor lain. Hasil analisis data mendapati wujud perhubungan yang signifikan antara orientasi matlamat tugasan dengan motif penglibatan faktor kecergasan (r =.19, p > 0.01) dan kemahiran (r =.29, p > 0.05). Bagi corak orientasi .....

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This study is intended to discover a methodology to lower the readability index of certain Malay literature texts, such as short stories and novels, used in Malaysian schools. A study was made on the methodology used to lower the readability index of Daniel Defoe’s . Oxford University Press lowered the readability index for , for three groups of readers, namely the university readers, and those of grades three and four. The methodology was adapted and used to lower the readability index of Usman Awang’s . This is a short story written by a well-known Malaysia’s literary figure, and his works are read by pupils in the secondary schools. The readability index of the short story was determined using Khadijah Rohani’s formula (1982). Subsequently, the readability index for the short story was lowered so that pupils from standard five in primary school can read it. It is hoped that, the methodology used in this study will be able to make a contribution in similar exercises to lower .....

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