The aims of this research were (i) to examine changes in plant diversity along an urbanization gradient in Ipoh, Perak, (ii) to relate plant traits (tree height, specific leaf area (SLA), and dispersal) with the urbanization intensity, and (iii) to relate environmental conditions (ambient temperature, air humidity, and light intensity) with urbanization intensity. The urbanization intensity was determined based on the percentage of built-up area within a 1km2 area using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). A total of 12 sampling plots sized 1km2 were constructed to represent different urbanization intensities. In each plot, 40 subplots were randomly selected to form a total sampling area of 0.1 hectares, and any plants with ≥5cm diameter at breast height were identified at the species level. The plant height and SLA were measured while the dispersal mode was identified based on literature. The environmental data were collected during midday for three times at each plot......

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Urbanization is rapidly expanding, and many forests are being cleared. The loss of crucial ecological functions, including dispersal and pollination, in urban settings can have detrimental effects on individual species and the sustainability of entire ecosystems. Nevertheless, how urbanization affects seed dispersal is still largely unexplored. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the association between plant dispersal mode and urbanization intensity in Ipoh City Council, Perak. The percentage of built-up area within a 1km2 area was measured using ArcGIS software to establish the urbanization gradient. To reflect distinct urbanization, a total of 12 sampling plots, with the sized of 1km2 for each plot were designed. 40 subplots were randomly selected in each plot to create a complete sampling site of 0.1 hectare, and any plants discovered in the subplots were identified at the species level. To characterize the mode of dispersion for each plant species recorded, a few reports from l.....

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