A bar micro-solid phase (bar ?-SPE) extraction method using either graphene or zeolite or their mixtures as an adsorbent, coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (using a C1 column) was developed for the simultaneous determination of pharmaceutical compounds (metformin (MET), buformin (BUF), phenformin (PHEN) and propranolol (PROP)) of diverse polarity (log?P from -1.82 to 3.10). Parameters influencing the extraction, such as conditioning solvents, pH of the sample, sample volume, amount of adsorbent, stirring rate, time of extraction, type and volume of desorption solvent and time of desorption were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction method using graphene (extraction efficiency, % EE, ?6-15%) resulted in the least amount of extracted drugs. However, the use of zeolite and zeolite/graphene mixtures improves the % EE significantly, i.e. 30% for PHEN and 42% for PROP using zeolite; 22% for MET and 18% for BUF using the adsorbent mixture. Under simila.....

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This study aims to enhance the targeted delivery of a powerful antioxidant, ferulate (FA), by developing a controlled release formulation (CRF) based on the incorporation of layered double hydroxide and Tween-80 polymeric surfactant. The layered double hydroxide-ferulate (LDH-FA) synthesized by co-precipitation method was homogenously mixed with the Tween-80 coater under continuous stirring. The successful Tween-80 coating was verified with PXRD analysis and supported by FTIR. No changes in interlayer distance between LDH-FA (at 17.4 and 8.7 Å) and LDH-FA-T80 (at 17.6 and 8.6 Å) were observed in the PXRD pattern. TGA/DTG analysis demonstrated good thermal stability of LDH-FA-T80, with the ability to withstand extreme temperatures up to 460 °C. The association of Tween-80 with LDH-FA progressively sustained the release time of FA in each aqueous solution, with a release time of up to 440 min. For both LDH-FA and LDH-FA-T80, the release of FA is through dissolution and anion exchange .....

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This paper reports the effect of aging time (2, 4 and 6 days) on the formation of mesoporous mitania nanoparticles (MTN) prepared via sol-gel method. The structural properties of the prepared catalysts were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with EDX analysis and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis (BET). The XRD analysis revealed that MTNs were successfully synthesized and possessed different crystallite size depending on the aging time. Morphology studies using FESEM-EDX witnessed the formation of agglomerated spherical nanoparticles in the range of 5-50 nm and uniform distribution of Ti and O on the surface of catalysts. N2 adsorption-desorption analyses demonstrated MTN-2 possessed the largest surface area and pore volume compared to the MTN-4 and MTN-6, which due to blockage of the interparticle voids and excessive particles growth of MTN upon prolonged aging time. The MTN-2 achieved 88.35% of MB photodegradation within 210 m.....

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Objective: Sexual  education  for  children  is  crucial  as  it  aids  in  their  understanding  and appreciation of their bodies. This research aims to develop a Body Safety Module as a teaching tool  for  primary  school  students.  The  modules  were  analyzed  to  determineperception  of usability as well as their effectiveness. Methods:This study focuses on design and development research, adopting the five phases in the ADDIE model for the module development process. To evaluate the module’s effectiveness, 205  respondents  were  randomly  chosen  to  complete  a  questionnaire.  Furthermore,  an additional 71 pupils participated in pre-and post-effectiveness tests. This study examined three specific aspects of validity: content validity, questionnaire validity, and the effectiveness of pre and post-test. Results and conclusion:The module received extensive professional review and agreement, showing  a  93.73%  agreement  on  the  valid.....

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