Study Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between hydration status, knowledge of hydration and the amount of fluid intake consumption during training among the soccer players. Material and Methods: Pre-training hydration status was measured by urine colour chart and Urine Specific Gravity (USG). A questionnaire on hydration knowledge was answered by the participants on the last day of training session. Pearson Correlation test was used to analyse the correlation between hydration status, knowledge of hydration and total amount of fluid intake among the participants. Results: The results showed that the participants were dehydrated during the three days of training. Sixty four percent of the participants had a satisfactory knowledge of hydration. However, the results indicated that the sweat loss was higher than fluid intake during the training. Pearson test revealed there were positive correlation between USG and urine colour (r=0.809, p..

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Background: This research aims to analyze the current state and future trajectory of the correlation between physical education and physical health in primary and secondary schools in Malaysia. Objective: To enhance well-being, productivity, and recreational pursuits, it is crucial to develop formal and informal learning environments in schools and communities. These environments should educate, inspire, and transform individuals in the twenty-first century. Education must now foster a more comprehensive understanding of diverse cultures and contexts. This can be facilitated by technological advancements that allow for the global dissemination of knowledge. Method: This article sheds light on the issues that have emerged in the Physical and Health Education curriculum in the twenty-first century. It highlights the significance of these issues and the challenges encountered. Additionally, it explores how Physical and Health Education aligns with the National Education Philosophy to enha.....

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This systematic review aimed to provide information on existing interventional studies that evaluate the efficacy of exercise in populations with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors through immune functional perspectives. A literature search was conducted in four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Taylor & Francis and ScienceDirect from January 2012 to February 2023. The articles were screened and evaluated for quality before data were extracted. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022321704). In total, 18 studies were included for quality appraisal and synthesised evidence indicated that exercise contributes to enhancing the functioning of both innate and adaptive immune responses, potentially serving as an anti-immunosenescent response to exercise in individuals with elevated CVD risk factors. Furthermore, the review emphasised that exercise, irrespective of its type, intensity or mode, was well tolerated by individuals at increased risk for CVD and may have .....

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