The implementation of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) in the Philippines is being criticized by stakeholders whether it is a better approach for pupils in the primary levels than the monolingual-Second language (MSL) approach using Tagalog. Several studies in the past decade attempted to test the effect of MTB-MLE on pupils' learning on different subject areas. However, there is yet no available study on the effect of MTB-MLE on Science learning variables such as metacognitive learning orientations and achievement among Grade 3 learners whose mother tongue is Ilocano. This quasi-experimental study was conducted to test the effect of MTB-MLE on the academic achievement, metacognition, learning processes, and self-efficacy of Ilocano Grade 3 pupils in Science learning. Fifteen (15) Ilocano pupils were randomly selected from each of two elementary schools of a district in Isabela Province, Philippines. The two groups were taught in Science using Tagalog-only (MSL) and.....

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