Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in a variety of engineering applications. Medical device manufacturers have also benefited from the outstanding properties of titanium alloys. However, titanium alloys are weak in meeting all of the clinical requirements for biomedical implants. Issues such as metal sensitivity associated with high levels of metal ion release triggered by corrosion effects remain critical concerns. Hence, the implant material surface has a strong role in the responses to the biological environment the implant can be stimulated in contact with the bone. In order to improve the biological and tribological properties of implant materials, surface modification needed to be made. Thermal oxidation is one of the surface modification techniques to enhance the corrosion performance of titanium alloys. This technique is excellent for forming a thicker oxide layer on Ti and its alloys to achieve optimum corrosion resistance. In the present study, thermal ox.....

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