AbstractThis research aimed to evaluate the potential of razor clam (Ensis directus) shell, a
fishery waste material, as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals and dyes from aqueous
solution. This research is divided into three parts, namely characterisation studies, adsorption
studies and desorption studies. Several analytical instruments such as scanning electron microscope
(SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometer and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectrometer were used to characterise the adsorbent. In this study, three metal ions (Cd(II),
Cu(II) and Pb(II)) and four dyes (Congo red (CR), methylene blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RB) and methyl
orange (MO)) were used as contaminants. A series of adsorption tests were carried out as a function
of solution pH, adsorbent dosage and initial adsorbate concentration. The adsorption capacity of
razor clam shell for metal ions and dyes from aqueous solutions was evaluated in both single and
mix systems. The de.....