The concept of assurance in the two-arm non-inferiority trials has been explored, expressing the non-inferiority margin as a clinically meaningful treatment difference. This short paper focuses on developing an assurance formula in the three-arm non-inferiority trial, based on the ratio of means. The discussion starts with the simple case of known variances and then extends to the case of unknown but equal variances. To avoid complicated integration, assurance for the latter case was studied using Bayesian Clinical Trial Simulation (BCTS). The findings indicate that assurance allows the experimenter to formally take into account the uncertainty surrounding the parameter estimates by using the prior distributions. Furthermore, BCTS can be easily implemented to find the required sample size without having to resort to complex integration...

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Kertas ini membincangkan satu keluarga lengkung peralihan satahan licin yang dibina menggunakan dua lingkaran kuartik Bezier. Lingkaran kuartik yang diperkenalkan ini mempunyai enam darjah kebebasan yang memberi kelebihan untuk mempelbagaikan rupa bentuk lingkaran di dalam selangnya. Kelicinan adalah dirujuk melalui ciri-ciri keselanjaran geometri G2 dan kelengkungan monoton yang dimiliki oleh sesuatu lengkung peralihan. Oleh sebab lengkungan ini tidak memiliki sebarang juring, gelung dan titik lengkok balas, di samping tanpa perubahan kelengkungan yang mendadak maka ia amat sesuai untuk aplikasi tertentu dalam Reka Bentuk Berbantukan Komputer (RBK) bagi memenuhi keperluan estatis serta kepentingan fungsinya seperti reka bentuk produk industri, trajektori robot tidak holonomi dan juga reka bentuk mendatar landasan kereta api serta lebuh raya. Sebagai suatu perwakilan polinomial, lingkaran kuartik Bezier ini mampu digabungjalinkan ke dalam sistem RBK yang kebanyakannya berasaskan perwak.....

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A new generalization basis called A-Bezier was constructed for the space span 2 {1, , ,..., } n t t t by using systolic array. This basis was based on a Bezier-like cubic curve consisting of two shape parameters which gave more degrees of freedom used in constructing the desired free form spline and surfaces. By fixing the shape parameters to specific values, this basis could be reduced to Wang-Ball basis and could be generalized to the other Bezier-like curve such as Timmer PC curve. The results showed that such basis and curves shared some properties with the Bernstein basis and the Bezier curves in polynomial spaces respectively...

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This paper proposes four methods to approximate circular arcs using quartic Bezier curves. Barycentric coordinates of two/three combination of control points are used to obtain an optimal approximation. Interior control points of quartic Bezier curves are found by satisfying G 2 data from given circular arcs. The maximum errors between circular arcs and approximated curves are calculated using Hausdorff distance approach. Four different approaches are discussed which varies in terms of accuracy, computation cost and approximation order...

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Participation of small-holders in business ventures is in line with Malaysia’s transformation program of expanding the capacity of the oil palm industry. It also improves the smallholders’ household income and at the same time reduce their poverty level. Before potential businesses are explored, studies were conducted to get feedbacks from the smallholders on the types of business activities suitable for their community. Using questionnaires, surveys were conducted among the oil palm smallholders in four selected areas in East and West Malaysia. Out of 385 respondents participated in the study, 152 of them had started their own business. Out of seven factors, the results showed that five factors have significant relationships with the business involvement of the respondents. Increasing income level is the major factor of participating in business activity. These smallholders felt that they could not rely on palm oil alone due to the instability of palm oil prices couple with high c.....

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Makalah ini membincangkan satu kaedah pembinaan lengkungan peralihan berbentuk C yang memenuhi syaratsyarat data interpolasi Hermite 2 . G Lengkungan peralihan ini dibina berasaskan gabungan dua pilin kuadratik nisbah Bezier atau gabungan bersama satu segmen garis lurus bagi mencapai keselanjaran 1 G pada keseluruhan binaan. Kaedah analisis geometri bersama syarat kemonotonan suatu lengkungan kuadratik nisbah Bezier telah digunakan bagi mencapai objektif kajian. Hasil kajian yang dicapai adalah satu teknik pembinaan yang membolehkan kita memperolehi lengkungan peralihan secara terus, mudah diaplikasikan serta tanpa perlu menggunakan sebarang prosedur tranformasi affin. Syarat untuk lengkungan peralihan ini terhasil ditentukan oleh data Hermite 2G yang diberi dan kepelbagaiannya pula dikawal oleh panjang segmen garis lurus yang menghubungkan kedua-dua pilin berkenaan. Keupayaan memenuhi sifat-sifat interpolasi ini memberi banyak kelebihan dan amat sesuai untuk aplikasi tertentu di dalam.....

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