The concept of assurance in the two-arm non-inferiority trials has been explored, expressing the non-inferiority margin as a clinically meaningful treatment difference. This short paper focuses on developing an assurance formula in the three-arm non-inferiority trial, based on the ratio of means. The discussion starts with the simple case of known variances and then extends to the case of unknown but equal variances. To avoid complicated integration, assurance for the latter case was studied using Bayesian Clinical Trial Simulation (BCTS). The findings indicate that assurance allows the experimenter to formally take into account the uncertainty surrounding the parameter estimates by using the prior distributions. Furthermore, BCTS can be easily implemented to find the required sample size without having to resort to complex integration...

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Kertas ini membincangkan satu keluarga lengkung peralihan satahan licin yang dibina menggunakan dua lingkaran kuartik Bezier. Lingkaran kuartik yang diperkenalkan ini mempunyai enam darjah kebebasan yang memberi kelebihan untuk mempelbagaikan rupa bentuk lingkaran di dalam selangnya. Kelicinan adalah dirujuk melalui ciri-ciri keselanjaran geometri G2 dan kelengkungan monoton yang dimiliki oleh sesuatu lengkung peralihan. Oleh sebab lengkungan ini tidak memiliki sebarang juring, gelung dan titik lengkok balas, di samping tanpa perubahan kelengkungan yang mendadak maka ia amat sesuai untuk aplikasi tertentu dalam Reka Bentuk Berbantukan Komputer (RBK) bagi memenuhi keperluan estatis serta kepentingan fungsinya seperti reka bentuk produk industri, trajektori robot tidak holonomi dan juga reka bentuk mendatar landasan kereta api serta lebuh raya. Sebagai suatu perwakilan polinomial, lingkaran kuartik Bezier ini mampu digabungjalinkan ke dalam sistem RBK yang kebanyakannya berasaskan perwak.....

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A new generalization basis called A-Bezier was constructed for the space span 2 {1, , ,..., } n t t t by using systolic array. This basis was based on a Bezier-like cubic curve consisting of two shape parameters which gave more degrees of freedom used in constructing the desired free form spline and surfaces. By fixing the shape parameters to specific values, this basis could be reduced to Wang-Ball basis and could be generalized to the other Bezier-like curve such as Timmer PC curve. The results showed that such basis and curves shared some properties with the Bernstein basis and the Bezier curves in polynomial spaces respectively...

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This paper proposes four methods to approximate circular arcs using quartic Bezier curves. Barycentric coordinates of two/three combination of control points are used to obtain an optimal approximation. Interior control points of quartic Bezier curves are found by satisfying G 2 data from given circular arcs. The maximum errors between circular arcs and approximated curves are calculated using Hausdorff distance approach. Four different approaches are discussed which varies in terms of accuracy, computation cost and approximation order...

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Makalah ini membincangkan satu kaedah pembinaan lengkungan peralihan berbentuk C yang memenuhi syaratsyarat data interpolasi Hermite 2 . G Lengkungan peralihan ini dibina berasaskan gabungan dua pilin kuadratik nisbah Bezier atau gabungan bersama satu segmen garis lurus bagi mencapai keselanjaran 1 G pada keseluruhan binaan. Kaedah analisis geometri bersama syarat kemonotonan suatu lengkungan kuadratik nisbah Bezier telah digunakan bagi mencapai objektif kajian. Hasil kajian yang dicapai adalah satu teknik pembinaan yang membolehkan kita memperolehi lengkungan peralihan secara terus, mudah diaplikasikan serta tanpa perlu menggunakan sebarang prosedur tranformasi affin. Syarat untuk lengkungan peralihan ini terhasil ditentukan oleh data Hermite 2G yang diberi dan kepelbagaiannya pula dikawal oleh panjang segmen garis lurus yang menghubungkan kedua-dua pilin berkenaan. Keupayaan memenuhi sifat-sifat interpolasi ini memberi banyak kelebihan dan amat sesuai untuk aplikasi tertentu di dalam.....

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This study was carried out as a step to overcome the problem of comprehension and achievement of 3rd grade students in understanding the meaning and context of dialogue (al-hiwar) in Arabic. Concern for the negative perception of this subject pushed me to find innovative and effective solutions. The initial review of the study involved reviewing student work, pre-tests, questionnaires, interviews, and observations, which revealed that many students faced difficulties in understanding the meaning of the dialogue delivered. In an effort to improve the ability to understand al-hiwar, I decided to apply a comic approach. I introduced the e-Jummu method which uses comic reading techniques to help students understand the meaning of dialogue more easily. The study involved 30 students, by carrying out 5 teaching and learning activities using this approach for 8 weeks. The results of the post test show an improvement in student performance in understanding al-hiwar. Students show higher intere.....

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A method to construct the transition curves by using a family of the quartic Bezier spiral is described. The applications of quartic spiral discussed are G2 transition curve joining a straight line and a circle, and joining two straight lines with a pair of spiral segment. A spiral is a curve of monotone increasing or monotone decreasing curvature of one sign. Thus, a spiral cannot have an inflection point or curvature extreme. The family of quartic Bezier spiral form which was introduced has more degrees of freedom and will give a better approximation to clothoid spiral. These methods of constructing transition curves can be simplified by transformation process which extends the application area, and it gives a family of transition curves that allow more flexible curve designs. Keywords Transition curve, curvature, quartic Bezier spiral..

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The paper aims to study the historical background of the Islamic reform movement in West Sumatera with particular reference to the idea of Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah or his pseudonym Hamka (1908-1981). His religious ideal was instrumental in driving the new consciousness and unprecedented religious struggle that erupted in the late 20th century in the Malay Archipelago, which reflected the force of modern ideas of Shaykh Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905) that had brought decisive and most significant influence in the region. The reform movement he inaugurated was carried out by Kaum Muda (the young faction) in the Malay Archipelago, who disseminated his dynamic ideas and aspirations through journals and newspapers such as Al-Imam, Al-Munir, and Saudara. One of the leading figures and pioneers in the struggle of Kaum Muda was Haji Rasul and Kiyai Haji Ahmad Dahlan, whose legacy was continued by Hamka, who was celebrated as the foremost advocate of Abduh’s reformist ideas through his inf.....

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