Beach Ridges Interspersed with Swales (BRIS) soil, widely distributed along the Kelantan_Terengganu plains, is characterized by poor physical and chemical properties, making it a challenging environment for agriculture. Soil hosts a dynamic ecosystem with diverse microbial communities that play essential roles in metabolic processes and soil health regulation. However, these communities are strongly influenced by physico-chemical properties, and in BRIS soils, the extreme conditions pose significant challenges. A comprehensive understanding of microbial community composition can help identify strategies to improve soil health in BRIS environments. This study investigated the microbial community composition of BRIS soils using a metagenomic approach, evaluated the effects of physico-chemical characteristics, and predicted microbial metabolic functions. Soil samples were collected from four BRIS series (Jambu, Rudua, Baging, and Rhu Tapai) at four depths each. Extracted DNA was analyzed .....

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