AbstractThis study assesses the treatment of palm oil mill (PaM) final discharge wastewater using a cost effective technology approach of phytoremediation. paM final discharge wastewater obtained from final distribution pond at KL Kepong Berhad Palm Oil Mill, Tanjong Malim was treated with three species of local macrophytes, Leersia oryoides, Pistia stratiotes and Ludwigia peploides. The phytoremediation performance was evaluated by monitoring the changes and removal efficiency (%) of BOD5, COD, N-NH3, TSS and pH level. The characteristics of nutrient uptake were determined by measuring the percentage of C, H and N elements, bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe and Zn in leaf, stem and root organs of the macrophytes. The microbial population in the rhizosphere was identified using partial 16S rRNA molecular technique. It was found that BOD5, COD, N-NH3 removal efficiencies of 93%, 30%, and 82% were achieved for Pistia stratiotes, 90%, 27% and 80% for.....