In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), network nodes typically have short lifespans given that they are mobile, self-reconfigurable, and dependent on the battery power. To help mitigate such a problem, the Optimize Link State Routing protocol (OLSR) is considered the most appropriate routing protocol to extend nodes' lifespans. As such, this study was undertaken with the main aim to enhance the energy-saving system of MANET, with which nodes can function without failure by using a newly developed algorithm of the OLSR protocol. Specifically, the study involved the developments of three schemes, namely a new Load Balance Energy Distributed (LBED) scheme, a new enhancement energy-saving (NEES) scheme, and a New Enhanced OLSR Willingness Calculation (NEWC) scheme. Accordingly, a series of simulations was carried out to measure and quantify the performances of the LBED, NEES and NEWC schemes using the OLSR protocol. The performance criteria were based on the level of remaining bat.....

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For the last 250 years, the world has experienced four educational revolutions, which have drastically changed the educational landscape as we know it. Today, the fourth (4th.) educational revolution has been making a profound impact on student learning by emphasizing on the following: (a) computer skills, (b) ICT and collaborative skills, and (c) lifelong learning. Premised in this context, this research was carried out to examine the impact of the Computer Architecture and Organization (CAO) course on student learning. A quantitative approach using the pre-test post-test design was used to collect and analyze the research data. The sample consisted of 80 computer science students of the Sultan Idris Education University, who were learning the CAO course. In the study, they were required to learn to carry out the following tasks in a computer laboratory: (a) assembling PC hardware, (b) installing the operating system, and (c) troubleshooting the PC. Pre-test and post-test were carried.....

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