Disease mapping is used to display the geographical distribution of disease occurrence. The focus of a disease mapping is to estimate the true relative risk of a disease and to display the disease risk on map so that further attention can be made. In Malaysia, there are no specific methods that are used to estimate the relative risk of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B. The areas that are reported to have high number of cases are spotted to have a high risk area for the disease, whereas the area with low number of cases spotted as low risk area for disease. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to find a better method to estimate the relative risk of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B in Malaysia. This study will used the commonest methods that are the Standardized Morbidity Ratio (SMR) and Poisson-gamma model based on count data of Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B in Malaysia. For the Poissongamma model, the data are analysed using WinBUGS software. In this research, the results of re.....

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An attempt was made to record the biodiversity and morphological characteristics of marine macroalgae within the littoral and sublittoral zones at Sri Rusa beach, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia. Samples collected during low tides consisted a total of nine species represented by three divisions, six of which were from the Chlorophyta, two from the Phaeophyta and one species of the Rhodophyta. Among the dominant species commonly found in this study area were the Phaeophytes Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh and Padina minor Yamada. For the division Chlorophyta, the genus Caulerpa was the largest, represented by five species, namely C. lentillifera, C. microphysa, C. prolifera, C. racemosa and C. sertulariodes. The genera Cladophora from Chlorophyta and Acantophora from Rhodophyta were each represented by one species, namely Cladophora sp. and Acantophora specifera. Most of the macroalgae found in the littoral and sublittoral zones were attached to sand and rock as their .....

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Students come into the classroom with prerequisite theories and conceptions as results from everyday experiences and commonsense beliefs. As they progress through their education, these conceptions will be reinforced and it will be extremely difficult to change. Physics is no exception as the subject matter deals more closely about concepts in everyday situations. In order to teach physics effectively, it is the utmost important to identify these ideas beforehand. This paper provides an overview of some literatures pertaining to misconceptions and difficulties in introductory physics among high school and university students. Misconceptions and difficulties in mechanics are listed and described based on past studies in science education. Consequently, this paper also presents the implications these misconceptions have on teaching and learning physics and its role in conceptual cheas. Keywords misconception, introductory physics, mechanics, teaching and learning physics..

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Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti dan memahami kemahiran kanak-kanak dalam proses reka bentuk permainan penceritaan digital menggunakan Tablet. Kajian memberi fokus kepada tiga elemen kemahiran abad ke-21 iaitu i) kemahiran pembelajaran dan inovasi; ii) kemahiran maklumat, media dan teknologi; serta iii) kemahiran hidup dan kerjaya. Penyelidik menjalankan reka bentuk kajian bertumpu selari dengan gabungan data kualitatif dan kuantitatif secara serentak. Data kualitatif dikumpulkan melalui instrumentasi senarai semak pemerhatian dengan rakaman video dan gambar, senarai semak temu bual dengan rakaman suara serta penilaian portfolio. Data kuantitatif ditunjukkan secara statistik deskriptif bagi mengenal pasti kemahiran yang terlibat semasa proses reka bentuk. Kajian dijalankan di sebuah sekolah di Kuala Kangsar yang melibatkan 20 orang murid Tahun 4 sebagai peserta kajian. Data dianalisis melalui pengkategorian kualitatif dan analisis tematik dengan statistik deskriptif kuantitatif seba.....

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Keberkesanan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran (PdP) di dalam bengkel amali masakan di Sekolah Menengah Harian di negeri Johor telah dikaji merujuk kepada empat faktor yang utama iaitu faktor kelengkapan, keselamatan, persekitaran dan pengajaran guru. Objektif kajian adalah untuk mengenalpasti dan menilai tahap serta hubungan faktorfaktor ini dalam mempengaruhi keberkesanan PdP di dalam bengkel masakan tersebut. Kaedah kajian adalah menggunakan borang soal selidik yang melibatkan 279 responden yang dipilih secara rawak daripada semua pelajar tingkatan lima yang mengambil mata pelajaran Ekonomi Rumah Tangga (ERT) sebagai mata pelajaran elektif di Sekolah Menengah Harian di Negeri Johor. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan dan sederhana kuat antara faktor kelengkapan (min=4.11, r=0.38, p..

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The within-tree distribution of the pupae and larval stages of Paliga damastesalis Walker was studied on young 6-12 month old teak Tectona grandis L. at two different sites outside outbreak periods in the year 2000. At each site, trees below 1.8 m in height with at least four nodes were inspected thoroughly for the presence of larvae or pupae. The larvae were strongly associated with leaves of the upper nodes, which were comparatively younger than those of the lower nodes, indicating that the larvae preferred and actively sought to consume younger leaves. More than 60% of the larvae were found on leaves between the second and fourth nodes. However, oviposition behaviour could have also influenced the larval distribution since the larvae completed their development not far from where the eggs were oviposited. A skewed sex ratio with adult males consistently not exceeding 3.5% of the samples was reported. Keywords Distribution, oviposition behaviour, Paliga damastesalis, Tectona grandis.....

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes chronic and life-threatening condition called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). There is no currently available vaccine or cure for the disease. Therefore, to control the epidemic from continuing to spread will entirely depend on the control, treatment and prevention strategies. Disease maps have been recognized as one of the important tools in controlling diseases. Better statistical models used to estimate the relative risk will subsequently produce better disease risk maps. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to estimate the relative risk for HIV and AIDS in Malaysia based on the commonest method used in the study of disease mapping which are the Standardized Morbidity Ratio (SMR) and Poisson-Gamma models. In this paper, a review of the SMR method will be given and then will be applied to HIV and AIDS data in Malaysia. This application of SMR is then extended to the next method which is the Poisson-Gamma model and.....

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Geometry serves both as an essential instructional tool in mathematics and a visualizing medium for regulating theoretical and real world constructs. Every mathematics teacher must be adequately equipped with the ways of understanding and thinking of the subject matter required to teach geometry. Relevantly, development of the underlying geometrical reasoning is often subject to the overarching concept of two-dimensional geometric shapes. The purpose of this study is to examine the first-year pre-service undergraduates_ reasoning ability about triangles and quadrilaterals. 140 second-semester undergraduates in lecture setting were given a standardized geometry test, namely the van Hiele Geometric Test (VHGT) which contains 20 multiple-choice questions. A descriptive analysis of the dichotomous data was conducted using SPSS and Winstep programs. The findings suggested that among those pre-service teachers, (a) at least 7.1% performed under the basic, visualization level, (b) at most 5.0.....

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Student assessment is a process that entails the collection of evidence of learning in diverse and systematic ways to make judgments on students_ learning. What then is the perception of this vital tool in the hands of the users (teachers)? This study investigates teachers_ conceptions of assessment and their choices of assessment tasks in postgraduate teacher training. Action research with one group pretest-posttest design was adopted for the study. The survey used to collect data for this study has three sections (A, B, & C). Section A elicits participants_ personal information; Section B contains 20 different assessment tasks. Section C includes 26 items that examined participants_ conceptions of assessment from four different sub-scales (school accountability, student accountability, improvement of teaching and learning, and irrelevance factors). The researchers further validated the survey, and the Alpha reliability coefficient of the whole scale was 0.85. Data collected from twen.....

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