This study empirically examined the relationship between board diversity and executive compensation among public listed company in Malaysia. We extend the prior literature by covering broader dimensions of diversity such as gender, age, ethnicity, nationality, educational background and educational level diversity. A total of 312 observations was made based on selected samples by using stratified random sampling method from Bursa Malaysia from 2016 until 2018. The sample consist of non-financial listed firms from various industry sectors. This study used panel data analysis with random effect to see the relationship between the variables tested. The analysis showed that there are significant relationships between board diversity and executive compensation. The diversity of age, ethnicity and nationality diversity are significantly related to executive compensation. Moreover, some additional tests were done to see the relationship between board diversity and executive compensation, whic.....

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This article explores the probable relationship between the attitude towards the use of computer and test performance on Computer-Based-Tests (CBT) among Iranian university English as foreign language (EFL) learners and comparing the results of CBT and Paper-and-Pencil Test (PPT). Analyzing data from test results and follow up interviews, this study revealed that test takers showed a high positive attitude and preference towards the use of computer and computerized tests. This study adapted a mixed-method approach. A sample of 202 Iranian EFL learners participated in the study given two equivalent English proficiency tests in computerized and paper and pencil types. Using paired-sample t-test, correlational analysis, and ANOVA, the findings of this study indicated that Iranian test takers had overall positive attitudes towards computerized tests with higher scores on paper and pencil tests. The qualitative analysis showed that they mostly preferred computerized test believing that it l.....

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The objectives of this study are to generate an improved digital economy development index (DEDI), to examine the impact of digital economy development on the urban-rural income gap (URIG) from both aggregate and disaggregate perspectives, and to test the mediating effect of industrial structure in this relationship. Data from 30 provincial-level regions in Mainland China are collected from 2013 to 2022. The study employs the entropy method for index construction, system-GMM for dynamic panel estimation, heterogeneity testing to identify regional differences, and the mediating effect test. The findings show, the improved index (DEDI) effectively measures digital economy development across China. The system-GMM results documented a positive and significant first-order coefficient for DEDI, with a negative and significant second-order coefficient. The results of Heterogeneity test indicate significant regional variation in the relationship between DEDI and URIG, and the findings of the t.....

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The focus of this research is to see if one_s cultural factors do influence their performance in answering items in an intelligence test done in one of the public universities in Malaysia. It is an instrument used to measure one_s intelligence level and it is designed based on the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices _ Plus Version and Mill Vocabulary. This is a quantitative study where the participants were selected using simple random sampling method. 773 students from one of the public universities in Malaysia, of different ethnic backgrounds (545 Malays, 228 non-Malays) from eight faculties have taken this test. The data obtained was analysed using Winsteps version 3.64.2, and in the 88 vocabulary items (open ended and multiple-choice questions), race-related DIF was found in a number of items. It could be concluded that cultural factors do influence the students_ ability in answering the intelligence test, which means that elements of bias due to incompatible cultural factors betwe.....

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The hidden curriculum is acknowledged as the socialization processes of schooling that plays a very important role in character and moral development of school children as its outcomes emphasize values. The aim of this study is to explore the role and effects of students_ socialization processes through the hidden curriculum in school which is providing support for the values in character and moral development. In this qualitative research study using case study, the focus is on school rules and regulations, examination and supportive activities. The data were gathered through document analysis, observations and interviews from the students. At the end of the study, it was determined that hidden curriculum aspects exist in school and may have great importance in students socialization processes by gaining and internalizing values for character and moral development. Keywords Hidden curriculum, socialization, character development, moral development, values, case study, Malaysian Form .....

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The importance of understanding graph in the learning of calculus had led to calls for an increased in visual reasoning skills among secondary through university levels. The effectiveness of graphs in understanding derivatives depends on their efficacy as visual text forms aimed to illustrate and communicate two or more related information. Providing students with an approach to reading and interpreting graphs will help them to understand concepts better. Therefore, the study focussed on how to assess 194 pre-university students_ ability to read and interpret graphical form of functions and their derivatives based on the decoding theory: reading the graph, reading between the graph and reading beyond the graph. Findings indicate that students were able to read information directly but faced difficulties when reading beyond the graph. Implications and future research directions are discussed. Keywords Assessing, visual reasoning, derivative, graphical approach...

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Kajian ini bertujuan menilai kesan modul bimbingan kelompok Teori Pilihan Terapi Realiti terhadap tingkah laku dan keperluan asas murid ponteng sekolah. Reka bentuk kajian ini ialah eksperimen kuasi dengan pendekatan ujian pra dan pasca, melibatkan dua kumpulan rawatan (bimbingan kelompok besar dan bimbingan kelompok kecil) serta satu kumpulan kawalan. Kajian ini menggunakan teknik pensampelan rawak bertujuan dan dilaksanakan di daerah Hulu Perak melibatkan lima buah sekolah menengah. Data dikumpulkan melalui soal selidik Keperluan Asas Individu yang mengandungi lima sub-konstruk keperluan asas individu menurut Teori Pilihan Terapi Realiti dan Skala Ohio dikenali sebagai Youth Problem, Functioning and Satisfaction Scales. Skala ini terdiri daripada tiga sub-konstruk iaitu masalah, kefungsian, dan kepuasan. Seramai 77 subjek terlibat dalam kajian ini, dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan rawatan dan satu kumpulan kawalan. Kumpulan rawatan pertama, bimbingan kelompok kecil (R1a), terdiri dari.....

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Language learning strategies (LLS) are steps taken by learners not only to assist in language learning but also to achieve competency in the target language. This paper identifies the variation English language learning strategies used by Malaysian gifted students based on a Strategy Inventory Language Learning (SILL) questionnaire by Oxford (1990). It will also look at strategies used according to a students_ level of language proficiency and gender. Data were gathered using a survey questionnaire with 104 gifted students. The findings revealed that in terms of language proficiency, intermediate proficiency students employed more language learning strategies compare to high and low language proficiency students. Metacognitive strategies data indicated the most frequently employed strategies for all three groups. However, the rank of usage varies according to LLS category across the three groups. Both intermediate and low proficiency female students have more positive attitudes and mak.....

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This paper presents the findings from ethnographic research that assessed and evaluated teachers_ classroom ideologies to actual classroom discursive practices in an EFL classroom context. The research focused on areas of teachers_ classroom ideologies and their classroom questioning patterns. It investigates the factors that influenced convergence and divergences of the teachers_ actual practice with ideologies. This study compared a set of multilingual and monolingual English teachers that are distinct in terms of their qualifications, experiences and language background. The findings indicate that both sets of teachers appear to have similar ideologies but do not apply these in the same way. The teachers_ ideologies are not always applied in their classroom practices for a variety of reasons: some are related to the context of teaching while others are due to differences in experiences and personal backgrounds of the teachers. Keywords Assessment, teacher ideologies, discursive pra.....

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Kajian ini menganalisis struktur dan fungsi sepuluh puisi ramban terpilih daripada buku Leka Main Asal Iban karya Jimmy Donald (1993). Puisi ramban ialah puisi tradisional masyarakat Iban yang sering dinyanyikan atau dilafazkan untuk menyampaikan kestabilan emosi, sosial, nasihat dan hiburan. Pendekatan kualitatif digunakan dengan kaedah analisis kandungan melalui pensampelan bertujuan untuk memilih puisi yang mencerminkan kepelbagaian tema dan gaya. Data dianalisis menggunakan Teori Strukturalisme Ferdinand de Saussure (1983) bagi meneliti struktur formal dan sintaksis, serta Teori Pragmatik Grice (1975) untuk mengklasifikasikan kandungan tema berdasarkan makna tersirat dan tujuan komunikasi. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa puisi ramban kaya dengan unsur gaya bahasa seperti hiperbola, asonansi, aliterasi, metonimi, anafora, simploce, satira, sinisme, sinkop, simile, homoioteleuton, konotasi, denotasi, imejan bebas, kolokasi, dan polisindeton. Daripada aspek struktur, setiap puisi terdiri d.....

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