No consensus of franchisee as entrepreneur is offered in the entrepreneurship and franchising literature. Nevertheless, many studies and debates in franchising studies have perceived the franchisee as entrepreneur rather than employee, buyer or fellow-worker. This paper employs an alternative view that suggest whether a franchisee is seen as an entrepreneur is governed by the way the theorist views his/her role. Further, franchisees may not be the _entrepreneur_ in the fullest sense of the word but they are absolutely an entrepreneur. Therefore, this paper proposes that the franchisee should be viewed as entrepreneur, within the theories of entrepreneur_s characteristics. Keywords Franchise, franchising, franchisee, franchisee entrepreneur..

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Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji keberkesanan penggunaan bahan wama alam semula jadi dalam  menghasilkan batik. lanya penting untuk menilai Kursus Batik SS 2182  yang dijalankan di Fakulti  Sains Sosial dan Kesenian Uruversiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. Penyelidik berusaha untuk mengkaji  keberkesanan kaedah pengajarannya untuk membolehkan  mahasiswa menghasilkan  batik serta untuk   mengkaji dan mempertingkatkan pengajarannya  melalui kajian tindakan. Sampel untuk kajian ini  terdiri daripada 23 orang mahasiswa yang mengambil kursus seperti yang dinyatakan di atas. Penyelidik  menggunakan  model  CIPP ( Konteks, Input, Proses, Produk) yang diperkenalkan oleh  Stufflebeam. Data akan diperolehi secara kaedah kualitatif dan kuantitatif Dapatan kajian ini akan  dianalisis menggunakan SPSS dan beberapa kaedah analisis kualitatif seperti analisis dokumen,  analisis teks, laporan analisis pemerhatian dan borang panduan temu bual. Hasil dapatan kajian ini menunjukk.....

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The study investigated the external factors specifically on the social impacts towards leadership in Higher education in Malaysia. The paper aims to highlight the social impacts in the areas namely, indirect communication, preserving face, status gap, self-interest, and Malaysian culture towards the leadership in higher institutions. The study employed a qualitative paradigm where a total of thirty two respondents were interviewed. The findings show that social impacts contribute significantly towards the construction of leadership and leadership effectiveness at Higher Education in Malaysia. Thus, this implies that leadership is being constructed by the surrounding environment, that a simple formula for leadership does not exist. Keywords Leadership, higher education, social impact, culture, communication..

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This paper attempts to study returns to education by taking into account of the quality of jobs match held by workers in the manufacturing sector of Malaysia. This type of study is quite rare not only in the country but also across developing nations. Using the second Malaysia Productivity Investment Climate Survey (PICS-2), nearly 20% and 30% of workers employed in jobs for which they are overeducated and undereducated, respectively. Further findings indicate that Over-education is more acute amongst highly-educated workers whilst under-education is more evident for lowly educated workers. By gender, women have a higher proportion of overeducated workers compared to men. Consequently, over-education leads to a lower productivity in terms of earnings. The augmented Mincer earnings equation, i.e. the ORU model clearly show that although returns to surplus education was positive (So), the return was lower than the returns to required education (Sr), approximately 6% against 10%. This mea.....

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Kajian  ini  menggunakan  kaedah  campuran  iaitu  kajian  tindakan  dalam  proses pembinaan modul  serta kajian kes tunggal jenis multiple baseline across participant untuk mengkaji keberkesanan  modul pennainan yang dijalankan melalui pemerhatian ke atas tiga murid autisme iaitu pada Fasa  Asas, Intervensi, Generalisasi, dan Susulan. Data yang ditulis dalam graf garisan menunjukkan  bahawa ketiga-tiga responden kajian mengalami pencapaian yang semakin meningkat dari Fasa Asas  sehingga Fasa Susulan disamping dengan pengurangan pemberian bantuan dan pengukuhan daripada guru.  Namun begitu, penguasaan  terhadap kedua-dua aspek yang diukur adalah berbeza. Kemahiran komunikasi  dikuasai dengan lebih baik oleh dua orang responden dalam kajian ini terutamanya dalam aktiviti  imitasi reka bentuk blok. Kedua-dua responden  telah  dapat membina  reka  bentuk  blok yang lebih   kompleks secara berdikari dengan bentuk yang seperti yang diingini. Sementara kemah.....

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This paper examines the paradigm of school_s financial audit model. The sample consists of 100 school auditors in Malaysia. Field work covered states in the Northern of the Peninsular Malaysia. A structured 49 closed ended items questionnaires were used to collect the data. This study uses quantitative method such as correlation, chisquare and multiple regression analysis to test the variables. The finding confirms that the schools financial audit model consists of general standard, audit work standard, and reporting standard. This model can be used by various parties including private entities, state education department and other government agencies. Keywords Financial audit, school audit, financial management..

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The intention of this paper is to determine the most efficient risk model which can be implemented in diverse business sectors of an economy. The methodology involved using Value-at-Risk (VaR) technique with the integration of GARCH-based representation on three selected non-financial sectors in Malaysia. Using time-series data from 1993 until 2010, the efficiency test namely the Mean Relative Scaled Bias (MRSB) is then conducted. The evidence showed that the VaR forecast integrated with t-distribution GARCH has better capabilities to track movements in true risk exposures thus suggesting it as the most efficient model within specific assumptions and constraints. Keywords Value-at-risk, efficiency test, mean relative scaled biased (two more keywords)..

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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a direct investment into business or production in one country through an entity in alternative country, either via purchasing a business in the target country or via developing operations of a current business in that country. Despite the vast research by Malaysians and other foreign researchers about FDI in Malaysia, there are still other indicators that affect Malaysia as an attractive destination for FDI flows and consideration for any investment opportunity. This research is based on primary data, which was collected through questionnaires with a sample of 34 foreign companies invested in Malaysia. The SPSS software is used to analyze the data. The findings show that 85 percent of investors agree to invest in Malaysia again, most of them prefer to invest in the tourism industry due to many reasons such as country attractiveness, economic growth, technology availability, religious freedom, and access to capital. Investors consider Malaysia as a go.....

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Customer Relationship Management (CRM) plays an exceptional role in enhancing today_s business. Organisations with large number of customer base find CRM as vital solution to gain competitive advantage. Current climate of business suggests that advancement in Internet technology has accelerated CRM solution and support. The emergence of electronic CRM (eCRM) system arguably has improved organizational performance. Nevertheless, CRM capabilities can be further enhanced by examining the possibility of integrating knowledge management. Hence, the proposition of this paper is that the success of eCRM performance can be improved by interweaving knowledge management concept. The aim of this study is to fit in the selected KM and eCRM models within four dimensions based on Resource-based View Theory (RBV): technology, knowledge, customer and business. The study identified that CRM Development Stages Model and Balance Scorecard Perspective of eCRM Model provides better fit to the four resource.....

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E-commerce, one of the areas of ICT that interests governments, has received particular attention. It is said that e-commerce is crucial for economic success and gives SMEs a major advantage in the marketplace. Yet, reality seems to be quite different from this rhetoric. This paper explores the extent of e-commerce adoption amongst SMEs in Malaysia that have received government e-commerce grants. It highlights preliminary findings from an exploratory study of 101 websites of funded SMEs. Only 68 of the 101 websites are operational at all. Many SMEs have e-mail and websites, but very few bother with anything more sophisticated. This result is surprising if e-commerce really is so valuable to SMEs. Implications are discussed and some concluding thoughts are made. Keywords Internet, government, e-commerce, SMEs..

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