Problem Statement: Physical conditioning related course has been widely accepted as one of the fundamental courses for any exercise science or physical education programs or certifications. However, the teaching and learning approach are varied between one lecturer/instructor to another. Many physical conditioning courses conducted still relies on theoretical classroom approach and sometimes mix with a bit of lecturer-centered practical classes. Thus, questions arise whether a hands-on purely experiential student-centered approach may provide the best outcome. Thus, this research is proposed. Objectives: To compare outcome of experiential student-centered learning method versus classroom lecturer-centered learning method applied during physical conditioning related short course. Research Methodology: Thirty-five participants recruited for the purpose of the study. Participants were divided into two groups (experiential and classroom). Both groups participated in a course focusing on ba.....

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This study aimed to determine the effects of resistance training with different focus attention on muscular strength adaptation. Thirty (n = 30, mean age = 21.60 ± 1.00 years old) healthy men were recruited and were divided into three groups; i)internal focus, ii) external focus and iii) control condition group. All participants underwent six weeks of resistance training with different focus attention instructions were given during the training based on their groups. 1RM strength test for squat and deadlift were conducted prior and after the six weeks. Results showed that all groups managed to improve in the post test. It was found that external focus group obtained greater percentage of improvement compared to the other two groups. As the conclusion, external focus attention instructions were suggested to be adopted during resistance training as it was shown to be the most effective in improving muscular strength...

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This study was conducted to determine and compare the effects of different self-talk approach on performance and muscle activation during bench press exercise. Thirty trained men were recruited and were required to performed bench press exercise in three self-talk approach; i) motivational self-talk, ii) instructional self-talk, and iii) control condition (without self-talk). The performance of bench press is measured by the number of repetitions that were accomplished while the muscle activation was obtained from the pectoralis major muscle using electromyography (EMG) method. Results showed greatest number of repetitions was recorded when performing motivational self-talk followed by control condition and lastly instructional self-talk. In contrast, instructional self-talk recorded the highest pectoralis major muscle activation. As the conclusion, motivational self-talk is suggested to be adopted during resistance training as it was shown to produce greatest performance while been ec.....

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This study was conducted to identify the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on physical ability among special education students. A total of 30 participants from a special education school were divided into two groups, treatment group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The treatment group underwent usual normal sports training with additional of HIIT for eight weeks while control group underwent usual normal sports training for the same period of time. The tests that were conducted are 1 minute half sit up, 30m sprint, agility t-test and standing long jump. Independent t-test results showed that treatment group produces significantly greater percentages improvement in performance compared to the control group in all the tests performed. As the conclusion, the inclusion of HIIT in training program increases the physical ability among special educations students...

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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of elbow flexion angles on handgrip force production. 200 women involved voluntarily as participants in this study. Participants were required to perform handgrip dynamometer strength test in three elbow flexion angle conditions; i) 0˚ (full extension), ii) 90˚ and iii) full degrees. Participants were given three trials for each side (dominant and non-dominant) in all three elbow flexion angles. Results showed that in all elbow flexion angles, dominant handgrip force were higher compared to the non-dominant side. Besides that, performing handgrip with 0˚ elbow flexion produced greatest force followed by 90˚ and full elbow flexion. To conclude, testers need to standardize the handgrip strength test procedures as different in elbow flexion angles and the use of dominant/non-dominant sides were shown to significantly affect the force production...

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The aim of this study was to determine and compare the muscle activation during unilateral and bilateral biceps curl exercises. Thirty recreationally active, resistance-trained men (age: 20-23 years old) were recruited as research participants. Participants were asked to perform biceps curl exercise using 85% of their 1RM value unilaterally and bilaterally in a randomized order. Muscle activation of biceps brachii and triceps brachii were obtained during the movement using electromyography method. Repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the muscle activations between both unilateral and bilateral biceps curl. Results showed that no siginificant differences were found on both biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscle activation between both biceps curl methods. Despite our prediction that unilateral exercise create more instability to movement that will cause more muscle activation, it was not found in this study. The simple movement during this bicep curl.....

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The increasing demands for accountability and excellence continuously challenge the roles of head teachers in the process of school change. To best lead change in school, effective change leadership is crucial as it is the key to any change initiatives. The study was to identify the level of competency in managing change (CIMC) of the head teachers in National-type Chinese Primary Schools (NCPS) in Perak, Malaysia, that included the change leadership technical competency (CLTC) and the change leadership emotional intelligence (CLEI). The analysis of the survey was performed based on the data of 875 respondents i.e. 50 head teachers, 144 senior assistants and 681 teachers. The findings revealed that, a) the head teachers of NCPS were rated as Quite Good in CIMC, CLTC and CLEI; b) the head teachers of NCPS achieved a higher mean score in CLEI than in CLTC and the difference was significant; c) in terms of sub-dimensions, the head teachers of NCPS were rated as Quite Good across all the f.....

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The main aim of the study was to examine and compare the implementation of professional learning communities (PLCs) in Day Secondary School (DSS) and National Religious Secondary School (NRSS) in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 350 teachers from DSS and 371 from NRSS completed the survey with usable data. The results revealed that, i) both DSS and NRSS achieved the level of Quite Good in PLCs, its dimensions as well as its sub-dimensions; ii) NRSS achieved a higher mean score than DSS in PLCs, Organizational Factor as well as Non-organizational Factor and the differences were significant; iii) both DSS and NRSS achieved a higher mean score in Organization Factor than Non-Organizational Factor; iv) among all the sub-dimensions of PLCs, both DSS and NRSS achieved the highest mean score in Shared Norms and Vision; v) among all the sub-dimensions of PLCs, DSS achieved the lowest mean score in External Support System whereas NRSS achieved the lowest mean score in Structural Support. This st.....

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The Fourth Industrial Revolution (FIR) has already moved past our doorstep and has influenced unprecedented changes in every industry. The educational ecosystem is no exception and Education 4.0 has been developed to respond to these new demands. As the quality of school leadership is one of the important determinants of student outcomes, and effective school management is heavily  dependent on school leaders’ professional competencies, there is an urgent need to re-skill or upskill school leaders’ competency to prepare the country to compete in FIR. While the need of effective school leadership for the era of Education 4.0 is widely acknowledged, there is much less certainty about which leadership behaviors are most likely to produce favorable outcomes. The conceptual framework derived in this paper provides a basis for identifying the critical educational leadership competencies that include a) Leading for Learning; b) Integrity and Accountability; c) Communication; d) Collabora.....

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The purpose of the study was to examine and compare the patterns of professional learning communities (PLCs) in Malaysian day secondary school (DSS) and fully residential secondary school (FRSS). A total of 352 teachers from DSS and 357 from FRSS completed the survey with usable data. The result demonstrated that, i) both DSS and FRSS achieved the level of Quite Good in developing PLCs; ii) FRSS achieved higher level of practising PLCs than DSS and the difference was significant; iii) in terms of dimensions, both DSS and FRSS achieved higher mean score in Organizational Factor than in Non-organizational Factors and the difference was significant; iv) in terms of subdimensions, despite FRSS achieved the level of Good at Principal’s Commitment and Support, both DSS and FRSS achieved the level of Quite Good in all other sub-dimensions of PLCs; v) DSS achieved the highest mean score in Shared Norms and Vision whereas FRSS in Principal’s Commitment and Support; and vi) both DSS and FRSS.....

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