Tuberculosis (TB) transmission frequently occurs in a household or group within a population, resulting in a variety of spatial patterns. However, the apparent spatial clustering of TB may represent the ongoing transmission or colocation of associated risk factors, which can vary significantly based on the type of data available, the analysis methods used, and the dynamics of the underlying population. This study aims to review the spatial analyses used for monitoring the trends involving and associations between risk factors and TB cases by applying the concept of spatial epidemiology. The role of the Geographic Information System in spatial epidemiology is discussed. Previous studies involving spatial analysis of TB cases - which include kriging, spatial autocorrelation, kernel density estimation, hotspot analysis, and regression analysis - are reviewed. The type of analysis was chosen based on the purpose of each study, which could explain the role of the transmission to reactivatio.....

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Learning analytics leverages the use of technology to gather and analyse data about student performance, engagement, and learning behaviours, which can help educators make informed decisions about how to improve learning outcomes. In higher education, learning analytics can provide insights into student engagement, performance, and learning pathways. Collaborative learning in higher education involves a group of students working together towards a common goal or task. Collaborative learning encourages students to work together to solve problems, analyse information, and make decisions, especially in self-directed learning environment. Through discussion and debate, students develop critical thinking skills and learn to approach problems from different perspectives to enhance problem-solving skills. Collaborative learning provides opportunities for students to work with others from diverse backgrounds, helping them develop interpersonal skills such as communication, teamwork, and leader.....

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The objectives of this study were to review and perform a computational study on previously reported flavonoids as tubulin inhibitors and to design and synthesize new bioavailable flavonoids as anticancer agents targeting tubulin. The Molecular Operating Environment (MOE 2019.0102) software was used for molecular docking (MD) and QSAR studies of reported and newly designed flavonoids. The ADMET and bioavailability studies were performed using the pkCSM online server. New flavonoids were successfully prepared from commercially available hydroxy benzaldehydes and acetophenones using multistep chemical synthesis including alkylation, Claisen Schmidt condensation and cyclization reactions. All intermediates and new flavonoids were purified using silica gel column chromatography, and their chemical structures were confirmed using NMR and LC-MS spectral analysis. The results of this study illustrated that only 14 flavonoids have reported IC50 as tubulin polymerization inhibitors and the MD s.....

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Mathematics anxiety, students_ attitudes, and home educational resources are among the factors that are often associated with students_ achievement. There are still few studies examining the relationship of these three variables to students_ achievement. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between mathematics anxiety, students' attitudes, and home educational resources on mathematics achievement among primary students. The Modified Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (mAMAS) and Short Version of Attitudes toward Mathematics Inventory (Short ATMI) and home educational resources (HER) from TIMSS questionnaire were used in this study. The questionnaires were adapted using forward-back translation and two experts were invited to validate the translated questionnaires. A total of 214 year 5 students from three rural schools in Semporna Sabah became the respondents in this study. The results from the study showed the reliability of the questionnaire is acceptable. Cron.....

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This study aims to construct a cognitive framework for quality education within the context of basic education reform. Adopting an interpretivism philosophical stance, the research employed qualitative methods, with semi-structured interviews conducted with 34 frontline teachers in Shenzhen, China. These interviews were supplemented by document analysis and government statistical data. A systems analysis approach was applied throughout the research process. Data were coded and analyzed thematically using NVivo 12, and findings were derived through inductive reasoning. To ensure the reliability and validity of the data, quality control measures such as expert consultations, pilot interviews, and dual-coder verification were implemented. The study resulted in a systematic framework comprising four key components: input, implementation, output, and assessment. The framework is specifically designed for application at the primary school level. Ultimately, this framework serves as a practic.....

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Technological developments present a variety of forms of interactive media in physics learning. Comics and artificial intelligence (AI) are two innovative media genres that are popularly used to enhance learning. However, a general review of the learning effects of various previous researchers on the effects of comics and AI on physics learning is still limited. This literature review aims to identify the impacts and challenges of implementing comics and AI in physics learning. This literature review goes through five stages, including determining the research question, literature search, article selection, outlining the information from the articles, and literature writing. Articles are sourced from open-access databases, Scorpus, ProQuest, ERIC and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2020 and 2024 are found through searches using keywords in the abstract and title. The search results in as many as 23 articles worth reviewing. Based on the review, comics and AI have proven effe.....

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This research aims to evaluate the engagement and learning outcomes of students through the Problem Based Learning model with a Culturally Responsive Teaching approach, particularly in the topic of algebraic function limit system. Based on observations and interviews conducted at Muhammadiyah Mlati High School, it was found that students in the eleventh grade of Social Sciences were less active in participating in mathematics classes, which are part of the mandatory curriculum based on the 2013 Curriculum. This study utilized the Classroom Action Research method conducted in three cycles. Each cycle included planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The observation results indicated an increase in learning activity with a score of 56.25% in the first cycle, 72.13% in the second cycle, and 91.38% in the third cycle. This increase in learning activity correlates with the improvement in students' learning outcomes, where the N-gain value in the first cycle was 0.48 (me.....

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Kajian ini meneliti integrasi kecerdasan buatan (AI) dalam kurikulum mata pelajaran Matematik serta cabaran dan implikasi yang dihadapi oleh guru sekolah rendah di Pulau Bum-Bum, Semporna, Sabah. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, data dikumpul melalui temubual mendalam dengan guru-guru yang terlibat secara langsung dalam pengajaran Matematik di pulau ini. Kajian menumpukan kepada pemahaman tentang pengalaman guru dalam menggunakan AI, halangan yang mereka hadapi, serta perubahan dalam peranan dan kaedah pengajaran akibat daripada penggunaan teknologi tersebut. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa walaupun guru-guru mengakui potensi AI dalam meningkatkan keberkesanan pengajaran, mereka berhadapan dengan pelbagai cabaran termasuk kekangan kemahiran teknologi, kekurangan lathan khusus dan infrastruktur yang terhad. Implikasi utama intergrasi AI turut menuntut guru untuk menyesuaikan pendekatan pedagogi serta memperkukuhkan kemahiran digital bagi memenuhi keperluan pembelajaran masa kini. Kaji.....

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The study indicates that educational games can significantly enhance learning motivation and effectiveness. This study employed descriptive _ qualitative method to evaluate the features and acceptability of a proposed game-based learning material by three expert teachers. It also examined the material's effectiveness on the interest of (n=24) students in grades 4 to 6 at Tabugon Elementary School. The evaluation utilized the Department of Education's standard LRMDS instrument, alongside a modified math interest inventory checklist. Findings revealed increased the student level of interest in solving basic math operations, with students showing positive attitudes towards its use. The study concluded that the game-based learning material effectively boosts students' interest and aids in learning basic math concepts. Keywords: Gamification, Math-Interest Inventory Checklist, Basic Operations, Math Intervention..

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Disaster relief logistics is vital for effective disaster preparedness and response, involving strategic depots and distribution networks. Intelligent decision-making optimizes routing and customer targeting, while heuristics predict expenses for round-trip deployments. Recent efforts aim to develop temporary logistics solutions to meet demand and enhance coverage. Presently, distribution networks designed to address the lack of a strategic autonomous intelligent relief distribution network also prioritizes specific proposals that involve tradeoff in prioritizing demographic priorities while optimizing resource allocation for tasks. This research employs computational intelligence to improve a scheduling model for distributing commodities in flood-prone, low-lying divisions of the Sarawak region. To attain minimal resource use and optimal route coverage, the Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problem, tailored for this scenario, integrates advanced routing optimization techniques with demogra.....

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