The competency of Outdoor Recreation Coaches continues to be a debate among the community. This is because, issues pertaining to competency continue to be said as a result of various incidents and accidents in Outdoor Recreation and Outdoor Education activities. Today, various organizations, operators and operators of Outdoor and Education Recreation activities express their commitment to organize various promotions of challenging and enjoyable activities. But as far as the competency level capabilities of outdoor recreation coaches are really competent? Is there any evaluation or measurement instrument that is truly explicit in determining the competency of Outdoor Recreation coaches in Malaysia. Therefore, this article will peel off the issues and challenges faced in relation to the competency of Outdoor Recreation and Outdoor Education coaches. Keyword: Outdoor Recreation, Outdoor Education, Measurement & Competency..

534 hits

Principal component analysis (PCA) guided clustering approach is widely used in high dimensional data especially in identifying the spatial distribution patterns of daily torrential rainfall. Typically, a common method of identifying rainfall patterns for climatological investigation employed T mode based Pearson correlation matrix to extract the relative variance retained. However, rainfall data in Peninsular Malaysia involve skewed observations which only take positive values and are skewed towards higher values. Thus, applying PCA based Pearson correlation on rainfall data set could affect cluster partitions and generate extremely unbalanced clusters in a high dimensional space. Another issues that crop up in this study is classical clustering techniques have drawbacks where these techniques require certain assumptions which contradict with the characteristics of rainfall and these techniques divides the database of rainfall patterns into clusters with the assumption that every rain.....

458 hits

This study aims to identify the technical efficiency of Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) in Malaysia with the selected inputs of fixed asset and labour. Meanwhile, the output used in the study is financing. DFI is an institution that plays an important role in socio-economic development under the supervision of Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM). Using annual data from 2009 to 2018, technical efficiency is analysed using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) on the ten institutions selected in the DFIs. DEA results show that Sabah Development Bank Berhad (SDB) is the only institution considered as the most efficient. The rest of DFIs in the sample were deemed technical inefficient. The results also indicate that inefficient institutions including those with the lowest performance which are Credit Guarantee Corporation (CGC), Bank Pertanian Malaysia Berhad (Agrobank) and Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN) have inefficient management in resource utilisation. Thus, activities in the operation of DFI.....

509 hits

The objectives of this study is to determine the chronic effects of unilateral versus bilateral resistance training on physical performance, movement mechanics, bilateral deficit and muscle architecture. Forty-five trained men were recruited as study participants and were divided into three groups; i) unilateral, ii) bilateral and iii) control group. The participants were divided into groups according to their 1RM strength performance in order to ensure that each groups are balanced in terms of strength or lifting abilities. During this study, participants underwent pre-test consisted of physical performance tests (unilateral and bilateral 1RM test, 30m sprint, vertical jump, agility t-test), movement mechanics (muscle activation and kinematics), bilateral deficit (sum of left and right limbs compared to bilateral strength score) and muscle architecture (muscle thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length of vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, biceps brachii, triceps brachii) .....

235 hits

This study attempts to determine the level of learner and customer identity among Malaysian students, their impact on academic performance (AP) and student-lecturer relationship (SLR) and the differences between students at public and private higher education institutions (HEIs). This study adopted a quantitative approach. Data collected from a sample of 400 students with at least in their second years of study was selected using a cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings reveal the high level of learner identity (LI), but low in customer identity (CI) among Malaysian university students. LI has a positive and significant effect on academic performance and student-lecturer relationship, but CI only has a significant negative effect on academic performance. All the relationships do not differ significantly across public and private HEIs. The finding.....

200 hits

The COVID-19 pandemic wreaked havoc on the educational landscape. As part of a state university's learning continuity plan, a flexible delivery system was implemented. This descriptive phenomenological study aims to investigate, through unstructured online interviews, the online teaching experience of ten (10) interns. Rigor was established following Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) Trustworthiness Framework. Using Colaizzi's (1979) thematic analysis, emergent themes were identified. The interns revealed their reached and unmet expectations, as well as the challenges in delivering their lessons and managing their classes. Nevertheless, they acknowledged the presence of a solid support system. They maintained a strong cognitive-social-teaching presence. They also displayed a growth mindset, resilience, integrity, and persistence in overcoming the challenges. Despite the difficulties they faced, they experienced successes and had realizations during their online teaching internship. Moving fo.....

279 hits

Co-operatives in Malaysia have crucial roles in developing business systems, and making it possible for the country to join the global co-operatives society and sophisticated economies. Therefore, top management in Malaysian Co-operatives are aggressively designing and executing their strategic plan through management accounting practices. The purpose of this research is to examine the association between the contemporary management accounting practices and managerial performance in the Malaysian’ co-operative sector. An empirical survey via questionnaires conducted on a sample of 100 leading co-operatives in Malaysia and management team of each co-operatives were the respondents. Descriptive statistics on the adoption level and its relationship with the managerial performance has been analysed. The finding indicates the level of contemporary management accounting practices is high and there is significant relationship between contemporary management accounting practices and manageme.....

511 hits

The implementation of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) in the Philippines is being criticized by stakeholders whether it is a better approach for pupils in the primary levels than the monolingual-Second language (MSL) approach using Tagalog. Several studies in the past decade attempted to test the effect of MTB-MLE on pupils' learning on different subject areas. However, there is yet no available study on the effect of MTB-MLE on Science learning variables such as metacognitive learning orientations and achievement among Grade 3 learners whose mother tongue is Ilocano. This quasi-experimental study was conducted to test the effect of MTB-MLE on the academic achievement, metacognition, learning processes, and self-efficacy of Ilocano Grade 3 pupils in Science learning. Fifteen (15) Ilocano pupils were randomly selected from each of two elementary schools of a district in Isabela Province, Philippines. The two groups were taught in Science using Tagalog-only (MSL) and.....

389 hits

Numerous commercially available ligand with simple structures as donor and acceptor moieties can be engaged in fabrication of one-dimensional (1D) materials. Metal coordination approach is an effective and facile method for generating 1D luminescent nanowires with length ranging from several nanometres up to hundreds of nanometres compared to the other methods available. In this research 1D photoluminescence pyrazine-based coordination complexes were fabricated by integrating an electron-donor (D) tetra-2-pyridinylpyrazine (tppz) unit and electron-acceptor (A) 2-phenylpyrimidine (ppm) moiety or 2,6-bis(2-benzimidazolyl)pyridine (bzimpy) to form a D–A–D configuration. The tppz itself hardly fluoresces, but upon complexation with metal ions the fluorescence of tppz-metal was observed. This may be resulting from the change of lowest excited-state due to complexation with metal that acts as a strong Lewis acid. Tppz has been utilised as a bridging ligand in building block of m.....

224 hits

The teacher education program in Thailand has undergone various reforms, with the latest being the shortening of the teacher education curriculum from five years to four. To date, very few studies have accounted for this reform. To address this gap, our study sought to analyse pre-service English teachers’ perceptions towards the reform. This was done through a semiotic analysis of visuals contributed by the pre-service teachers. There were a total of 43 visual contributions, which were analysed through Labbo’s typology of symbolisms and attributes discerned from the visuals and their corresponding captions. We were able to categorize the visuals to three types of symbolisms, which were transformative, typographic, and the third type being a combination of the first and second. The most common attribute was positive affect (emotion), with a few visuals rationalizing or questioning the reform. The analysis revealed that the pre-service teachers did not really understand the nature o.....

226 hits