The rich and diversified Malaysian flora represents an excellent resource of new chemical structures with biological activities. The genus Xylopia L. includes aromatic plants that have both nutritional and medicinal uses. This study aims to contribute with information about the volatile components of three Xylopia species essential oils: Xylopia frutescens, Xylopia ferruginea, and Xylopia magna. In this study, essential oils were extracted from the leaves by a hydrodistillation process. The identification of the essential oil components was performed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography–coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major components of the essential oils from X. frutescens were bicyclogermacrene (22.8%), germacrene D (14.2%), elemol (12.8%), and guaiol (12.8%), whereas components of the essential oils from X. magna were germacrene D (35.9%), bicyclogermacrene (22.8%), and spathulenol (11.1%). The X. ferruginea oil was dominated by bicyclogermacrene (23.6%), .....

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Eutrophication modifies lakes' ecological balances and threatens its viability. To date, eutrophication management strategies have been related to nutrient reduction in the lakes' water column. However, nutrient reduction strategies are complicated by the variations of the lake's water level, nutrient concentration, and eutrophication symptom, which are primarily known to be influenced by the local rainfall patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the variability of water level, total phosphorus, and total chlorophyll-a concentrations in Slim River Lake during wet and dry seasons. In this study, water sampling and depth measurements were carried out from six sampling points for 1 year. Water samples were used to quantify total phosphorus and total chlorophyll-a. Our results showed that mean water levels in the studied lake ranged from 1.36 m to 5.46 m in the wet season and from 1.31 m to 5.41 m in the dry season, which implicated no significant difference (p N .05) between seas.....

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Tujuan kajian ini ialah membangunkan Modul Manipulatif Jubin Algebra bagi murid Tingkatan Empat berpencapaian sederhana dan rendah bagi topik Ungkapan dan Persamaan Kuadratik dan seterusnya diuji kesahan dan kebolehgunaannya. Reka bentuk kajian ialah Penyelidikan Reka Bentuk dan Pembangunan. Dua instrumen digunakan dalam kajian ini iaitu; Soal Selidik Persetujuan Pakar (SSPP) untuk menilai kesahan modul dan Soal Selidik Kebolehgunaan Modul (SSKM) digunakan untuk menguji kebolehgunaan modul. Modul disemak oleh lima orang pakar untuk kesahan modul dan peratus persetujuan pakar yang didapati ialah 83.2%. Modul juga digunakan dalam pembelajaran untuk 47 orang murid lain dan min yang didapati ialah 3.237 (SP = .680). Hasil kajian menunjukkan Modul Manipulatif Jubin Algebra mempunyai peratus kesahan pakar yang tinggi yang memberi indikasi modul ini mempunyai isi kandungan yang menepati kurikulum, aktivitinya bersesuian dengan tahap pelajar dan jubin algebra membantu meningkatkan .....

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Kajian ini dilaksanakan bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti tahap penguasaan kemahiran generik melalui mata pelajaran kokurikulum dalam kalangan pelajar terpilih di kolej matrikulasi Malaysia. Objektif kajian adalah untuk melihat tahap persetujuan penilaian kemahiran generik antara pensyarah dan pelajar, mengklasifikasi elemen penguasaan kemahiran generik berdasarkan hierarki instrumen kemahiran generik pelajar, dan akhir sekali mengenalpasti tahap penguasaan kemah iran generik berdasarkan aliran dan jantina pelajar. Kajian dilaksanakan ke atas empat buah kolej matrikulasi di Zon Utara Semenanjung Malaysia. Melalui kajian ini kaedah kuantitatif soal selidik digunakan. Saiz sampel kajian terdiri daripada (n=54) orang pensyarah kokurikulum dan (n=350) orang pelajar yang dipilih berdasarkan kaedah persampelan berstrata dan rawak bertujuan. Hasil kajian yang diperolehi menunjukkan tahap penguasaan kemahiran generik pelajar kolej matrikulasi boleh diklasifikasikan tinggi pada elemen k.....

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In airline operations planning, a sequential method is traditionally used in airline system. In airline systems, minimizing the costs is important as they want to get the highest profits. The aircraft routing problem is solved first, and then pursued by crew pairing problem. The solutions are suboptimal in some cases, so we incorporate aircraft routing and crew pairing problems into one mathematical model to get an exact solution. Before we solve the integrated aircraft routing and crew pairing problem, we need to get the aircraft routes (AR) and crew pairs (CP). In this study, we suggested using genetic algorithm (GA) to develop a set of AR and CP. By using the generated AR and CP, we tackle the integrated aircraft and crew pairing problems using two suggested techniques, Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Computational results show that GA's executed of AR and CP and then solved by ILP obtained the greatest results among all the methods suggested..

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Feature location is the process of extracting identifiers within source code. In software engineering, it is a usual procedure to upgrade software by adding new features. In order to facilitate this process for the developers, feature location has been proposed to extract the significant components within the source code which are the identifiers. One of the challenging issues that faces the feature location task is handling multi-word identifiers where developers may use different type of separations among the words. Different research studies have used various types of techniques. However, recent studies have showed interest in Machine Learning Techniques (MLTs) due to their substantial performance. With the diversity MLTs, there is a vital demand to identify the most accurate one in terms of splitting the identifiers correctly. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comparative analysis of different MLTs including Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine and J48. The dataset used in th.....

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Community engagement has been revealed as a significant approach for heritage building  conservation. This study aims to identify the extent of local community involvement in the community engagement efforts that had been undertaken to conserve heritage buildings in Taiping. It also seeks to determine the relationship between the perceived costs and benefits of the project and the level of involvement in decision-making. Besides, the relationship between the level of involvement and support of the community for the conservation of heritage buildings was also explored. The data collection methods used were questionnaire survey and interviews. The questionnaire survey forms were distributed to 82 private building owners of gazetted heritage buildings in Taiping. Then, interviews were conducted among eight private building owners who are directly involved in the conservation of heritage buildings and an officer of the local authority for validation purpose. The findings obtained from the.....

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This study was to assess the community adaptation towards shrinking of Lake Chad Basin Borno State, north east Nigeria. The objectives were to: investigate the evidences of climate change in the communities of Lake Chad Basin Borno State, assess the communities challenges due to climate changes, recommend possible solutions to the problems associated with the ef ects of climate changes in the af ected communities; Data for the study were obtained from both primary and secondary sources, secondary data were obtained from meteorology station and trend analysis of time series was done to examine the evidences of climate changes in the study area, while primary data was sourced through the administration of guided questionnaires to 252 respondents in the study area and human responses were analysed by Descriptive statistics of simple percentages, while bar charts were used to investigate and assessed the several community’s measures against the ef ects of climate change to water resource.....

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This study investigates collaboration in teaching between special education teachers (SET) and mainstream teachers (MT) for the implementation of inclusive education in schools. This study divides the context of collaborative teaching into three specific needs. They are knowledge, attitudes and willingness for teaching collaboration to implement inclusive education programs in schools. The study survey was conducted using a set of questionnaire. The study sample was selected through purposive sampling method which involves 70 people comprising special education teachers and mainstream teachers in Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively using mean score and standard deviation. The findings show that the level of collaborative needs in teaching for SET and MT is at high level for knowledge aspect (mean = 3.04; sd = 0.357) and willingness (mean = 3.13; sd = 0.459) and attitude at medium level (mean= 2.61 and sd = 0.297). Implications of the study sho.....

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Background: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU), Sport Education Model (SEM), and Hybrid Teaching Games for Understanding Sport Education Model (HTGfU–SEM) on the cognitive performance among Form 1 students on volleyball gameplay. Student’s cognitive focusing on the tactical decision-making aspect of opening and closing space and selection of skills used in the game. Methodology: The study is using the quasi-experimental method involving a sample of 96 Form 1 students. The control group is TGfU while, the treatment groups are SEM and HTGfU-SEM. The research instrument was adapted from the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) with the validity value (r =.81). These modified instruments were used to assess the cognitive aspects of badminton gameplay. The Mean, SD, ANOVA, ANCOVA, MANOVA and posthoc test were used to analyze the cognitive data. Results: As for the overall tactical decision making via a multivar.....

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