Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore areas that have been studied extensively in previous studies related to franchising as a platform for global distribution. Furthermore, franchising is a strategic distribution method that gives entrepreneurs the opportunity to replicate an established business model. In addition, franchisees benefit from the use of established branding and receive support from the franchisor. Research design, data, and methodology: This study used the Preferred Reporting Items Systematics Review and MetaAnalyses (PRISMA) method to analyse data from 2003 to 2023 in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Results: A total of 79 articles were identified and analysed to see trends and related themes such as product distribution, business distribution, business strategy, emerging market, and franchising relationship. Also, publication trends by year related to franchises are also presented. Conclusions: Overall, the research trend related to franchising as a.....

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Syzygium filiforme var. filiforme Chantar. & J.Parn. is a plant variety from the dicotyledonous plant family (Myrtaceae). This work is designed to examine the chemical composition and cytotoxicity of Syzygium filiforme essential oil. The essential oil was obtained through hydrodistillation and the volatile components were analysed using gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The cytotoxicity of essential oil was evaluated using an MTT assay. A total of 34 chemical components, which constitute 96.1% of oil content, were successfully identified. The most abundant components were ?-cadinol (23.3%), t-muurolol (9.1%), geraniol (6.6%), germacrene D (6.3%), and ?-gurjunene (5.0%). The essential oil exhibited cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines which are HepG2, MCF7, and A549 with the IC50 values ranging from 70.2-88.1 ?g/mL. The current study highlights the potential of the use of essential oils as an alternative to the development o.....

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This research aimed to build an index of heritage city sustainability in Malaysia. The method used was quantitative with a field survey design. Ten heritage cities listed in the Malaysian Architectural Heritage Inventory Study Report were utilized as the study areas: George Town, Melaka City, Taiping, Kuala Kubu Bharu, Jugra, Tampin, Muar, Kota Bharu, Kuala Lipis, and Kuching. A total of 1000 respondents were recruited utilizing cluster sampling and a simple random sampling method. The data were analysed with factor analysis methods as well as descriptive and index formulas. The results show that the sustainable heritage cities are Melaka City (0.85) and Muar (0.75). The moderately sustainable ones are Kota Bharu (0.71), George Town (0.68), Taiping (0.67), Kuching (0.67), Jugra (0.63), Tampin (0.60) and Kuala Lipis (0.58). Meanwhile, Kuala Kubu Bharu (0.47) is less sustainable. This analysis implies that heritage cities can be arranged according to their respective levels of sustainabi.....

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the viability of applying collaborative governance in the management and policy of foreign workers in Malaysia. This study employs a qualitative approach to examine the degree to which Malaysias administrative policy for foreign workers incorporates a collaborative administration element. Information was obtained through interviewing eleven sources from relevant ministries, industries, and contractors and workers associations. The findings found that the policy for managing foreign workers now includes administrative collaboration components. Nevertheless, based on the three collaborative elements of collaborative dynamics, namely the engagement principle, shared motivation, and the capacity to act collaboratively, the level of collaborative governance in the formulation and implementation of foreign worker policy remains low. Thus, to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the foreign worker policy, a more extensive form of collaborati.....

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The chemical composition of the essential oil of Lindera subumbelliflora (Lauraceae) was investigated for the first time. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterised by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity of L. subumbelliflora essential oil was tested against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans using the broth microdilution assay, whereas the microbial biofilms were determined using a semi-quantitative static biofilm. A total of 28 components (99.6%) were successfully identified, which were characterised by ?-eudesmol (14.6%), cis-?-bergamotene (11.0%), ?-copaene (8.5%), dodecen-1-ol (8.5%), and (E)-nerolidol (8.3%). The essential oil exhibited activity against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans with MIC values of 250 and 500 g/mL, respectively. The essential oil increased the biofilm of Candida albicans by 38.25%, however, decreased the biofilm of Streptococcus mutans by 47.89% w.....

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In Islamic law, the concept of baligh has long been debated among clerics. The debate also appears to have resulted in different rules regarding the minimum age of marriage among Muslim countries. This paper aims to reveal the maturity standard regarding the minimum age of marriage in four Muslim countries: Egypt, Pakistan, Tunisia, and Indonesia. This paper is based on library research and employs a comparative study approach. This paper argues that Egypt, Pakistan, Tunisia, and Indonesia have a different minimum age for marriage. In Egypt and Pakistan, the minimum age for marriage is 18 years for men and 16 years for women. However, Pakistan has gone further by instituting legal sanctions if the regulation of the minimum age is violated. In Tunisia, the minimum age for marriage is 18 years for men and women, while in Indonesia it is 19 years for men and women. The determination of the minimum age for marriage is intended for several purposes, including limiting the number of early ma.....

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Various efforts can be made to obtain clean water in the environment by utilizing semiconductor technology. This study aims to inform the synthesis and characterization of MnO2/CuO/Fe2O3 photocatalyst for crystal violet degradation in wastewater. Nanocomposite was synthesized through a sol-gel process with three semiconductor materials doped. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to analyze the nanocomposite structure and determine crystal size. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to provide functional groups in the nanocomposite. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) can characterize surface morphology and particle size. The results of the SEM show that an increase in sintering temperature causes the smallest particle sizes to be 54.79 nm. The result of characterization using the ultraviolet-visible (Uv-Vis) spectrophotometry analysis the most effective band gap value in photocatalyst activity was 1.36 eV. The optimum percent of degradation MnO2/CuO/Fe2O3 catalyst was 50.40% for .....

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This wireless monitoring system is developed to alert and warn the resident regarding the upcoming flood. Due to the floods that occur every year, especially during the monsoon season, the loss and damage done by this disaster are uncontrollable. When the water level rise-up above the safe ground, it may hit the communication substation, as well as the power tower. In most cases, many residents are not alert with their surroundings because there is no alert system that can remind them regarding to the issues that will arise. By not preparing themselves for the upcoming nature disaster, it could endanger themselves and destroy their property. Thus, this project focus on monitoring a real-time river water level system for flood prediction purposes which utilize three devices connected together in a centralized system. By having this system, people will be notified about the current situation and the water level of the river near to them via Internet of Things (IoT) such as Blynk applicat.....

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Green development is an effective mode of economic growth and social development aiming at efficiency, harmony, and sustainability, which has become an important trend. The development of green industry is taken by many countries as an important measure to promote economic restructuring and highlighting environmental awareness. The green chemistry literacy is the inner driving force of developing green industry, which is studied as a focus in this paper. At the same time, the public literacy of ideological and political consciousness (PLOIPC) is closely related to green chemistry literacy. Therefore, the coupling analysis between green chemistry literacy and PLOIPC is presented. In the detail, three-level index evaluation tree models of green chemistry literacy and PLOIPC are set up. Then, the mathematical model is built with the index system of PLOIPC and green chemistry literacy based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The criteria standard value is given to get the weighting c.....

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The clustering climbing palm genus Korthalsia Blume (Arecaceae: Calamoideae: Calameae) is widespread in the Malesian region with 28 documented species. However, as many as 18 species are available in Malaysian rainforests. An inquiry was carried out in 2019 throughout Malaysia that included species richness and phytogeographic affinities for Korthalsia. Currently, Korthalsia is highly diverse in Sabah and Sarawak, with 15 species documented in this region, whereas 9 species are present in the Malay Peninsula. Species of Korthalsia were dominated by Korthalsia echinometra Becc., Korthalsia flagellaris Miq., Korthalsia hispida Becc., Korthalsia rigida Blume, and Korthalsia rostrata Blume, which suggests their prevalence in richness compared to being diverse; only 5 species found in all regions. The species accumulation curve indicates that this region's rattan community is moderately rich. There is an east-west separation for the distribution of rattan species in Peninsular Malaysia. Thi.....

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