Cognitive levels of preschool children are the most important stages of development and should be given a full attention, especially in the aspect of cognitive potential in their language acquisition. In the context of the document recording, pre-school teachers usually provide a checklist, a list of anecdotes or portfolio behaviour to detect cognitive achievement of these children. However, the recording of the cognitive development of preschool children is also limited by the environment and stimulation obtained. Some teachers also record the children's cognitive aspect from thinking ability standpoint and the management of emotion and mastery of their skills. Some are recorded in terms of the ability to think and give some examples of situations. There are also teachers who assess the cognitive abilities of the language and gave the idea. The question is how or whether the platform in testing the cognitive aspects of language. Arising from this study, preschool teachers need to know.....

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Traditionally, aircraft routing and crew pairing problems are solved sequentially with the aircraft routing problem solved first followed by the crew pairing problem. But in some cases, the results are suboptimal. In order to overcome this problem, both problems will be composed in one model. Although the integration model is challenging to solve but it is practically useful in airlines operations for getting the optimal solutions. In this study, we proposed the constructive heuristic method and the genetic algorithm (GA) in producing the feasible paths. After that, we will solve those two types of feasible paths in the integrated model by using three approaches which are the integer linear programming (ILP), Dantzig Wolfe decomposition method and Benders decomposition method. Computational results show that the obtained feasible path from the constructive heuristic method and solved by the Dantzig Wolfe decomposition method is more effective while the paths from the GA and solved by t.....

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This paper aims to review literature regarding the development phase of traditional dance in the state of Perak, Malaysia. This development phase will be looked into by reviewing Perak’s history, with a focus on the art of Malay traditional dance. Based on this literature review, it is found that there is difficulty in finding reference materials on the traditional dance of Perak as there is a lack of documentation. Parts of the literature being reviewed include (i) the history of Perak, (ii) culture in general, (iii) traditional arts in Perak, and (iv) traditional dance in Perak. Each topic is discussed, exploring the existence of the art of traditional dance in Perak that brought about cultural symbols in each area of the state. In this paper, cultural symbol refers to traditional dance, that went through a development phase in Perak and was passed down generation by generation until today, has evolved due to sociological factors among the people of Perak. Therefore, efforts to str.....

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